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作者： susan Acuff 四川大学

学位级别：硕士

The spread of COVID-19 and the development of the global pandemic has permanently changed the world in which we *** the United States of America,this historical event has effected every part of the country's society and *** has influenced food supply,public health,politics,immigration,travel,employment,and education across the country in enormous *** of higher education in the United States received one of the largest,most catastrophic,impacts from the *** local university students experienced distant learning,social distancing,and quarantines,resulting in changes in enrollment,learning,and mental health of *** students,on the other hand,experienced and continue to experience these difficulties along with other unique challenges such as long distance from family for extended periods of time,travel restrictions,visa requirements,and cases of prejudice against Asian *** purpose of this study is to investigate the stress status,related causes of stress,and stress response of Chinese international students receiving higher education in the United States in the context of the COVID-19 *** paper focuses specifically on the stress status of Chinese students studying in the United States,and finds that for Chinese students,the biggest stress in studying in the United States is related to health,the second stress comes from academic *** pressure on visas is the least,and the reasons for these pressures themselves are analyzed,and the relevant strategies for Chinese students to face the pressure are *** on the research findings,further countermeasures and suggestions are put forward for Chinese international students to adapt to and properly handle their own stress when studying in the context of the coronavirus *** study intends to answer the following three questions:First,under the background of the investigation of the coronavirus epidemic,what is the stress status of

关键词： COVID-19 higher education Chinese international students stress reasons

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The causal relationship between neurocysticercosis infection and the development of epilepsy-a systematic review

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2017年第1期6卷 261-273页

作者： Lucy B.Gripper susan C.Welburn Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine Edinburgh Infectious DiseasesEdinburgh Medical School:Biomedical SciencesCollege of Medicine and Veterinary MedicineThe University of EdinburghChancellor’s Building49 Little France CrescentEdinburgh EH164SBScotlandUK

Background:Neurocysticercosis(NCC)is a parasitic infection of the human central nervous system,the most common form of which involves infection of the brain parenchyma with the larval form of the Taenia solium tapeworm.A causal relationship between such an NCC infection and the development of epilepsy in infected individuals is acknowledged,in part supported by high levels of comorbidity in endemic countries ***:This study undertook a systematic review and critical analysis of the NCC-epilepsy relationship with the primary objective of quantifying the risk of developing epilepsy following NCC infection.A secondary aim was to analyse the proportions of NCC-associated epilepsy within different *** emphasis was placed on the importance of neuroimaging(CT or MrI)availability and use of clear guidelines for epilepsy diagnosis,in order to avoid overestimations of prevalence rates of either condition;a limitation identified in several previous ***:A common odds ratio of 2.76 was identified from meta-analysis of case-control studies,indicating that an individual infected with NCC has almost a three times higher risk of developing epilepsy than an uninfected ***,meta-analysis of studies identified a common proportion of 31.54%of epilepsy cases associated with NCC infection which suggests that amongst epileptic populations in at risk countries,approximately one-third may be associated with NCC ***:A significant finding was the lack of good clinical data to enable accurate determination of a causal *** studies that were included had noticeable limitations,including a general lack of consistency in diagnostics,and lack of accurate epidemiological *** review highlights a need for consistency in research in this *** the absence of reliable estimates of its global burden,NCC will remain of low priority in the eyes of funding agencies-a truly neglected disease.

关键词： epilepsy neglected enable

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Semi-Markov adaptive critic heuristics with application to airline revenue management

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控制理论与应用（英文版） 2011年第3期9卷 421-430页

作者： Ketaki KULKArNI Abhijit GOSAVI susan MUrrAY Katie GrANTHAM Department of Engineering Management and Systems Engineering Missouri University of Science and Technology

The adaptive critic heuristic has been a popular algorithm in reinforcement learning(rL) and approximate dynamic programming(ADP) *** is one of the ?rst rL and ADP *** and ADP algorithms are particularly useful for solving Markov decision processes(MDPs) that suffer from the curses of dimensionality and *** real-world problems,however,tend to be semi-Markov decision processes(SMDPs) in which the time spent in each transition of the underlying Markov chains is itself a random *** for the average reward case,unlike the discounted reward case,the MDP does not have an easy extension to the *** of SMDPs can be found in the area of supply chain management,maintenance management,and airline revenue *** this paper,we propose an adaptive critic heuristic for the SMDP under the long-run average reward *** present the convergence analysis of the algorithm which shows that under certain mild conditions,which can be ensured within a simulator,the algorithm converges to an optimal solution with probability *** test the algorithm extensively on a problem of airline revenue management in which the manager has to set prices for airline tickets over the booking *** problem has a large scale,suffering from the curse of dimensionality,and hence it is difficult to solve it via classical methods of dynamic *** numerical results are encouraging and show that the algorithm outperforms an existing heuristic used widely in the airline industry.

