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Current treatment options and response rates in children with chronic hepatitis C

World Journal of Gastroenterology 2012年第2期18卷 99-104页

作者： stefan Wirth Helios Medical Centre Wuppertal Department of PediatricsWitten-Herdecke UniversityD-42283 WuppertalGermany

Vertical transmission has become the most common mode of transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in *** rate of perinatal transmission from an HCVinfected mother to her child ranges from 2% to 5% and the prevalence of HCV in children in developed countries ranges between 0.1% and 0.4%.Spontaneous viral clearance seems to be dependent on the genotype and has been reported between 2.4%-25%.For chronically infected patients,treatment with recombinant polyethylene glycol (PEG)-interferon α-2b and daily ribavirin has now been approved as standard treatment for children 2-17 years of *** five large prospective studies,a total of 318 children and adolescents aged 3-17 years were treated either with subcutaneous PEG-interferon α-2b at a dose of 1-1.5 μg/kg or 60 μg/m2 once a week in combination with oral ribavirin (15 mg/kg per day) or PEG-interferon α-2a with *** with genotype 1 and 4 received the medication for 48 wk and individuals with genotype 2 and 3 mainly for 24 *** sustained viral response (SVR) was achieved in 193/318 (60.7%) of treated *** for genotype;120/234 (51%) with genotype 1,68/73 (93%) with genotype 2/3,and 6/11 (55%) with genotype 4 showed *** rate was between 7.7% and 17%.Overall,treatment was well tolerated;how-ever,notable side effects were present in approximately 20%.According to recent experiences in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C in children and adolescents,a combination of PEG-interferon α with ribavirin has been found to be well tolerated and highly efficacious,particularly in individuals with genotype 2/***,this treatment can be recommended as standard of care until more effective treatment options will become available for genotype 1 patients.

关键词： Chronic hepatitis C Treatment Children Polyethylene glycol-interferon and ribavirin Responserate

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MP-PIC simulation of circulating fluidized beds using an EMMS based drag model for Geldart B particles

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Particuology 2021年第6期19卷 76-90页

作者： Timo Dymala Tom Wytrwat stefan Heinrich Hamburg University of Technology Institute of Solids Process Engineering and Particle TechnologyDenickestr.1521073 HamburgGermany

In this study the multiphase particle-in-cell(MP-PIC)method is used for the simulation of two pilot-scale circulating fluidized beds(CFBs)with quartz sand belonging to Geldart’s group B as bed *** simulations were performed using a homogeneous drag model as well as a structure dependent drag model based on the energy minimization multi-scale method(EMMS).The results are compared with experimental data from literature as well as *** simulations with the EMMS based drag model show a good agreement of the time-averaged axial solids concentration,circulation rate and riser pressure ***,a lower grid sensitivity is observed compared to the homogeneous drag *** contrast to the conventional drag model a dense bottom zone is predicted by the EMMS based drag *** overprediction of the solid concentration in the dense bottom zone is presumably due to an overprediction of the cluster diameter that is calculated using an empirical cluster diameter *** shows the necessity for a new meso-scale cluster correlation for the simulation of Geldart B ***,the results of the time-averaged radial solids concentration differ from the expectations of a core-annulus flow indicating that a mesh refinement at the walls is ***,the importance of using a realistic particle size distribution is identified.

关键词： 3D-CFD simulation Circulating fluidized bed(CFB) Multiphase particle-in-cell method(MP-PIC) Energy minimizing multi-scale theory(EMMS) Validation study

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A Design Concept and Kinematic Model for a Soft Aquatic Robot with Complex Bio-mimicking Motion

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Journal of Bionic Engineering 2022年第1期19卷 16-28页

作者： Shokoofeh Abbaszadeh Roberto Leidhold stefan Hoerner Institute of Electrical Power Systems Department of Electrical Engineering and Information TechnologyOtto-Von-Guericke University of MagdeburgUniversitätsplatz 239106MagdeburgGermany Institute of Fluid Dynamics and Thermodynamics Department of Process and Systems EngineeringOtto-Von-Guericke University of MagdeburgUniversitätsplatz 239106MagdeburgGermany

Fish mortality assessments for turbine passages are currently performed by live-animal testing with up to a hundred thousand fish per year in Germany.A propelled sensor device could act as a fish *** this context,the study presented here investigates the state of the art via a thorough literature review on propulsion systems for aquatic *** evaluation of propulsion performance,weight,size and complexity of the motion achievable allows for the selection of an optimal concept for such a fish mimicking device carrying the *** the second step,the design of a bioinspired soft robotic fish driven by an unconventional drive system is *** is based on piezoceramic actuators,which allow for motion with five degrees of freedom(DOF)and the creation of complex bio-mimicking body motions.A kinematic model for the motion’s characteristics is developed,to achieve accurate position feedback with the use of strain *** measurements validate the complex deformation of the body and deliver the basis for the calibration of the kinematic ***,it can be shown,that the calibrated model presented allows the tracking of the deformation of the entire body with an accuracy of 0.1 mm.

