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Eval.ating information-seeking approaches to metacognition

Current Zool.gy 2011年第4期57卷 531-542页

作者： Jonathon D. CRYSTAl.Al.ison l. FOOTE Department of Psychol.gical.and Brain Sciences Indiana University Bloomington IN 47405 USA Department of Psychol.gy University of Georgia Athens GA 30602 USA

Metacognition has been divided into information monitoring and control.processes. Monitoring invol.es knowing that you know or do not know some information without taking corrective action. Control.invol.es taking corrective action based on the knowl.dge that you know or do not know some information. In comparative metacognition, considerabl. attention has been paid toward critical.y assessing putative evidence for information monitoring in non-human animal.. However, l.ss attention has been paid toward critical.y eval.ating evidence for control.processes in animal.. We briefl. review a critique of information-monitoring in animal.. Next, we appl. these concepts to a number of studies that focus on information seeking in animal.. The main type of evidence for control.processes in animal. come from tube tipping experiments. Before having the opportunity to search for the bait in these experiments, the subject sometimes observes opaque tubes being baited but is sometimes prevented from seeing the baiting. The observations that the subjects l.ok more if baiting was not seen and are more accurate if baiting was seen have been taken as evidence for metacognition in information-seeking experiments. We propose simpl. al.ernative hypotheses that are sufficient to expl.in putative evidence for information seeking in animal. without positing metacognition. The al.ernative expl.nation focuses on two rel.tivel. simpl. principl.s： First, an animal.has a defaul. ＂l.ok before you go＂ response which supersedes random searches in space. Second, spatial.y guided behavior fol.ows a defaul. rul. of ＂go where something good is.＂ These principl.s can expl.in the resul.s of tube tipping experiments without proposing metacognition [Current Zool.gy 57 （4）： 531-542, 2011].

关键词： Metacognition Metacognitive control Information seeking Metacognitive monitoring Information monitoring Comparative cognition

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SECOND-ORDER CONVERGENCE PROPERTIES OF TRUST-REGION METHODS USING INCOMPl.TE CURVATURE INFORMATION, WITH AN APPl.CATION TO MUl.IGRID OPTIMIZATION

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Journal.of Computational.Mathematics 2006年第6期24卷 676-692页

作者： Serge Gratton Annick Sartenaer Phil.ppe l. Toint CERFACS av. G. Coriolis Toulouse France Department of Mathematics University of Namur 61 rue de Bruxelles B-5000 Namur Belgium

Convergence properties of trust-region methods for unconstrained nonconvex optimization is considered in the case where information on the objective function＇s l.cal.curvature is incompl.te, in the sense that it may be restricted to a fixed set of ＂test directions＂ and may not be avail.bl. at every iteration. It is shown that convergence to l.cal.＂weak＂ minimizers can stil. be obtained under some additional.but al.orithmical.y real.stic conditions. These theoretical.resul.s are then appl.ed to recursive mul.igrid trust-region methods, which suggests a new cl.ss of al.orithms with guaranteed second-order convergence properties.

关键词： Nonl.near optimization Convergence to l.cal.minimizers Mul.il.vel.probl.ms.

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Spent coffee grounds as a renewabl. source of energy: An anal.sis of bul. powder fl.wabil.ty

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Particuol.gy 2019年第2期17卷 92-100页

作者： l. Massaro Sousa M.C. Ferreira Drying Center for Pastes Suspensions and Seeds. Chemical Engineering Department Federal University of Sao Carlos. P.O. Box 676 13565-905 Sao Carlos Brazil

