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Manufacture and characterization of graphene membranes with suspended silicon proof masses for MEMS and NEMS applications

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Microsystems & Nanoengineering 2020年第1期6卷 1050-1066页

作者： Xuge Fan Anderson D.Smith Fredrik Forsberg Stefan Wagner stephan schroder Sayedeh Shirin Afyouni Akbari Andreas C.Fischer Luis Guillermo Villanueva Mikael Ostling Max C.Lemme Frank Niklaus Division of Micro and Nanosystems School of Electrical Engineering and Computer ScienceKTH Royal Institute of TechnologySE-10044 StockholmSweden Division of Integrated Devices and Circuits School of Electrical Engineering and Computer ScienceKTH Royal Institute of TechnologySE-16440 KistaSweden Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology RWTH Aachen UniversityOtto-Blumenthal-Str.2552074 AachenGermany Advanced NEMS Group École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne(EPFL)1015 LausanneSwitzerland Silex Microsystems AB 17526 JärfällaSweden AMO GmbH Advanced Microelectronic Center Aachen(AMICA)Otto-Blumnethal-Str.2552074 AachenGermany

Graphene’s unparalleled strength,chemical stability,ultimate surface-to-volume ratio and excellent electronic properties make it an ideal candidate as a material for membranes in micro-and nanoelectromechanical systems(MEMS and NEMS).However,the integration of graphene into MEMS or NEMS devices and suspended structures such as proof masses on graphene membranes raises several technological challenges,including collapse and rupture of the *** have developed a robust route for realizing membranes made of double-layer CVD graphene and suspending large silicon proof masses on membranes with high *** have demonstrated the manufacture of square graphene membranes with side lengths from 7µm to 110µm,and suspended proof masses consisting of solid silicon cubes that are from 5µm×5µm×16.4µm to 100µm×100µm×16.4µm in *** approach is compatible with wafer-scale MEMS and semiconductor manufacturing technologies,and the manufacturing yields of the graphene membranes with suspended proof masses were>90%,with>70%of the graphene membranes having>90%graphene area without visible *** measured resonance frequencies of the realized structures ranged from tens to hundreds of kHz,with quality factors ranging from 63 to *** graphene membranes with suspended proof masses were extremely robust,and were able to withstand indentation forces from an atomic force microscope(AFM)tip of up to~*** proposed approach for the reliable and large-scale manufacture of graphene membranes with suspended proof masses will enable the development and study of innovative NEMS devices with new functionalities and improved performances.

关键词： proof characterization hundreds

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Particle-Image Velocimetry and Force Measurements of Leading-Edge Serrations on Owl-Based Wing Models

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Journal of Bionic Engineering 2014年第3期11卷 423-438页

作者： Andrea Winzen Benedikt Roidl stephan Klan Michael Klaas Wolfgang schroder Institute of Aerodynamics RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany

High-resolution Particle-Image Velocimetry （PIV） and time-resolved force measurements were performed to analyze the impact of the comb-like structure on the leading edge of barn owl wings on the flow field and overall aerodynamic performance. The Reynolds number was varied in the range of 40,000 to 120,000 and the range of angle of attack was 0° to 6° for the PIV and -15° to ＋20° for the force measurements to cover the full flight envelope of the owl. As a reference, a wind-tunnel model which possessed a geometry based on the shape of a typical barn owl wing without any owl-specific adaptations was built, and measurements were performed in the aforementioned Reynolds number and angle of attack： range. This clean wing model shows a separation bubble in the distal part of the wing at higher angles of attack. Two types of comb-like structures, i.e., artificial serrations, were manufactured to model the owl＇s leading edge with respect to its length, thickness, and material properties. The artificial structures were able to reduce the size of the separation region and additionally cause a more uniform size of the vortical structures shed by the separation bubble within the Reynolds number range investigated, resulting in stable gliding flight independent of the flight velocity. However, due to increased drag coefficients in conjunction with similar lift coefficients, the overall aerodynamic performance, i.e., lift-to-drag ratio is reduced for the serrated models. Nevertheless, especially at lower Reynolds numbers the stabilizing effect of the uniform vortex size outperforms the lower aerodynamic performance.

