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Unicast routing protocols for urban vehicular networks:review, taxonomy, and open research issues

Journal of Zhejiang University-Science C(Computers and Electronics) 2014年第7期15卷 489-513页

作者： syed adeel ali shah Muhammad SHIRAZ Mostofa Kamal NASIR Rafidah Binti MD NOOR Mobile Ad Hoc Technology Lab Faculty of Computer Science and Information TechnologyUniversity of Malaya

Over the past few years, numerous traffic safety applications have been developed using vehicular ad hoc networks(VANETs). These applications represent public interest and require network-wide dissemination techniques. On the other hand, certain non-safety applications do not require network-wide dissemination *** applications can be characterized by their individual interest between two vehicles that are geographically apart. In the existing literature, several proposals of unicast protocols exist that can be used for these non-safety applications. Among the proposals, unicast protocols for city scenarios are considered to be most *** implies that in city scenarios unicast protocols show minimal persistence towards highly dynamic vehicular characteristics, including mobility, road structure, and physical environment. Unlike other studies, this review is motivated by the diversity of vehicular characteristics and difficulty of unicast protocol adaption in city *** review starts with the categorization of unicast protocols for city scenarios according to their requirement for a predefined unicast path. Then, properties of typical city roads are discussed, which helps to explore limitations in efficient unicast communication. Through an exhaustive literature review, we propose a thematic taxonomy based on different aspects of unicast protocol operation. It is followed by a review of selected unicast protocols for city scenarios that reveal their fundamental characteristics. Several significant parameters from the taxonomy are used to qualitatively compare the reviewed protocols. Qualitative comparison also includes critical investigation of distinct approaches taken by researchers in experimental protocol evaluation. As an outcome of this review, we point out open research issues in unicast routing.

关键词： Unicast protocols Taxonomy Protocol review Vehicular ad hoc networks Geographic routing

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Review:Botnet detection techniques: review, future trends, and issue

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Journal of Zhejiang University-Science C(Computers and Electronics) 2014年第11期15卷 943-983页

作者： Ahmad KARIM Rosli Bin SALLEH Muhammad SHIRAZ syed adeel ali shah Irfan AWAN Nor Badrul ANUAR Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Department of Computer Science University of Bradford Bradford BD7 1DP UK

In recent years, the Internet has enabled access to widespread remote services in the distributed computing environment; however, integrity of data transmission in the distributed computing platform is hindered by a number of security issues. For instance, the botnet phenomenon is a prominent threat to Internet security, including the threat of malicious codes. The botnet phenomenon supports a wide range of criminal activities, including distributed denial of service(DDoS) attacks, click fraud, phishing, malware distribution, spam emails, and building machines for illegitimate exchange of information/materials. Therefore, it is imperative to design and develop a robust mechanism for improving the botnet detection, analysis, and removal process. Currently, botnet detection techniques have been reviewed in different ways; however, such studies are limited in scope and lack discussions on the latest botnet detection techniques. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the latest state-of-the-art techniques for botnet detection and figures out the trends of previous and current research. It provides a thematic taxonomy for the classification of botnet detection techniques and highlights the implications and critical aspects by qualitatively analyzing such techniques. Related to our comprehensive review, we highlight future directions for improving the schemes that broadly span the entire botnet detection research field and identify the persistent and prominent research challenges that remain open.

关键词： Botnet detection Anomaly detection Network security Attack Defense Taxonomy

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Energy Cost Minimization Using String Matching Algorithm in Geo-Distributed Data Centers

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2023年第6期75卷 6305-6322页

作者： Muhammad Imran Khan Khalil syed adeel ali shah Izaz Ahmad Khan Mohammad Hijji Muhammad Shiraz Qaisar shaheen Department of Computer Science&Information Technology University of Engineering&TechnologyPeshawar25000Pakistan Department of Computer Science Bacha Khan UniversityCharsadda24541Pakistan Computer Science Department University of TabukTabuk47512Saudi Arabia Department of Computer Science Federal Urdu University of ArtsScience and Technology Islamabad44000Pakistan Department of Computer Science and Information Technology The Islamia University of BahawalpurRahim Yar Khan CampusPunjabPakistan