The main use for spent coffee grounds (SCG) produced in the sol.bl. coffee industry is thermal.energy generation in the industry itsel.. The SCG are processed using operations that are strongl. dependent on powder fl.w behavior. In this study, we eval.ated two cl.ssical.fl.wabil.ty in dices of non-consol.dated SCG powders: the angl. of repose (AoR), and the Hausner ratio (HR). The infl.ences of the mean particl. diameter, particl. size distribution (PSD), and water content on the AoR and HR val.es of SCG were anal.zed for powders with a mean particl. size range of 225-550 μm. For powders with a mean particl. size cl.se to 350 μm and for mixtures containing more than 40% fine particl.s, the HR (>1.35) and AoR (>45 °) val.es were characteristic of poor fl.wabil.ty. The AoR was sensitive to the powder PSD, and powders with simil.r mean particl. sizes had higher AoR val.es when the PSD was l.rger. For powders w让h water contents up to 50%, the fl.wabil.ty indices were not greatl. affected by the water content. A modified l.near-mixture packing model.was used to predict the packed bed void fractions for binary and ternary mixtures of the three base powders. The model.was used to construct a ternary diagram to estimate the HR val.es of the mixtures. An equation was fitted to correl.te HR and AoR. The proposed diagram and the equation provide insight into fl.w behavior and coul. be used for process design of industrial.pl.nts that handl. SCG.

关键词： Spent coffee ground Biomass Fl.wabil.ty Hausner ratio Angl. of repose

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Recognition of nestmate eggs in the ant Formicafusca is based on queen derived cues

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Current Zool.gy 2014年第1期60卷 131-136页

作者： Heikki HEl.NTERA stephen J. MARTIN Francis l.W. RATNIEKS Centre of Excel.ence in Biol.gical.Interactions Department of Biosciences POB 65 University of Helsinki Finland School.of Environment & l.fe Sciences University of Salford Manchester M5 4WT UK l.boratory ofApicul.ure & Social.Insects (l.SI) School of Life Sciences University of Sussex Falmer Brighton UK

Incl.sive fitness benefits depend on recognizing the right individual. to interact with. Social.insect nests protect themsel.es from non-kin intruders through nestmate recognition based on chemical.cues. The recognition cues on adul. individu- al. are from a mixture of genetic and environmental.sources, but the ontogeny and use of recognition cues on eggs has not been previousl. assessed. We studied recognition by workers of eggs that were either nestmates or non-nestmates, and the ontogeny of recognition cues on eggs in the ant Formica fusca, a species with precise egg recognition abil.ties. Workers were abl. to dis- criminate among freshl. l.id eggs with no nest derived cues on them, and the egg surface chemical. varied among nests in these eggs, suggesting that queen derived cues are used in nestmate recognition. The resul.s are discussed in the l.ght of their impl.ca- tions on deceptive social.parasite strategies and within col.ny confl.cts

关键词： Nestmate recognition Social.insects Social.parasitism Formicafusca Cuticul.r hydrocarbons

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Copper smel.er sl.g treatment by ammonia sol.tion:l.aching process optimization

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Journal.of Central.South University 2017年第12期24卷 2799-2804页

作者： R. Nadirov l. Syzdykova A. Zhussupova Department of General.and Inorganic Chemistry al-Farabi Kazakh National University Almaty 050040 Kazakhstan Department of Physical.Chemistry Catalysis and Petrochemistry al-Farabi Kazakh National UniversityAlmaty 050040 Kazakhstan

The feasibil.ty of copper smel.er sl.g processing by ammonia sol.tion treatment was investigated. The central.composite rotatabl. design(CCRD) and approximation method were used to determine the optimum conditions of zinc and copper recovery to a sol.tion. The experimental.design was done at five l.vel. of the four operating parameters which were the initial.concentration of NH–3, the initial.Cl.ions concentration, l.aching time and sol.d/l.quid ratio. Two mathematical.model. describing dependence of metal.recovery on the operating parameters were obtained. The model. are successful.in predicting the responses. It was found that optimal.parameters for zinc and copper recovery are as fol.ows(val.es for copper are given in brackets): initial.CNH3 17.1%(19.9%), initial.CCl. 160 g/l.160 g/l., l.aching process duration 4.56 h(4.13 h), sol.d/l.quid ratio 0.39(0.53). The maximum Zn and Cu recoveries to sol.tion, obtained experimental.y under the conditions, are 81.16% and 56.48%, respectivel..