关键词： leading-edge serrations particle-image velocimetry owl-based wing models

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Enabling Canonical Analysis Workflows Documented Data Harmonization on Global AirQuality Data

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Data Intelligence 2022年第2期4卷 259-270页

作者： Sabine schroder Eleonora Epp Amirpasha Mozaffari Mathilde Romberg Niklas Selke Martin G.Schultz Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH 52425 JulichGermany

Data harmonization and documentation of the data processing are essential prerequisites for enabling Canonical Analysis *** recently revised Terabyte-scale air quality database system,which the Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report(TOAR)created,contains one of the world's largest collections of near-surface air quality measurements and considers FAIR data principles as an integral part.A special feature of our data service is the on-demand processing and product generation of several air quality metrics directly from the underlying *** this paper,we show that the necessary data harmonization for establishing such online analysis services goes much deeper than the obvious issues of common data formats,variable names,and measurement units,and we explore how the generation of FAIR Digital Objects(FDO)in combination with automatically generateddocumentation may support Canonical Analysis Workflows for airquality and related data.

关键词： FAIR CWFR FDO Data Harmonization TOAR

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Large-area photonic lift-off process for flexible thin-film transistors

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npj Flexible Electronics 2022年第1期6卷 115-124页

作者： Adam M.Weidling Vikram STurkani Vahid Akhavan Kurt A.schroder Sarah L.Swisher Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Minnesota Twin Cities4-174 Keller Hall200 Union Street S.E.MinneapolisMN 55455USA NovaCentrix 400 Parker DriveSuite 1110AustinTX 78728USA

Fabricating flexible electronics on plastic is often limited by the poor dimensional stability of polymer *** mitigate,glass carriers are used during fabrication,but removing the plastic substrate from a carrier without damaging the electronics remains *** we utilize a large-area,high-throughput photonic lift-off(PLO)process to rapidly separate polymer films from rigid *** uses a 150µs pulse of broadband light from flashlamps to lift-off functional thin films from glass carrier substrates coated with a light absorber layer(LAL).Modeling indicates that the polymer/LAL interface reaches above 800℃ during PLO,but the top surface of the PI remains below 120℃.An array of indium zinc oxide(IZO)thin-film transistors(TFTs)was fabricated on a polyimide substrate and photonically lifted off from the glass *** TFT mobility was unchanged by *** flexible TFTs were mechanically robust,with no reduction in mobility while flexed.

关键词： film process absorber

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Influence of CO_(2)/HCO_(3)^(-) on Microbial Communities in Two Karst Caves with High CO_(2)

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Journal of Earth Science 2023年第1期34卷 145-155页

作者： Jiyu Chen Qiang Li Qiufang He Heinz C.schroder Zujun Lu Daoxian Yuan Key Laboratory of Karst Dynamics MNR&GZARInstitute of Karst GeologyChinese Academy of Geological SciencesGuilin541004China International Research Center on Karst under the Auspices of UNESCO Guilin541004China College of Life Science Guangxi Normal UniversityGuilin541006China Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection Ministry of EducationGuilin541004China School of Geographical Sciences Southwest UniversityChongqing400715China Institute for Physiological Chemistry University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg UniversityMainz55128Germany

There is limited knowledge about microbial communities and their ecological functions in karst caves with high CO_(2)***,we studied the microbial community compositions and functions in Shuiming Cave( "SMC",CO_(2)concentration 3 303 ppm) and Xueyu Cave( "XYC",CO_(2)concentration 8 753 ppm) using Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing in combination with BIOLOG *** results showed that Proteobacteria,Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes were dominant phyla in these two caves,and Thaumarchaeota was the most abundant in the rock wall samples of *** microbial diversity in the water samples decreased with increasing HCO_(3)^(-)concentration,and it was higher in XYC than that in *** microbial community structures in the sediment and rock wall samples were quite different between the two *** concentrations of CO_(2)can reduce the microbial diversity on the rock walls in karst caves,probably through changing microbial preference for different types of carbon sources and decreasing the microbial utilization rate of carbon *** results expanded our understanding of microbial community and its response to environments in karst caves with high CO_(2).

关键词： karst cave CO_(2) microbial community composition microbiology function carbon source utilization

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Tomographic PIV investigation of coherent structures in a turbulent boundary layer flow

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Acta Mechanica Sinica 2012年第3期28卷 572-582页

作者： Zhan-Qi Tang Nan Jiang Andreas schroder Reinhard Geisler Department of Mechanics Tianjin University300072 TianjinChina Tianjin Key Laboratory of Modern Engineering Mechanics 300072 TianjinChina Institute of Aerodynamics and Flow Technology Department of Experimental MethodsBunsenstrasse 1037073 GiSttingenGermany

