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Symptom presentation and evolution in the first 48 hours after injury are associated with return to play after concussion in elite Rugby Union

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2024年第3期13卷 387-397页

作者： Ross Tucker Matt Cross Keith Stokes Lindsay Starling Rosy Hyman Simon Kemp stephen west Martin Raftery Eanna Falvey James Brown Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine(ISEM) Department of ExerciseUniversity of StellenboschTygerberg 7505South Africa World Rugby Ltd. Dublin D02 AE93Ireland Premiership Rugby London SW1V 1PXUK Centre for Health and Injury and Illness Prevention in SportUniversity of BathClaverton Down BA27AYUK UK Collaborating Centre on Injury and Illness Prevention in Sport(UKCCIIS) University of BathClaverton Down BA27AYUK Rugby Football Union London TW27BAUK London School of Tropical Medicine London WC1E 7HTUK Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre Faculty of KinesiologyUniversity of CalgaryCalgary T2N 1N4Canada Department of Medicine School of Medicine and HealthUniversity College CorkCork T12 EC8PIreland Carnegie Applied Rugby Research(CARR)centre Carnegie School of SportLeeds Beckett UniversityLeeds LS63QSUK

Background:Return to play(RTP)in elite rugby is managed using a 6-stage graduated RTP protocol,which can result in clearance to play within 1 week of *** aimed to explore how symptom,cognitive,and balance presentation and evolution during concussion screens 2 h(head injury assessment(HIA2)and 48 h(HIA3)after injury were associated with time to RTP)to identify whether a more conservative graduated RTP may be ***:A retrospective cohort study was conducted in 380 concussed rugby players from elite men’s rugby over 3 consecutive *** were classified as shorter or longer returns,depending on whether RTP occurred within 7 days(allowing them to be considered to play the match 1 week after injury)or longer than 8 days,***,cognitive,and balance performance during screens was assessed relative to baseline(normal or abnormal)and to the preceding screen(improving or worsening).Associations between sub-test abnormalities and RTP time were explored using odds ratios(OR,longer ***).Median day absence was compared between players with abnormal or worsening results and those whose results were normal or ***:Abnormal symptom results during screens 2 h and 48 h after concussion were associated with longer return time(HIA2:OR=2.21,95%confidence interval(95%CI):1.39-3.50;HIA3:OR=3.30,95%CI:1.89-5.75).Worsening symptom number or severity from the time of injury to 2 h and 48 h post-injury was associated with longer return(HIA2:OR=2.49,95%CI:1.36-4.58;HIA3:OR=3.34,95%CI:1.10-10.15).Median days absence was greater in players with abnormal symptom results at both HIA2 and *** and balance performance were not associated with longer return and did not affect median days ***:Symptom presentation and evolution within 48 h of concussion were associated with longer RTP *** may guide a more conservative approach to RTP,while still adhering to individualized concussion management principles.

关键词： Brain injury Concussion management General return to play Medical management

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版本与语言——中国古典戏曲翻译之思

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文化遗产 2020年第1期 47-58页

作者：奚如谷杜磊浙江大学外国语言文化与国际交流学院

本篇是奚如谷教授论戏曲翻译的代表之作。奚如谷教授主张戏曲翻译不应一味贴合西方读者的阅读习惯而遮蔽戏曲文本产生的知识与文化语境。他提出了文化与文学两种不同的翻译方法,前者因考量原作在知识与文化语境中的位置,译文深化,更为... 详细信息

本篇是奚如谷教授论戏曲翻译的代表之作。奚如谷教授主张戏曲翻译不应一味贴合西方读者的阅读习惯而遮蔽戏曲文本产生的知识与文化语境。他提出了文化与文学两种不同的翻译方法,前者因考量原作在知识与文化语境中的位置,译文深化,更为可取。在他看来,支配任何严肃文学研究形式的规律也同样支配着翻译,而翻译首先遇到的一个难以逾越的问题是底本的选择,他以《西厢记》与《窦娥冤》为例,分析了不同版本所关涉的叙事与主题表现间的关系,论证了翻译不同版本的译文实际传达给西方读者的是截然不同的中国文化价值观。另一个与版本因素紧密相关的是戏曲语言的层次和语域问题,奚如谷教授指出,台词的风格,所含的俗语方言、市语、詈词与禁忌语等有很强的人物形象塑造功能,对于翻译构成了语境与语言结构上的挑战。总体借由此文,我们可以洞视海外汉学家研究戏曲的视野与翻译戏曲的思考轨迹,对未来中国戏曲对外传播,讲好中国戏曲故事亦有所借鉴与裨益。

关键词：版本语言翻译西厢记窦娥冤

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Neuropeptide cholecystokinin:a key neuromodulator for hippocampal functions

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第7期20卷 1991-1992页

作者： Fengwen Huang stephen Temitayo Bello Department of Neuroscience City University of Hong KongKowloon TongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionChina Center for Regenerative Medicine and Health Hong Kong Institute of Science&InnovationChinese Academy of SciencesHong Kong Special Administrative RegionChina