关键词： Adaptive critics Actor critics Semi-Markov Approximate dynamic programming reinforcement learning

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Constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome: A review of current and emerging drug therapies

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2014年第27期20卷 8898-8909页

作者： Khaled A Jadallah susan M Kullab David S Sanders Department of InternalMedicine King Abdullah University Hospital Faculty of Medicine Jordan University of Science and Technology Department of Gastroenterology and Liver Unit Royal Hallamshire Hospital Sheffield South Yorkshire S102JF United Kingdom

Irritable bowel syndrome(IBS) is a highly prevalent medical condition that adversely affects patient quality of life and constitutes a significant economic burden on healthcare resources. A large proportion of patients suffer from the constipation subtype of IBS(IBS-C), most commonly afflicting older individuals and those with a lower socioeconomic status. Conventional pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatment options have limited efficacies and/or significant adverse events, which lead to increased long-term health care expenditures. Failure to effectively treat IBS-C patients over the past decades has largely been due to a poor understanding of disease pathophysiology, lack of a global view of the patient, and an inappropriate selection of patients and treatment endpoints in clinical trials. In recent years, however, more effective and safer drugs have been developed for the treatment of IBS-C. The advancement in the area of pharmacologic treatment is based on new knowledge of the pathophysiologic basis of IBS-C and the development of drugs with increased selectivity within pharmacologic classes with recognized efficacies. This narrative review covers the spectrum of available drugs and their mechanisms of action, as well as the efficacy and safety profiles of each as determined in relevant clinical trials that have investigated treatment options for IBS-C and chronic constipation. A brief summary of laxative-based treatment options is presented, followed by up-to-date assessments for three classes of drugs: prokinetics, prosecretory agents, and bile acid modulators.

关键词： Constipation Irritable bowel syndrome Drug therapy Serotonergic agents Prokinetics 5-hydroxytryptamine type 4 agonists Secretagogues Prosecretory agents Bile acid modulators

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The genetic basis of deafness in populations of African descent

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Journal of Genetics and Genomics 2017年第6期44卷 285-294页

作者： Jason r.rudman rosemary I.Kabahuma Sara E.Bressler Yong Feng susan H.Blanton Denise Yan Xue-Zhong Liu Department of Otolaryngology University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Department of Otorhinolaryngology Steve Biko Academic HospitalUniversity of Pretoria Department of Otolaryngology Xiangya HospitalCentral South University Dr. John T.Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics University of Miami Miller School of Medicine John P.Hussman Institute for Human Genomics University of Miami Miller School of Medicine

Hearing loss is the most common sensorineural disorder worldwide and is associated with more than1000 mutations in more than 90 genes. While mutations in genes such as GJB2(gap-junction protein β 2)and GJB6(gap-junction protein β 6) are highly prevalent in Caucasian, Asian, and Middle Eastern populations, they are rare in both native African populations and those of African descent. The objective of this paper is to review the current knowledge regarding the epidemiology and genetics of hearing loss in African populations with a focus on native sub-Saharan African populations. Environmental etiologies related to poor access to healthcare and perinatal care account for the majority of cases. Syndromic etiologies including Waardenburg, Pendred and Usher syndromes are uncommon causes of hearing loss in these populations. Of the non-syndromic causes, common mutations in GJB2 and GJB6 are rarely implicated in populations of African descent. recent use of next-generation sequencing(NGS) has identified several candidate deafness genes in African populations from Nigeria and South Africa that are unique when compared to common causative mutations worldwide. researchers also recently described a dominant mutation in MYO3α in an African American family with non-syndromic hearing loss. The use of NGS and specialized panels will aid in identifying rare and novel mutations in a more cost-and timeeffective manner. The identification of common hearing loss mutations in indigenous African populations will pave the way for translation into genetic deafness research in populations of African descent worldwide.