Tomographic particle image velocimetry was used to quantitatively visualize the three-dimensional co- herent structures in the logarithmic region of the turbulent boundary layer in a water tunnel. The Reynolds number based on momentum thickness is Reo = 2 460. The in- stantaneous velocity fields give evidence of hairpin vortices aligned in the streamwise direction forming very long zones of low speed fluid, which is flanked on either side by high- speed ones. Statistical support for the existence of hairpins is given by conditional averaged eddy within an increasing spanwise width as the distance from the wall increases, and the main vortex characteristic in different wall-normal re- gions can be reflected by comparing the proportion of ejec- tion and its contribution to Reynolds stress with that of sweep event. The pre-multiplied power spectra and two-point cor- relations indicate the presence of large-scale motions in the boundary layer, which are consistent with what have been termed very large scale motions （VLSMs）. The three dimen-sional spatial correlations of three components of veloc- ity further indicate that the elongated low-speed and high- speed regions will be accompanied by a counter-rotating roll modes, as the statistical imprint of hairpin packet structures, all of which together make up the characteristic of coherent structures in the logarithmic region of the turbulent boundary layer （TBL）.

关键词： Tomographic particle image velocimetry Tur-bulent boundary layer Coherent structures Hairpin vortex Very large scale motion

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Sterile signals generate weaker and delayed macrophage NLRP3 inflammasome responses relative to microbial signals

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Cellular & Molecular Immunology 2017年第1期14卷 118-126页

作者： Jelena S Bezbradica Rebecca C Coll Kate schroder Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB) IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre The University of Queensland Brisbane St Lucia Queensland 4072 Australia

Inflammation is the host response to microbial infection or sterile injury that aims to eliminate the insult, repair the tissue and restore homeostasis. Macrophages and the NLRP3 inflammasome are key sentinels for both types of insult. Although it is well established that the NLRP3 inflammasome is activated by microbial products and molecules released during sterile injury, it is unclear whether the responses elicited by these different types of signals are distinct. In this study, we used lipopolysaccharide and tumor necrosis factor as prototypical microbial and sterile signal 1 stimuli, respectively, to prime the NLRP3 inflammasome. We then used the bacterial toxin nigericin and a common product released from necrotic cells, ATP, as prototypical microbial and sterile signal 2 stimuli, respectively, to trigger the assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome complex in mouse and human macrophages. We found that NLRP3 inflammasome responses were weakest when both signal 1 and signal 2 were sterile, but responses were faster and stronger when at least one of the two signals was microbial. Ultimately, the most rapid and potent responses were elicited when both signals were microbial. Together, these data suggest that microbial versus sterile signals are distinct, both kinetically and in magnitude, in their ability to generate inflammasome-dependent responses. This hierarchy of NLRP3 responses to sterile versus microbial stimuli likely reflects the urgent need for the immune system to respond rapidly to the presence of infection to halt pathogen dissemination.

关键词： inflammasome NLRP3 sterile inflammation TNF

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One photon-per-bit receiver using near-noiseless phase-sensitive amplification

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Light(Science & Applications) 2020年第1期9卷 543-549页

作者： Ravikiran Kakarla Jochen schroder Peter A.Andrekson Photonics Laboratory Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience(MC2)Chalmers University of Technology412-96 GothenburgSweden

Space communication for deep-space missions,inter-satellite data transfer and Earth monitoring requires high-speed data *** reach is fundamentally dictated by the available transmission power,the aperture size,and the receiver sensitivity.A transition from radio-frequency links to optical links is now seriously being considered,as this greatly reduces the channel loss caused by diffraction.A widely studied approach uses power-efficient formats along with nanowire-based photon-counting receivers cooled to a few Kelvins operating at speeds below 1 Gb/***,to achieve the multi-Gb/s data rates that will be required in the future,systems relying on pre-amplified receivers together with advanced signal generation and processing techniques from fibre communications are also *** sensitivity of such systems is largely determined by the noise figure(NF)of the pre-amplifier,which is theoretically 3 dB for almost all ***-sensitive optical amplifiers(PSAs)with their uniquely low NF of 0 dB promise to provide the best possible sensitivity for Gb/s-rate long-haul free-space ***,we demonstrate a novel approach using a PSA-based receiver in a free-space transmission experiment with an unprecedented bit-error-free,black-box sensitivity of 1 photon-per-information-bit(PPB)at an information rate of 10.5 Gb/*** system adopts a simple modulation format(quadrature-phase-shift keying,QPSK),standard digital signal processing for signal recovery and forward-error correction and is straightforwardly scalable to higher data rates.

