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Subclinical hepatitis E virus genotype 1 infection:The concept of“dynamic human reservoir”

World Journal of Hepatology 2024年第4期16卷 506-510页

作者： Ananta Shrestha suresh basnet Sudhamshu KC Department of Hepatology Alka HospitalKathmandu 44600Nepal Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine University of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMD 21201United States Department of Hepatology National Academy of Medical SciencesKathmandu 44600Nepal

Hepatitis E virus(HEV)is hyperendemic in South Asia and Africa accounting for half of total Global HEV *** are eight genotypes of *** them,the four common ones known to infect humans,genotypes 1 and 2 are prevalent in the developing world and genotypes 3 and 4 are causing challenge in the industrialized *** HEV viremia in the general population,especially among blood donors,has been reported in the literature *** clinical implications related to this asymptomatic viremia are unclear and need further *** of viremia due to HEV genotype 1 infection,apparently among healthy blood donors is also reported without much knowledge about its infection ***,while HEV genotype 3 is known to be transmitted via blood transfusion in humans and has been subjected to screening in many European nations,instances of transmission have also been documented albeit without significant clinical *** of HEV genotype 1 in endemic areas often show waxing and waning *** sporadic occurrence of HEV infection interrupted by outbreaks have been frequently *** absence of known animal reservoir,where HEV exists in between outbreak is a mystery that needs further ***,occurrence of asymptomatic HEV viremia due to HEV genotype 1 during epidemiologically quiescent period may explain that this phenomenon may act as a dynamic *** HEV genotype 1 infection cannot cause chronicity,subclinical transient infection and transmission of virus might be the reason it sustains in interepidemic *** might be the similar phenomenon with SARS COVID-19 corona virus infection which is circulating worldwide in distinct phases with peaks and plateaus despite vaccination against *** view of existing evidence,we propose the concept of“Dynamic Human Reservoir.”Quiescent subclinical infection of HEV without any clinical consequences and subsequent transmission may contribute to the ex

关键词： Hepatitis E Viral hepatitis Genotype 1 Dynamic human reservoir Subclinical infection

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Kinetic simulation of an electronegative plasma with a cut-off distribution and modified Bohm criterion

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Plasma Science and Technology 2020年第4期22卷 33-39页

作者： suresh basnet Raju KHANAL Central Department of Physics Tribhuvan UniversityKirtipurKathmandu 44613Nepal

A kinetic simulation model has been employed to study the properties of an electronegative magnetized plasma sheath assuming the cut-off distribution of electrons and negative *** fundamental kinetic Bohm condition for the electronegative magnetized plasma has paramount importance for the formation of a stationary plasma sheath near the material *** presence of an oblique magnetic field in an electronegative plasma affects the ion distribution at the plasma injection side and at the *** temperature profile of negative charged particles has a non-uniform distribution,which determines the energy flow towards the wall.

关键词： Bohm condition kinetic simulation plasma–wall interaction electronegative plasma

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Kinetic-theory-based investigation of electronegative plasma–wall transition with two populations of electrons

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Plasma Science and Technology 2021年第3期23卷 11-21页

作者： suresh basnet Atit DEUJA Raju KHANAL Central Department of Physics Tribhuvan UniversityKirtipurKathmandu 44613Nepal

Kinetic theory has been employed to investigate the magnetized plasma-sheath structure and its characteristics in the presence of more than one species of negatively charged particles:hot electrons,cold electrons,and negative *** cold electrons and negative ions are considered to obey a Maxwellian distribution,whereas the hot electrons follow a truncated Maxwellian *** Bohm sheath condition has been extended for the case of more than one species of negatively charged particles,in which the concentration of hot electrons has a crucial role in achieving the Bohm *** thermal motion of hot electrons is much higher compared to cold electrons and negative ions,such that the variation of hot electron concentrations and the temperature ratio of hot to cold electrons play a key role in the determination of the plasma-sheath parameters:particle densities,electrostatic potential,the flow of positive ions towards the wall,and sheath *** have estimated the deviation of the resultant drift velocity of positive ions on the plane perpendicular to the wall from the parallel component at the presheath–sheath *** is found that the deviation between the two velocity components increases with an increase in the obliqueness of the magnetic ***,the results obtained from the kinetic trajectory simulation model are compared with the results obtained using a fluid model;the results are qualitatively similar,although the potential varies by less than 4%in terms of the magnitude at the wall.

关键词： Bohm velocity fluid theory plasma sheath electronegative plasmas

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