Data centers are being distributed worldwide by cloud service providers(CSPs)to save energy costs through efficient workload alloca-tion *** CSPs are challenged by the significant rise in user demands due to their extensive energy consumption during workload *** research studies have examined distinct operating cost mitigation techniques for geo-distributed data centers(DCs).However,oper-ating cost savings during workload processing,which also considers string-matching techniques in geo-distributed DCs,remains *** this research,we propose a novel string matching-based geographical load balanc-ing(SMGLB)technique to mitigate the operating cost of the geo-distributed *** primary goal of this study is to use a string-matching algorithm(i.e.,Boyer Moore)to compare the contents of incoming workloads to those of documents that have already been processed in a data center.A successful match prevents the global load balancer from sending the user’s request to a data center for processing and displaying the results of the previously processed workload to the user to save *** the contrary,if no match can be discovered,the global load balancer will allocate the incoming workload to a specific DC for processing considering variable energy prices,the number of active servers,on-site green energy,and traces of incoming *** results of numerical evaluations show that the SMGLB can minimize the operating expenses of the geo-distributed data centers more than the existing workload distribution techniques.

关键词： String matching optimization geo-distributed data centers geographical load balancing green energy

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Influence of Cu doping in Magnesium Hydroxide Nanoparticles for Bandgap Engineering

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Journal of Wuhan University of Technology(Materials Science) 2023年第3期38卷 485-489页

作者： syed Masood Raza S NASEEM shah adeel Tahir YASMEEN Bibi Department of Physics Federal Urdu University of ArtsScience&TechnologyKarachiPakistan Department of Chemistry Federal Urdu University of ArtsScience&TechnologyKarachiPakistan

Cu doped Mg(OH)_(2) nanoparticles were synthesized with varying concentrations from 0 to 10%by a chemical synthesis technique of coprecipitation.X-rays diffraction (XRD) of the samples confirms that all the samples acquire the hexagonal crystal *** results indicated the solubility limit of dopant in the host material and the secondary phase of CuO was observed beyond 3%Cu doping in Mg(OH)_(2).The reduction in the size of nanoparticles was observed from 166 to 103 nm for Mg(OH)_(2) and 10% Cu doped Mg(OH)_(2)samples,*** shift in absorption spectra exhibited the systematical enhancement in optical bandgap from 5.25 to 6.085 eV.A good correlation was observed between the bandgap energy and crystallite size of the nanocrystals which confirmed the size induced effect in the *** transformation in the sample morphology was observed from irregular spherical particles to sepals like shapes with increasing the Cu concentration in the host *** energy dispersive X-Ray (EDX) analysis confirmed the purity of mass percentage composition of the elements present in the samples.

关键词： Cu doped Mg(OH)_(2) nanoparticles phase purity optical band gap morphologies

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Decoding molecular mechanisms:brain aging and Alzheimer's disease

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第8期20卷 2279-2299页

作者： Mahnoor Hayat Rafay ali syed Hammad Qaiser Mohammad Uzair Khalid Al-Regaiey Roaa Khallaf Lubna Abdullah Mohammed Albassam Imdad Kaleem Xueyi Wang Ran Wang Mehwish SBhatti shahid Bashir Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences(ASAB) National University of Sciences and Technology(NUST)IslamabadPakistan Department of Biotechnology Quaid-i-Azam UniversityIslamabadPakistan Department of Biological Sciences Faculty of Basic&Applied SciencesInternational Islamic University Islamabad(IIUI)IslamabadPakistan Department of Bioengineering King Fahd University of Petroleum and MineralsDhahranSaudi Arabia Department of Physiology College of MedicineKing Saud UniversityRiyadhSaudi Arabia Department of Neurology Neuroscience CenterKing Fahad Specialist HospitalDammamSaudi Arabia Department of Mental Health Neuroscience CenterKing Fahad Specialist HospitalDammamSaudi Arabia Department of Biosciences Commission on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development in the South(COMSATS University)IslamabadPakistan Department of Psychiatry The First Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangHebei ProvinceChina Mental Health Institute of Hebei Medical University ShijiazhuangHebei ProvinceChina Department of Neurobiology and Behavior University of CaliforniaIrvineCAUSA Neuroscience Center King Fahad Specialist Hospital DammamDammamSaudi Arabia