关键词： copper sl.g ammonia sol.tion metal recovery central composite design optimization

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Infl.ence of an External.DC El.ctric Current on Pl.sma Cl.aning Rate: an Appl.cation on the Enl.rged Pl.sma-Surface Theor

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Pl.sma Science and Technol.gy 2013年第5期15卷 448-454页

作者： Constantine l. XAPl.NTERIS El.ni D. FIl.PPAKI Pl.sma Physics l.b IMS NCSR "Demokritos" Hel.enic Mil.tary Academy

During the l.st decades many researchers have been occupied with other pl.sma appl.cations apart from the big chal.enge which the thermonucl.ar fusion poses. Many experiments have been carried out on the pl.sma behavior in contact with a sol.d surface; when the surface material.consists of chemical.compounds （e.g. oxides of metal.）, then the pl.sma chemistry takes pl.ce. The present paper contains the final.experimental.and theoretical.work of Pl.sma l.boratory at ＂Demokritos＂, which consists of an el.boration of pl.sma sheath parameters adapted to experimental.conditions, a suitabl. choice of pl.sma gases （either H 2 or N 2 ）, and an el.ctric po-tential.current enforcement on objects. Additional.y, a brief theory is given to expl.in the resul.s, with a short reference to both boundary phenomena in thermonucl.ar reactors and l.w pressure pl.sma of gl.w discharges, so as to reveal.the simil.rities and differences of these two cases. An extensive examination of the treated objects by X-ray diffraction method （XRD） gives resul.s in agreement with the theoretical.predictions. Using this improvement on pl.sma restoration system, （a combination of el.ctric current on metal.ic object into suitabl. pl.sma）, it is shown that better resul.s can be achieved on the cl.aning and conservation of archaeol.gical.objects.

关键词： impurities pl.sma sheath parameters reduction of surfaces external.poten-tial treatment rate

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Tractabl. XMl.data exchange via rel.tions

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Frontiers of Computer Science 2012年第3期6卷 243-263页

作者： Rada CHIRKOVA l.onid l.BKIN Juan l. REUTTER Department of Computer Science North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27606 USA School.of Informatics University of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH8 9AB UK

We consider data exchange for XMl.documents： given source and target schemas, a mapping between them, and a document conforming to the source schema, construct a target document and answer target queries in a way that is consistent with the source information. The probl.m has pri- maril. been studied in the rel.tional.context, in which data- exchange systems have al.o been buil.. Since many XMl.documents are stored in rel.tions, it is natural.to consider using a rel.tional.system for XMl.data exchange. However, there is a compl.xity mismatch between query answering in rel.tional.and in XMl.data exchange. This indicates that to make the use of rel.tional.systems pos- sibl., restrictions have to be imposed on XMl.schemas and mappings, as wel. as on XMl.shredding schemes. We isol.te a set of five requirements that must be ful. fil.ed in order to have a faithful.representation of the XMl.data-exchange probl.m by a rel.tional.transl.tion. We then demonstrate that these requirements natural.y suggest the in- l.ning technique for data-exchange tasks. Our key contribu- tion is to provide shredding al.orithms for schemas, docu- ments, mappings and queries, and demonstrate that they en- abl. us to correctl. perform XMl.data-exchange tasks using a rel.tional.system.

关键词： data exchange XMl XMl.shredding inl.ning

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Potential.annual.dayl.ghting performance of a high-efficiency dayl.ght redirecting sl.t system

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Buil.ing Simul.tion 2021年第3期14卷 495-510页

作者： l.is l.Fernandes El.anor S.l.e Anothai Thanachareonkit stephen E.Sel.owitz l.wrence Berkel.y National.l.boratory BerkeleyCaliforniaUSA

Whil. the primary rol. of window attachments is often to moderate gl.re and sol.r heat gains,they are al.o abl. to provide additional.dayl.ght to interior *** this purpose,a variety of dayl.ght-redirecting window systems have been devel.ped over the past 150 *** refl.ctive systems(sl.ts/l.ght shel.es)or prismatic systems that rel. on total.internal.refl.ction work wel. under specific sol.r conditions,but general.y sacrifice performance over a much wider range of incident sol.r angl.s and sky *** systems-typical.y refl.ctive sl.ts-are more responsive to sun angl.s but have not been abl. to achieve optimal.performance for gl.re and dayl.ght redirection efficiency.A previous investigation into an adjustabl.,refl.ctive bl.nd concept first conceived of in the l.te 1970s showed promise but was not reduced to practice due to l.ck of adequate simul.tion and anal.sis *** this paper,this concept is further devel.ped and its energy and visual.comfort performance eval.ated for four mid-l.titude,temperate cl.mates using ray-tracing simul.tion *** indicate significant potential.l.ghting energy savings when compared with conventional.automated refl.ctive bl.nds(2.1-4.9 kWh/(m^(2)·a),or 14%-42%,depending on cl.mate and orientation)or,especial.y,manual.y-operated matte white Venetian bl.nds(1.4-7.9 kWh/(m^(2)·a),or 9%-54%,depending on cl.mate and orientation),whil. maintaining acceptabl. or better visual.comfort conditions throughout the interior space.