关键词： Genetic Hearing loss Deafness African

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Literary Writing and Linguistic Disalienation

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Language and Semiotic Studies 2017年第1期3卷 1-12页

作者： Augusto Ponzio susan petrilli(译) The University of Bari Aldo Moro Italy Italian

In Geogre Orwell's 1984(1948), literary writing is the last stronghold against "Newspeak" where the latter represents the limit point of the hypothesis concerning the homologation of reality. In a homologated world everything is subject to control by those responsible for social planning, consequently for communication-production in a world where the nonfunctional and the superfluous have been eliminated. But Newspeak can translate anything except for Shakespeare, Swift, Sterne…in other words, literature. So it will only enter into force and become law in *** his Lezioni Americane(Six Memos for the Next Millenium, 1988), the Italian writer Italo Calvino(1923-1985) considers the gaze of literature as the "possibility of health" against the "pestilence" that has struck the human race in its most distinctive faculty. A "plague in language" which manifests itself as homologation, automatism, levelling, not only of verbal expression, but also of life itself and even of the imagination and of desire: "At this point, I don't wish to dwell upon the possible sources of this epidemic, whether they are to be sought in politics, ideology, beaurocratic uniformity, the monotony of mass-media, or the way the schools dispense the culture of the mediocre. What interests me are the possibilities of health. Literature, and perhaps literature alone, can create the antibodies to fight this plague in language".Literary writing disalienates language which is generally compromised by the "Order of discourse", made functional to dominant communication and reduced therefore to the mere status of "communicative language".Literature enables us to see in verbal language what in the direct word of verbal language is not possible to capture: that is, the other word, not only the word of the other, but also the other voices that resound in the word of the "same" subject.

关键词： alienation/disalienation direct/indirect word functionality/nonfunctionality order of discourse voice

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The face of conservation responding to a dynamically changing world

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Integrative Zoology 2015年第5期10卷 436-452页

作者： ruscena WIEDErHOLT Anne M.TrAINOr Nicole MICHEL Patrick D.SHIrEY ronald r.SWAISGOOD Doug TALLAMY susan C.COOK-PATTON School of Natural resources and the Environment University of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA School of Forestry and Environmental Studies Yale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA and The Nature ConservancyArlingtonVirginiaUSA School of Environment and Sustainability University of SaskatchewanSaskatchewanCanada r.A.Smith National OakmontPennsylvaniaUSA Division of Applied Animal Ecology San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation ResearchCaliforniaUSA Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology University of DelawareNewarkDelawareUSA American Association for Advancement of Science WashingtonDCUSA

In its 40-year history,the science of conservation has faced unprecedented challenges in terms of environmental damage and rapid global change,and environmental problems are only increasing as greater demands are placed on limited natural *** science has been adapting to keep pace with these ***,we highlight contemporary and emerging trends and innovations in conservation science that we believe represent the most effective responses to biodiversity *** focus on specific areas where conservation science has had to adjust its approach to address emerging threats to biodiversity,including habitat destruction and degradation,climate change,declining populations and invasive *** also document changes in attitudes,norms and practices among conservation scientists.A key component to success is engaging and maintaining public support for conservation,which can be facilitated through the use of *** recent trends in conservation and management are innovative and will assist in optimizing conservation strategies,increasing our leverage with the general public and tackling our current environmental challenges.

关键词： global change management strategies paradigm shifts public engagement trends in conservation science

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TIC-Tox: A preliminary discussion on identifying the forcing agents of DBP-mediated toxicity of disinfected water

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2017年第8期29卷 208-216页

作者： Michael J.Plewa Elizabeth D.Wagner susan D.richardson Safe Global Water Institute and the Department of Crop Sciences University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of South Carolina

The disinfection of drinking water is a major public health achievement; however, an unintended consequence of disinfection is the generation of disinfection by-products（DBPs）. Many of the identified DBPs exhibit in vitro and in vivo toxicity, generate a diversity of adverse biological effects, and may be hazards to the public health and the *** a few DBPs are regulated by several national and international agencies and it is not clear if these regulated DBPs are the forcing agents that drive the observed toxicity and their associated health effects. In this study, we combine analytical chemical and biological data to resolve the forcing agents associated with mammalian cell cytotoxicity of drinking water samples from three cities. These data suggest that the trihalomethanes（THMs） and haloacetic acids may be a small component of the overall cytotoxicity of the organic material isolated from disinfected drinking water. Chemical classes of nitrogen-containing DBPs, such as the haloacetonitriles and haloacetamides, appear to be the major forcing agents of toxicity in these samples. These findings may have important implications for the design of epidemiological studies that primarily rely on the levels of THMs to define DBP exposure among populations. The TIC-Tox approach constitutes a beginning step in the process of identifying the forcing agents of toxicity in disinfected water.