The complex morphological,anatomical,physiological,and chemical mechanisms within the aging brain have been the hot topic of research for *** aging process alters the brain structure that affects functions and cognitions,but the worsening of such processes contributes to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders,such as Alzheimer's *** these observable,mild morphological shifts,significant functional modifications in neurotransmission and neuronal activity critically influence the aging *** these changes is important for maintaining cognitive health,especially given the increasing prevalence of age-related conditions that affect *** review aims to explore the age-induced changes in brain plasticity and molecular processes,differentiating normal aging from the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease,thereby providing insights into predicting the risk of dementia,particularly Alzheimer's disease.

关键词： Alzheimer’s disease brain aging cognitive health dementia molecular mechanisms neuronal activity neuroplasticity neurotransmission

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TiC-Maraging stainless steel composite:microstructure, mechanical and wear properties

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Rare Metals 2006年第6期25卷 630-635页

作者： Akhtar Farid Khadijah ali shah syed Javid Askari School of Material Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China

Particulate TiC reinforced 17-4PH and 465 maraging stainless steel matrix composites were processed by conventional powder metallurgy （P/M）. TiC-maraging stainless steel composites with theoretical density 〉97% were produced using conventional P/M. The microstructure, and mechanical and wear properties of the composites were evaluated. The microstructure of the composites consisted of （core-rim structure） spherical and semi-spherical TiC particles depending on the wettability of the matrix with TiC particles. In TiC-maraging stainless steel composites, 465 stainless steel binder phase showed good wettability with TiC particles. Some microcracks appeared in the composites, indicating the presence of tensile stresses in the composites produced during sintering. The typical properties, hardness, and bend strength were reported for the composites. After heat treatment and aging, an increase in hardness was observed. The increase in hardness was at- tributed to the aging reaction in maraging stainless steel. The specific wear behavior of the composites strongly depends on the content of TiC particles and their interparticle spacing, and on the heat treatment of the maraging stainless steel.

关键词： TiC-maraging stainless steel composites aging wear powder metallurgy microcracks

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Fractional-calculus analysis of human immunodeficiency virus and CD4+T-cells with control interventions

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Communications in Theoretical Physics 2022年第10期74卷 1-15页

作者： Rashid Jan Salah Boulaaras syed Azhar ali shah Department of Mathematics University of SwabiSwabi 23430KPKPakistan Department of Mathematics College of Sciences and ArtsArRassQassim UniversitySaudi Arabia

It is undeniable that HIV infection has been a censorious public health concern over the past four *** is reported that HIV is the main reason for AIDs which has decimated the global population of humans and imposed a significant economic burden on affected ***,it is significant to study the transmission of HIV viruses in the body of a human *** this study,we use a fractional framework to organise the intricate interactions of CD4^(+)T-cells and HIV viruses in order to investigate HIV infection with control *** apply the operators of Caputo and Atangana–Baleanu to interrogate the transmission phenomena of HIV *** the analysis of our system,we present the basic concepts of the fractional *** schemes are provided to show the solution pathways of the system with the variation of input ***,the findings emphasise the chaotic and dynamical behaviour of *** run several simulations to visualise the influence of input factors and quantitatively illustrated the dynamics of *** and oscillatory behaviour are intimately linked,and this is owing to the system’s ***,our findings indicate the most important factors for infection control and prevention.