关键词： receiver amplifier noise

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The role of mechanotransduction versus hypoxia during simulated orthodontic compressive strain——an in vitro study of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts

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International Journal of Oral Science 2019年第4期11卷 315-324页

作者： Niklas Ullrich Agnes schroder Jonathan Jantsch Gerrit Spanier Peter Proff Christian Kirschneck University Medical Centre of Regensburg Franz-Josef-Strauβ-Allee 11D-93053 RegensburgGermany Department of Orthodontics University Medical Centre of RegensburgFranz-Josef-Strauβ-Allee 11D-93053 RegensburgGermany Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene University Medical Centre of RegensburgFranz-Josef-Strauβ-Allee 11D-93053 RegensburgGermany Department of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery University Medical Centre of RegensburgFranz-Josef-Strauβ-Allee 11D-93053 RegensburgGermany

During orthodontic tooth movement(OTM)mechanical forces trigger pseudo-inflammatory,osteoclastogenic and remodelling processes in the periodontal ligament(PDL)that are mediated by PDL fibroblasts via the expression of various signalling *** far,it is unknown whether these processes are mainly induced by mechanical cellular deformation(mechanotransduction)or by concomitant hypoxic conditions via the compression of periodontal blood *** primary PDL fibroblasts were randomly seeded in conventional six-well cell culture plates with O2-impermeable polystyrene membranes and in special plates with gas-permeable membranes(Lumox?,Sarstedt),enabling the experimental separation of mechanotransducive and hypoxic effects that occur concomitantly during *** simulate physiological orthodontic compressive forces,PDL fibroblasts were stimulated mechanically at 2 g·cm?2 for 48 h after 24 h of *** quantified the cell viability by MTT assay,gene expression by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR)and protein expression by western blot/enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays(ELISA).In addition,PDL-fibroblast-mediated osteoclastogenesis(TRAP+cells)was measured in a 72-h coculture with RAW264.7 *** expression of HIF-1α,COX-2,PGE2,VEGF,COL1A2,collagen and ALPL,and the RANKL/OPG ratios at the mRNA/protein levels during PDL-fibroblast-mediated osteoclastogenesis were significantly elevated by mechanical loading irrespective of the oxygen supply,whereas hypoxic conditions had no significant additional *** cellular–molecular mediation of OTM by PDL fibroblasts via the expression of various signalling molecules is expected to be predominantly controlled by the application of force(mechanotransduction),whereas hypoxic effects seem to play only a minor *** the context of OTM,the hypoxic marker HIF-1αdoes not appear to be primarily stabilized by a reduced O2 supply but is rather stabilised mechanically.

关键词： RAW264.7 periodontal mec

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Assessing availability, phytotoxicity and bioaccumulation of lead to ryegrass and millet based on 0.1 mol/L Ca(NO_3)_2 extraction

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2006年第5期18卷 958-963页

作者： SI Ji-tao TIAN Bao-guo WANG Hong-tao Nicholas Basta Jackie schroder Mark Casillas Department of Environmental Science and Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China School of Natural Resources The Ohio State University Columbus OH 43210 USA Department of Plant and Soil Sciences Oklahoma State University Stillwater Oklahoma 74078 USA

This study was conducted to assess availability, phytotoxicity and bioaccumulation of lead （Pb） to ryegrass （Lolium perenne L.） and millet （Echinochloa crusgalli） based on the 0.1 mol/L Ca（NO3）2 extraction. Effect of soil properties on availability, phytotoxicity and bioaccumulation of Pb to the two plants was also evaluated. Five soils with pH values varying from 3.8 to 7.3, organic carbon （OC） contents from 0.7% to 2.4%, and clay contents from 11.6% to 35.6% were selected. Soils were spiked with Pb to achieve a range of concentrations： 250, 500, 1000, 3000 and 5000 mg/kg. Pb availability in the spiked soils was estimated by extracting soil with 0.1 mol/L Ca（NO3）2. The results indicate that plants yield decreased with decreasing soil pH and increased with increasing soil clay and OC content. Negative relationship between available Pb and the relative dry matter growth （RDMG） of the two plants were significantly related. Available Pb used to assess EC20 （20% effective concentration） and EC50 （50% effective concentration） of millet was 119 and 300 mg/kg, respectively. Available Pb used to assess EC20 and EC50 of ryegrass was 63 and 157 mg/kg, respectively. Bioaccumulation, expressed as bioconcentration factors of Pb, was inversely related to soil pH, soil OC and clay content. Strong relationships were found between available lead and uptake by the two plants （P was 0.92 and 0.95 respectively）. In general, 0.1 mol/L Ca（NO3）2 available Pb may be used to assess the availability, phytotoxicity and bioaccumulation of lead to the two plants tested.

关键词： heavy metals bioconcentration factor spike extraction lead (Pb)

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