关键词： DBPs CHO cell cytotoxicity Toxicity Additivity

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The Japanese ladybirds, Coccinula crotchi and Coccinula sinensis, are infected with very closely related strains of male-killing Flavobacterium

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Insect Science 2014年第6期21卷 699-706页

作者： Sherif Elnagdy susan Messing Michael E. N. Majerus Department of Genetics University of Cambridge Downing Street Cambridge CB2 3EH UK Botany Department Faculty of Science Cairo University Giza Egypt University of Rochester Rochester New York USA Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology University of Rochester Rochester New York USA

Male-killing is 1 of 4 known strategies that inherited parasitic endosymbionts have evolved to manipulate their host＇s reproduction. In early male-killing, infected male offspring are killed early in embryogenesis. Within the Insecta, male-killing bacteria have been found in a wide range of hosts. The Coccinellidae families of beetles, better known as ladybirds, are particularly prone to male-killer invasion. In samples of the coccinellid, Coc- cinula crotchi, from Japan, a new male-killing bacterium was revealed by phenotypic assay. Molecular genetic analysis revealed the identity to be a tetracycline-sensitive Flavobac- terium that causes female-biased offspring sex ratio. Furthermore, that Flavobacterium strain was found to be closely related to the Flavobacterium causing male-killing in the congeneric Japanese coccinellid, Coccinula sinensis, which was collected from the same region. However, we found slightly different Flavobacterium strains infecting C. sinen- sis from regions with different environmental conditions. This may be an indication of horizontal transmission of male-killing Flavobacterium between these 2 ladybird spices. Finally, environmental conditions may affect the spread of male-killing bacteria among their hosts.

关键词： Coccinula crotchi Coccinula sinensis endosymbionts Flavobacterium inherited bacteria male-killing sex ratio distorter

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Whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphism and mating compatibility studies reveal the presence of distinct species in sub-Saharan Africa Bemisia tabaci whiteflies

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Insect Science 2021年第6期28卷 1553-1566页

作者： Habibu Mugerwa Hua-Ling Wang Peter Sseruwagi susan Seal John Colvin Natural resources Institute University of GreenwichCentral AvenueChatham MaritimeKentUK Department of Entomology University of GeorgiaGriffinGeorgiaUSA Institute of Insect Sciences Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina Biotechnology Department Mikocheni Agricultural Research InstituteDar es SalaamTanzania

In sub-Saharan Africa cassava growing areas,two members of the Bemisia tabaci species complex termed sub-Saharan Africa 1(SSA1)and SSA2 have been reported as the prevalent whiteflies associated with the spread of viruses that cause cassava mosaic disease(CMD)and cassava brown streak disease(CBSD)*** the peak of CMD pandemic in the late 1990s,SSA2 was the prevalent whitefly,although its numbers have diminished over the last two decades with the resurgence of SSA1 *** SSA1 subgroups(SGI to SG3)are the predominant whiteflies in East Africa and vary in distribution and biological *** compatibility between SSA1 subgroups and SSA2 whiteflies was reported as the possible driver for the resurgence of SSA 1 *** this study,a combination of both phylogenomic methods and reciprocal crossing experiments were applied to determine species status of SSA1 subgroups and SSA2 white-fly *** analyses conducted with 26548205 bp whole genome single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)and the full mitogenomes clustered SSA1 subgroups together and separate from SSA2 *** incompatibility between SSA1 subgroups and SSA2 further demonstrated their distinctiveness from each *** analyses conducted with SNPs and mitogenomes also revealed different genetic relationships among SSA1 *** former clustered SSA 1-SGI and SSA1-SG2 to-gether but separate from SSA1-SG3,while the latter clustered SSA1-SG2 and SSA1-SG3 together but separate from SSA *** compatibility was observed between SSA 1-SGI and SSA1-SG2,while incompatibility occurred between SSA 1-SGI and SSA1-SG3,and SSA 1-SG2 and SSA *** results among SSA 1 subgroups were coherent with phylogenomics results based on SNPs but not the full ***,this study revealed that the secondary endosymbiont--did not mediate reproductive success in the crossing assays carried ***,using genome wide SNPs together with reciproca

关键词： Bemisia tabaci phylogenomics reciprocal crossing sub-Saharan Africa species

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