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他汀类药物用于心血管疾病的一级预防

英国医学杂志中文版 2020年第4期23卷 187-190页

作者： Paula Byrne John Cullinan susan m smith 潘天园(译) 任菁菁(校) JE Caimes School of Business and Economics National University of Ireland GalwayGalwayIreland Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-General Practice DublinIreland 浙江大学医学院附属第一医院全科医学科

他汀类药物是目前英国最常用的药物,也是世界上最常用的药物之一。尽管他汀类药物的专利到期后价格有所下降,但在医疗预算经常超支的背景下,它仍占用着大量的医疗保健资源。预计到2020年,他汀类药物在全球的销售额可达1万亿美元。对已... 详细信息

他汀类药物是目前英国最常用的药物,也是世界上最常用的药物之一。尽管他汀类药物的专利到期后价格有所下降,但在医疗预算经常超支的背景下,它仍占用着大量的医疗保健资源。预计到2020年,他汀类药物在全球的销售额可达1万亿美元。对已确诊患有心血管疾病的人群是否应该使用他汀类药物问题,通常不存在争议,而对是否可在无心血管疾病的人群中,作为针对心血管疾病的一级预防药物却存在着争议。

关键词：心血管疾病他汀类药物一级预防医疗保健资源专利到期销售额人群

The Role of Big Data and machine Learning in the Integration and Implementation of Historical,Current,and Continuously Gathered Earth Data

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2019年第S01期93卷 56-58页

作者： susan smith NASH American Association of Petroleum Geologists TulsaOklahoma 74119

We are faced with more challenges than ever with respect to the amount,variety,and sheer volume of earth *** only do we have data of many different ages and origins,we also have a wide variety of data,much of which has just been recently digitized,or is in a format that can cannot easily be integrated into algorithms,georeferenced data.

关键词： Big Data analytics machine learning deep learning artificial intelligence

Current and near-term advances in Earth observation for ecological applications

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Ecological Processes 2021年第1期10卷 1-57页

作者： susan L.Ustin Elizabeth m.middleton John muir Institute of the Environment University of CaliforniaDavisCA 95616USA NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center(Emerita) GreenbeltMD 20771USA.

There is an unprecedented array of new satellite technologies with capabilities for advancing our understanding of ecological processes and the changing composition of the Earth’s biosphere at scales from local plots to the whole *** identified 48 instruments and 13 platforms with multiple instruments that are of broad interest to the environmental sciences that either collected data in the 2000s,were recently launched,or are planned for launch in this *** have restricted our review to instruments that primarily observe terrestrial landscapes or coastal margins and are available under free and open data *** focused on imagers that passively measure wavelengths in the reflected solar and emitted thermal *** suite of instruments we describe measure land surface characteristics,including land cover,but provide a more detailed monitoring of ecosystems,plant communities,and even some species then possible from historic *** newer instruments have potential to greatly improve our understanding of ecosystem functional relationships among plant traits like leaf mass area(LmA),total nitrogen content,and leaf area index(LAI).They provide new information on physiological processes related to photosynthesis,transpiration and respiration,and stress detection,including capabilities to measure key plant and soil biophysical *** include canopy and soil temperature and emissivity,chlorophyll fluorescence,and biogeochemical contents like photosynthetic pigments(e.g.,chlorophylls,carotenoids,and phycobiliproteins from cyanobacteria),water,cellulose,lignin,and nitrogen in foliar *** data will enable us to quantify and characterize various soil properties such as iron content,several types of soil clays,organic matter,and other *** of these satellites are in low Earth orbit(LEO),but we include a few in geostationary orbit(GEO)because of their potential to measure plant physiological traits over diurnal periods,impro

关键词： Terrestrial ecosystems Earth Observing Satellites Ecosystem processes Physiological functions multispectral Hyperspectral Thermal LiDAR Radar imagers Biochemistry Soil properties Species mapping Change detection 3D canopy structure Topography

ASSESSING THE LINK BETWEEN PUBLIC OPINION AND SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY IN BUILDING AND INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS

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Journal of Green Building 2015年第3期10卷 177-190页

作者： Vanessa Valentin susan m.Bogus Department of Civil Engineering University of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNM 87131USA