关键词： fractional-calculus HIV infection dynamics of HIV numerical method time series analysis

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Fractional Analysis of Thin Film Flow of Non-Newtonian Fluid

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Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences 2020年第9期124卷 825-845页

作者： Farnaz Ismail Mubashir Qayyum syed Inayat ali shah Department of Mathematics Islamia College UniversityPeshawarPakistan Department of Sciences and Humanities National University of Computer&Emerging Sciences FASTLahorePakistan

Modeling and analysis of thin film flow with respect to magneto hydro dynamical effect has been an important theme in the field of fluid dynamics,due to its vast industrial *** analysis involves studying the behavior and response of governing equations on the basis of various parameters such as thickness of the film,film surface profile,shear stress,liquid velocity,volumetric flux,vorticity,gravity,viscosity among others,along with different boundary *** this article,we extend this analysis in fractional space using a homotopy based scheme,considering the case of a Non-Newtonian Pseudo-Plastic fluid for lifting and drainage on a vertical *** applying similarity transformations,the given problems are reduced to highly non-linear and inhomogeneous ordinary differential ***,fractional differential equations are obtained using basic definitions of fractional *** Homotopy Perturbation Method(HPM),along with fractional calculus is used for obtaining approximate *** quantities such as the velocity profile,volume flux and average velocity respectively for lift and drainage cases have been *** the best of our knowledge,the given problems have not been attempted before in fractional *** and convergence of the obtained solutions are confirmed by finding residual *** a physical perspective,a comprehensive study of the effects of various parameters on the velocity profile is also *** reveals that Stokes number St,non-Newtonian parameterand magnetic parameter M have inverse relationship with fluid velocity in lifting *** the drainage case,Stokes number St and non-Newtonian parameterhave direct relationship with fluid velocity,but magnetic parameter M shows inverse relationship with *** investigation also shows that the fractional parameterhas direct relationship with the fluid velocity in lifting case,while it has inverse relationship with velocity in the

关键词： Pseudo-plastic fluid magneto hydro dynamic fractional differential equation homotopy perturbation method

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An Energy-Efficient 12b 2.56 MS/s SAR ADC Using Successive Scaling of Reference Voltages

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2022年第7期72卷 2127-2139页

作者： Hojin Kang syed Asmat ali shah HyungWon Kim Department of Electronics Engineering College of Electrical and Computer EngineeringChungbuk National UniversityCheongju28644Korea Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering COMSATS University IslamabadAbbottabad CampusAbbottabad22060Pakistan

This paper presents an energy efficient architecture for successive approximation register(SAR)analog to digital converter(ADC).SAR ADCs with a capacitor array structure have been widely used because of its simple architecture and relatively high ***,conventional SAR ADCs consume relatively high energy due to the large number of capacitors used in the capacitor array and their sizes scaled up along with the number of *** proposed architecture reduces the energy consumption as well as the capacitor size by employing a new array architecture that scales down the reference voltages instead of scaling up the capacitor *** proposed 12-bit SAR ADC is implemented in Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor(CMOS)0.13 um library using Cadence Virtuoso design *** results and mathematical model demonstrate the overall energy savings of up to 97.3%compared with conventional SAR ADC,67%compared with the SAR ADC with split capacitor,and 35%compared with the resistor and capacitor(R&C)Hybrid SAR *** ADC achieves an effective number of bits(ENOB)of 11.27 bits and consumes 61.7 uW at sampling rate of 2.56 MS/s,offering an energy consumption of 9.8 fJ per conversion *** proposed SAR ADC offers 95.5%reduction in chip core area compared to conventional architecture,while occupying an active area of 0.088 mm2.

关键词： Low voltage low power successive approximation register analog to digital converter switching energy

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RBF Based Localized Method for Solving Nonlinear Partial Integro-Differential Equations

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Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences 2020年第6期123卷 957-972页

作者： Marjan Uddin Najeeb Ullah syed Inayat ali shah University of Engineering and Technology PeshawarPakistan Islamia College University PeshawarPakistan

In this work,a numerical scheme is constructed for solving nonlinear parabolictype partial-integro differential *** proposed numerical scheme is based on radial basis functions which are local in nature like finite difference numerical *** radial basis functions are used to approximate the derivatives involved and the integral is approximated by equal width integration *** resultant differentiation matrices are sparse in *** spatial approximation using RBF the partial integro-differential equations reduce to the system of *** ODEs system can be solved by various types of ODE *** proposed numerical scheme is tested and compared with other methods available in literature for different test *** stability and convergence of the present numerical scheme are discussed.

关键词： RBFs integral equations local method

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