Spatial memory is crucial for survival within external surroundings and wild *** hippocampus,a critical hub for spatial learning and memory formation,has received extensive investigations on how neuromodulators shape its functions(Teixeira et al.,2018;Zhang et al.,2024).However,the landscape of neuromodulations in the hippocampal system remains poorly understood because most studies focus on classical monoamine neuromodulators,such as acetylcholine,serotonin,dopamine,and *** neuropeptides,comprising the most abundant neuromodulators in the central nervous system,play a pivotal role in neural information processing in the hippocampal ***(CCK),one of the most abundant neuropeptides,has been implicated in regulating various physiological and neurobiological statuses(Chen et al.,2019).CCK-A receptor(CCK-AR)and CCK-B receptors(CCK-BR)are two key receptors mediating the biological functions of CCK,both of which belong to class-A sevenfold transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors(Nishimura et al.,2015).CCK-AR preferentially reacts to sulfated CCK,whereas CCK-BR binds both CCK and gastrin with similar affinities(Ding et al.,2022).The expression patterns of CCK-AR and CCK-BR are distinct,implying that CCK has various functions in target *** instance,CCK-AR is widely expressed in the GI and brain subregions and is hence implicated in the control of digestive function and satiety ***,CCK-BR is abundantly and widely distributed in the central nervous system,which majorly regulates anxiety,learning,and memory(Ding et al.,2022).However,the roles of endogenous CCK and CCK receptors in regulating hippocampal function at electrophysiological and behavioral levels have received less attention.

关键词： abundant functions modulator

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Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived therapies for regeneration after central nervous system injury

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第11期20卷 3063-3075页

作者： stephen Vidman Yee Hang Ethan Ma Nolan Fullenkamp Giles W.Plant Department of Neuroscience Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA

In recent years,the progression of stem cell therapies has shown great promise in advancing the nascent field of regenerative *** the non-regenerative nature of the mature central nervous system,the concept that“blank”cells could be reprogrammed and functionally integrated into host neural networks remained *** work has also demonstrated the ability of such cells to stimulate intrinsic growth programs in post-mitotic cells,such as *** embryonic stem cells demonstrated great potential in treating central nervous system pathologies,ethical and technical concerns *** barriers,along with the clear necessity for this type of treatment,ultimately prompted the advent of induced pluripotent stem *** advantage of pluripotent cells in central nervous system regeneration is multifaceted,permitting differentiation into neural stem cells,neural progenitor cells,glia,and various neuronal *** precise spatiotemporal application of extrinsic growth factors in vitro,in addition to microenvironmental signaling in vivo,influences the efficiency of this directed *** the pluri-or multipotency of these cells is appealing,it also poses the risk of unregulated differentiation and teratoma *** of the neuroectodermal lineage,such as neuronal subpopulations and glia,have been explored with varying degrees of *** the risk of cancer or teratoma formation is greatly reduced,each subpopulation varies in effectiveness and is influenced by a myriad of factors,such as the timing of the transplant,pathology type,and the ratio of accompanying progenitor ***,successful transplantation requires innovative approaches to develop delivery vectors that can mitigate cell death and support ***,host immune responses to allogeneic grafts must be thoroughly characterized and further developed to reduce the need for *** to a clinical setting wi

关键词： axon regeneration central nervous system regeneration induced pluripotent stem cells neurotrauma regenerative medicine spinal cord injury stem cell therapy

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Effects of site productivity on individual tree maximum basal area growth rates of Eucalyptus pilularis in subtropical Australia

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Journal of Forestry Research 2023年第6期34卷 1659-1668页

作者： P.W.west Forest Research Centre Southern Cross UniversityLismoreNSW 2480Australia

Inventory data were available from 96 plots of even-aged,monoculture,tall-open forests of Eucalyptus pilularis Smith,aged 2-63 years,growing in sub-tropical regions along the east coast of Australia.A model was developed relating the maximum possible stem basal area growth rate of individual trees to their stem basal *** any tree size,this maximum increased as site productivity ***,the size at which this maximum occurred decreased as productivity *** research has shown that,at any stand age,trees of a particular stem basal area are taller on more productive sites than on less productive *** trees incur greater respiratory costs to ensure maintenance of the photo synthetic capacity of their canopies;this reduces their growth *** was concluded that trees with larger basal areas will have the maximum possible growth rate on a less productive site,whilst trees with smaller basal areas will have the maximum possible on a more productive *** model developed may constitute the first stage of a complete individual tree growth model system to predict wood yields from these forests.

关键词： Growth model Individual tree Maximum growth rate Eucalyptus pilularis Physiological eff ects

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Do increasing respiratory costs explain the decline with age of forest growth rate?