Increasing the use of social sustainability in the decision-making process for build-ing and infrastructure projects requires that it be defined such that it can be evaluated *** potential indicator of social sustainability in infrastruc-ture projects is public opinion,which can provide a means to evaluate the level of social sustainability on a project based on personal *** opinion includes both support and opposition for a *** this study,the causes or triggers for public opposition to a construction project are identified and then compared to principles of social sustainability to determine if they are *** case study projects were used to identify common triggers of public *** results suggest that common triggers of public opposition are related to land acquisition,escalating construction costs and the presence of endangered species on the project *** of the twelve principles of social sustainability that were identified were determined to be related to public *** results of this study suggest that public opposition could be used as a measure for some elements of social sus-tainability but that further research into other measures for social sustainability is necessary.

关键词： social sustainability public opinion triggers of public opposition to building and infrastructure projects

Biased activity of soluble guanylyl cyclase:the Janus face of thymoquinone

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Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B 2017年第4期7卷 401-408页

作者： Charlotte Detremmerie Paul m.Vanhoutte susan Leung Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicinethe University of Hong KongHong KongChina

The natural compound thymoquinone, extracted from Nigella sativa(black cumin), is widely used in humans for its anti-oxidative properties. Thymoquinone is known for its acute endotheliumindependent vasodilator effects in isolated rat aortae and pulmonary arteries, depending in part on activation of adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels and inhibition of voltage-dependent calcium channels. The compound also improves endothelial dysfunction in mesenteric arteries of ageing rodents and in aortae of rabbits treated with pyrogallol, by inhibiting oxidative stress. Serendipitously,thymoquinone was found to augment contractions in isolated arteries with endothelium of both rats and pigs. The endothelium-dependent augmentation it causes counterintuitively depends on biased activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase(sGC) producing inosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate(cyclic ImP) rather than guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate. This phenomenon shows a striking mechanistic similarity to the hypoxic augmentation previously observed in porcine coronary arteries. The cyclic ImP preferentially produced under thymoquinone exposure causes an increased contractility of arterial smooth muscle by interfering with calcium homeostasis. This brief review summarizes the vascular pharmacology of thymoquinone, focussing in particular on how the compound causes endothelium-dependent contractions by biasing the activity of sGC.

关键词： Thymoquinone Endothelium-dependentcontraction Nitric oxide Soluble guanylyl cyclase Cyclic ImP NADPH:quinone oxidoreductase

Whole Field Strain measurement of High Strength Steel Under Plain Strain Condition

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Journal of Iron and Steel Research International 2011年第S1期18卷 320-324页

作者： smith Lorenzo m Department of mechanical Engineering Oakland UniversityRochester 48309MIUnited States

Sheet metal undergoes different strain conditions during different forming *** investigation of mechanical properties under these conditions is very important in the forming *** metal is particularly liable to failure under plain strain *** and investigate the necking strain under plane strain condition is a particularly important study for sheet formability *** this study,material behavior of DP780 high strength steel sheet under plain strain condition was *** plane strain tensile tests were carried out on the mTS testing machine with a special designed specimen.A digital image correlation system was employed to measure the full-field strain distribution during plain strain tensile *** strain evolution during deformation was obtained and *** capability of the specimen for plane strain test was validated from the strain *** necking strain and fracture strain of DP780 high strength steel sheet were determined from the strain field and strain history results.

关键词： plain strain test strain history fracture high strength steel digital image correlation

Social learning in nest-building birds watching live-streaming video demonstrators

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Integrative Zoology 2019年第2期14卷 204-213页

作者： Lauren m.GUILLETTE susan D.HEALY School of Biology University of St AndrewsSt AndrewsFifeUK

Determining the role that social learning plays in construction behaviors,such as nest building or tool manufacture,could be improved if more experimental control could be gained over the exact public information that is provided by the demonstrator,to the observing *** video playback allows the experimenter to choose what information is provided but will only be useful in determining the role of social learning if observers attend to,and learn from,videos in a manner that is similar to live *** goal of the current experiment was to test whether live-streamed video presentations of nest building by zebra finches Taeniopygia guttata would lead observers to copy the material choice demonstrated to ***,males that had not previously built a nest were given an initial preference test between materials of 2 *** observers then watched live-stream footage of a familiar demonstrator building a nest with material of the color that the observer did not *** this experience,observers were given the chance to build a nest with materials of the 2 *** two-thirds of the observer males preferred material of the demonstrated color after viewing the demonstrator build a nest with material of that color more than they had previously,their preference for the demonstrated material was not as strong as that of observers that had viewed live demonstrator builders in a previous *** results suggest researchers should proceed with caution before using video demonstration in tests of social learning.