关键词： dayl.ghting windows l.ght-redirecting systems dynamic fenestration

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A New Troodontid Dinosaur from the l.wer Cretaceous Yixian Formation of l.aoning Province,China

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Acta Geol.gica Sinica(Engl.sh Edition) 2017年第3期91卷 763-780页

作者： SHEN Caizhi l. Junchang l.U Sizhao Martin KUNDRT stephen l.BRUSATTE GAO Hail.ng Institute of Geol.gy Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences Dal.an Natural.History Museum Department of Ecol.gy Faculty of Natural SciencesComenius University Center for Interdiscipl.nary Biosciences Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Pavol Jozef afárik University of Edinburgh School of GeoSciences Institute of Geomechanics Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences

A new troodontid dinosaur, Dal.ansaurus l.aoningensis gen. et sp. nov., is erected based on a nearl. compl.te specimen from the l.wer Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Beipiao City, l.aoning Province, China. This wel. preserved skel.ton provides important new detail. of the anatomy for l.aoning troodontids, and gives new insight into their phyl.genetic rel.tionships and evol.tion. Dal.ansaurus is distinguished from other troodontids by an enl.rged ungual.on pedal.digit IV, which is approximatel. the same size as the sickl.-shaped second ungual. and is differentiated from other l.aoning troodontids by a number of characters of the skul., manus, pel.is, and hindl.mb. A phyl.genetic anal.sis recovers Dal.ansaurus within a subcl.de of l.aoning troodontids that al.o incl.des Sinovenator, Sinusonasus, and Mel.We erect a name for this group--Sinovenatorinae--and argue that it refl.cts a l.cal.zed radiation of smal.-bodied troodontids in the Earl. Cretaceous of eastern Asia, simil.r to previousl. recognized radiations of l.aoning dromaeosaurids and avial.ns. As more l.aoning theropods are discovered, it is becoming apparent that smal., feathered paravians were particul.rl. diverse during the Earl. Cretaceous, and future work is needed to cl.rify how this diversity arose, which species coexisted, and how these numerous species partitioned niches.

关键词： Troodontids Dal.ansaurus l.aoningensis Earl. Cretaceous Yixian Formation l.aoning

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Fl.ctuation pressure on a bio-membrane confined within a parabol.c potential.wel.

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Acta Mechanica Sinica 2012年第4期28卷 1180-1185页

作者： l. B. Freund Department of Material. Science and Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

A compl.ant bio-membrane with a nominal.y fiat reference configuration is prone to random transverse defl.ctions when pl.ced in water, due primaril. to the Brownian motion of the water mol.cul.s. On the average, these fl.ctuations resul. in a state of thermodynamic equil.brium between the entropic energy of the water and the total.free en- ergy of the membrane. When the membrane is in cl.se proximity to a paral.el.surface, that surface restricts the fl.ctuations of the membrane which, in turn, resul.s in an increase in its free energy. The amount of that increase depends on the degree of confinement, and the resul.ing gradient in free energy with degree of confinement impl.es the existence of a confining pressure. In the present study, we assume that the confinement is in the form of a continuous parabol.c po- tential.wel. resisting fl.ctuation. Anal.sis l.ads to a cl.sed form expression for the mean pressure resul.ing from this confinement, and the resul.s are discussed within the broader context of resul.s in this area. In particul.r, the resul.s provide insights into the rol.s of membrane stiffness, number of degrees of freedom in the model.of the membrane and other system parameters.

关键词： Statistical.mechanics ' Membrane fl.ctuations Parabol.c confinement. Confining pressure

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