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Journal of Forestry Research 2020年第3期31卷 693-712页

作者： P.W.west Forest research centre southern cross universitylismorensw 2480australia

Once forests have achieved a full canopy, their growth rate declines progressively with age. This work used a global data set with estimates from a wide range of forest types, aged 20-795 years, of their annual photosynthetic production(gross primary production, GPP) and subsequent above-plus below-ground biomass production(net primary production, NPP). Both GPP and NPP increased with increasing mean annual temperature and precipitation. GPP was then unrelated to forest age whilst NPP declined progressively with increasing age. These results implied that autotrophic respiration increases with age. It has been proposed that GPP should decline in response to increasing water stress in leaves as water is raised to greater heights as trees grow taller with age. However, trees may make substantial plastic adjustment in mor phology and anatomy of newly developing leaves, xylem and fi ne roots to compensate for this stress and maintain GPP with age. This work reviews the possibilities that NPP declines with age as respiratory costsincrease progressively in, any or all of, the construction and maintenance of more complex tissues, the maintenance of increasing amounts of live tissue within the sapwood of stems and coarse roots, the conversion of sapwood to hear twood, the increasing distance of phloem transport, increased turnover rates of fine roots, cost of supporting very tall trees that are unable to compensate fully for increased water stress in their canopies or maintaining alive competitively unsuccessful small trees.

关键词： Primary production Photosynthesis Respiration Biomass growth Ageing

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Problems with models assessing influences of tree size and inter-tree competitive processes on individual tree growth:a cautionary tale

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Journal of Forestry Research 2022年第2期33卷 565-577页

作者： P.W.west D.A.Ratkowsky Forest Research Centre Southern Cross UniversityLismoreNSWAustralia Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture University of TasmaniaHobartTASAustralia

In forest growing at any one site, the growth rate of an individual tree is determined principally by its size, which reflects its metabolic capacity, and by competition from neighboring trees. Competitive effects of a tree may be proportional to its size;such competition is termed ‘sym-metric’ and generally involves competition below ground for nutrients and water from the soil. Competition may also be ‘asymmetric’, where its effects are disproportionate to the size of the tree;this generally involves competition above ground for sunlight, when larger trees shade smaller, but the reverse cannot occur. This work examines three model systems often seen as exemplars relating individual tree growth rates to tree size and both competitive processes. Data of tree stem basal area growth rates in plots of even- aged, monoculture forest of blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis Smith) growing in sub-tropical eastern Australia were used to test these systems. It was found that none could distin-guish between size and competitive effects at any time in any one stand and, thus, allow quantification of the contribution of each to explaining tree growth rates. They were prevented from doing so both by collinearity between the terms used to describe each of the effects and technical problems involved in the use of nonlinear least-squares regression to fit the models to any one data set. It is concluded that quite new approaches need to be devised if the effects on tree growth of tree size and competitive processes are to be quantified and modelled successfully.

关键词： Symmetric competition Asymmetric competition Tree growth rate Growth modeling Nonlinear modeling

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SYNTHESIS AND CROSSLINKING OF LIQUID ORGANOSILANE POLYMERS

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Chinese Journal of Polymer Science 1986年第1期4卷 24-34页

作者：张兴华,Robert west Institute of Chemistry Academia Sinica Beijing Department of Chemistry University of Wisconsin Madison W1 53706 U.S.A.

Liquid organosilane polmers have been synthesized by sodium coupling of diorganodichloro-silanes with diphenylmethylchlorosilane in toluene. These polysilanes can be formed into desiredshape by potting, casting or coating and crosslinked under ultraviolet irradiation in the presenceof multifunctional vi?ylsilanes. The molecular weight distributions, infra-red, ultraviolet andnuclear magnetic resonance spectra for the organosilane polymers have been described.

关键词： Poly SYNTHESIS AND CROSSLINKING OF LIQUID ORGANOSILANE POLYMERS OC GPC

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ORGANOSILANE POLYMERS: OXIDATION—CROSSLINKABLE CYCLOTETRAMETHYLENESILYLENE POLYMER AND COPOLYMERS

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Chinese Journal of Polymer Science 1987年第2期5卷 156-161页

作者：张兴华 Robert west Institute of Chemistry Academia Sinica Beijing China Department of Chemistry University of Wisconsin Madison U.S.A.

Polysilane polymers containing cyclotetramethylenesilylene units were synthesized by sodium coupling of diorganodichlorosilanes in toluene. These polymers are soluble in common solvents, can be formed into a variety of shapes by molding, castihg, coating or potting. They can be crosslinked by irradiation and oxidation at moderate or room temperature.

关键词： Polysilane polymers Cyclotetramethylenesilylene polymer

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ORGANOSILANE POLYMERS: SYNTHESIS AND CROSSLINKING OF FORMABLE POLYMERS CONTAINING PHENYLSILYLENE UNITS

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Chinese Journal of Polymer Science 1987年第3期5卷 240-253页

作者：张兴华,Robert west Institute of Chemistry Academia Sinica Beijing) Department of Chemistry University of Wisconsin Madison U. S. A.

Polysilane polymers which contain silicon hydride units in the chain were synthesized by sodium coupling of PhHSiCl2with R1R2SiCl2in toluene （R1and R2alkyl, aryl or aralkyl）, followed by termination with a monochlorosilane and neutralization with sodium bicarbonate solution. These polymers are soluble in common solvents and can be formed into a variety of shapes by molding, casting, coating or potting. This class of polymers can be crosslinked by oxidation and irradiation, or by reaction with a multifunctional vinylsilane in th presence of platinum complexes.

关键词： Organosilane Polymer crosslinking phenylsilylene

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