关键词： construction behavior copying nest social learning video playback zebra finch

Initial impacts of rain gardens＇ application on water quality and quantity in combined sewer： field-scale experiment

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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2017年第4期11卷 127-138页

作者： Isam Alyaseri Jianpeng Zhou susan m. morgan Andrew Bartlett Department of Civil Engineering Al-Muthanna University Alsamawah Al-Muthanna 72001 Iraq Department of Civil Engineering Southern Illinois University Edwardsville Edwardsville IL 62026 USA Graduate School Southern Illinois University Edwardsville Edwardsville IL 62026 USA Agricultural Statistics Laboratory University of Arkansas Fayetteville AR 72701 USA

Green infrastructures such as rain gardens can benetit onsite reduction ot stormwater runott, leading to reduced combined sewer overflows. A pilot project was conducted to evaluate the impact of rain gardens on the water quality and volume reduction of storm runoff from urban streets in a combined sewer area. The study took place in a six-block area on South Grand Boulevard in St. Louis, missouri. The impact was assessed through a comparison between the pre-construction （2011/2012） and the post-construction （2014） phases. Shortly after the rain gardens were installed, the levels of total suspended solids, chloride, total nitrogen, total phosphorous, zinc, and copper increased. The level of mercury was lower than the detection level in both phases. E. coli was the only parameter that showed statistically significant decrease following the installation of rain gardens. The likely reason for initial increase in monitored water quality parameters is that the post-construction sampling began after the rain gardens were constructed but before planting, resulted from soil erosion and wash-out from the mulch. However, the levels of most of water quality parameters decreased in the following time period during the post-construction phase. The study found 76% volume reduction of stormwater runoff following the installation of rain gardens at one of studied sites. Statistical analysis is essential on collected data because of the encountered high variability of measured flows resulted from low flow conditions in studied sewers.

关键词： Rain gardens Bioretention Combined sewer Stormwater quality and quantity

What we have learned from randomized trials of prostate cancer screening

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2011年第3期13卷 369-373,510页

作者： Richard m Hoffman Anthony Y smith medicine Service New Mexico VA Health Care System Albuquerque NM 87108 USA Department of medicine University of New Mexico School of Medicine Albuquerque NM 87108 USA Department of Surgery University of New Mexico School of Medicine Albuquerque NM 87108 USA

The introduction of prostate-specific antigen （PSA） for prostate cancer screening in the late 1980s led to an epidemic of prostate cancer, particularly in developed countries. However, the first valid reports from randomized controlled trials on the efficacy of screening were not published until 2009. men in the screening group in the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer were 20% less likely than those in the control group to die from prostate cancer. The absolute difference was only 0.7/1000, implying that over 1400 men needed to be screened to prevent one prostate cancer death. Screening was also associated with a 70% increased risk for being diagnosed with prostate cancer. The American Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial found no survival benefit for screening. Results were not conclusive because a substantial proportion of study subjects had previously undergone PSA testing, over half of the control group had PSA testing, follow-up was relatively short, and fewer than 100 subjects died from prostate cancer. Balancing the potential survival benefit from screening is the risk of overdiagnosis--finding cancers that would not otherwise cause clinical problems^and the risk of treatment complications, including urinary, sexual and bowel dysfunction. Prostate cancer screening efforts would benefit from improved biomarkers, which more readily identify clinically important cancers. Cancer control efforts might also need to include chemoprevention, though currently available agents are controversial. In the meantime, oatients need to be supoorted in achievine informed decisions on whether to be screened for orostate cancer.

关键词： cancer screening prostate-specific antigen prostatic neoplasms randomized controlled trials as topic