关键词： Unconventional drive system Biologically inspired robots Biomimetics Flexible robots

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Exploring Content Popularity in Information-Centric Networks

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China Communications 2015年第7期12卷 13-22页

作者： Andriana Ioannou stefan Weber School of Computer Science and Statistics Trinity College

Information-Centric Networking(ICN), an alternative architecture to the current Internet infrastructure, focuses on the distribution and retrieval of content by employing caches in a network to reduce network traffic. The employment of caches may be accomplished using graph-based and content-based criteria such as the position of a node in a network and content popularity. The contribution of this paper lies on the characterization of content popularity for on-path in-network caching. To this end, four dynamic approaches for identifying content popularity are evaluated via simulations. Content popularity may be determined per chunk or per object, calculated by the number of requests for a content against the sum of requests or the maximum number of requests. Based on the results, chunk-based approaches provide 23% more accurate content popularity calculations than object-based approaches. In addition, approaches that are based on the comparison of a content against the maximum number of requests have been shown to be more accurate than the alternatives.

关键词： network distributed architectures future internet information-centric networks caching technologies on-path caching content popularity

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Support elements in conventional tunneling–Focus on long-term behavior

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Underground Space 2018年第4期3卷 277-287页

作者： Robert Galler stefan Lorenz Chair of Subsurface Engineering Department of Mineral Resources EngineeringMontanuniversita¨t LeobenP.O.Box 8700Erzherzog Johann Str.3LeobenAustria

Owing to increasing traffic and the need for constructing second tunnel tubes including corresponding cross-passages,where only one tube existed thus far,sampling of tunnel-lining materials with an age of 30–40 years has been made *** and in situ tests were carried out to evaluate the long-term effects of the tunnel *** paper presents the outcomes regarding the long-term behav-ior of support elements and membranes after performing strength tests on inner and outer lining concrete samples,flat jack tests,rock bolt tests,and tests on re-extracted sheet membranes,as well as ***,the interface connection mechanical behavior in a double-shell-lined tunnel was investigated with laboratory *** aim of this research was to determine the characteristics of sheet membranes and geotextiles in the case of reduced load-bearing capacity caused by degradation of the primary *** results provide information on the load-sharing effects of the interaction between the primary and secondary lining,depending on the waterproofing sheet membrane and geotextile *** on the results,conclusions for new design approaches for underground infrastructure construction can be formulated.

关键词： Tunnel lining Long-term behavior Concrete Sheet membrane Rock bolt Flat jack test In situ tests

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Urbanization between compactness and dispersion:designing a spatial model for measuring 2D binary settlement landscape configurations

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International Journal of Digital Earth 2019年第6期12卷 679-698页

作者： Hannes Taubenbock Michael Wurm Christian GeiB stefan Dech stefan Siedentop German Aerospace Center(DLR) German Remote Sensing Data Center(DFD)OberpfaffenhofenGermany ILS-Research Institute for Regional and Urban Development DortmundGermany

Measuring spatial patterns is a crucial task in spatial *** indicators have been developed to measure patterns in a quantitative ***,most comparative studies rely on relative comparisons,limiting their explanatory power to specific case *** by advancements in earth observation providing unprecedented resolutions of settlement patterns,this paper suggests a measurement technique for spatial patterns to overcome the limits of relative *** design a model spanning a feature space based on two metrics-largest patch index and number of *** feature space is defined as‘dispersion index’and covers the entire spectrum of possible two-dimensional binary(settlement)*** model configuration allows for an unambiguous ranking of each possible pattern with respect to spatial *** spatial resolutions of input data as well as selected areas of interest influence measurement results,we test dependencies within the ***,common other spatial metrics are selected for testing whether they allow unambiguous *** scenarios,we apply the model to artificially generated patterns representing all possible configurations as well as to real-world settlement classifications differing in growth dynamics and patterns.

关键词： Land cover spatial patterns landscape metrics dispersion index sensitivity analysis urban settlements remote sensing comparative spatial analysis

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Scaling granular material with polygonal particles in discrete element modeling

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Particuology 2023年第4期75卷 151-164页

作者： Alireza Ahmadi stefan Larsson Carl Wersall KTH Royal Institute of Technology Division of Soil and Rock MechanicsBrinellvagen 2310044StockholmSweden

Despite advancements in computational resources,the discrete element method(DEM)still requires considerable computational time to solve detailed problems,especially when it comes to the large-scale *** addition to the geometry scale of the problem,the particle shape has a dramatic effect on the computational cost of ***,many studies have been performed with simplified spherical particles or *** scaling is an approach to increase the particle size to reduce the number of particles in the *** several particle scaling methods have been introduced,there are still some disagreements regarding their applicability to certain aspects of *** this study,the effect of particle scalping on the shear behavior of granular material is *** granular particles were scanned and imported as polygonal particles in the direct shear *** effect of particle size distri-bution,particle angularity,and the amount of scalping were *** results show that particle scalping can simulate the correct shear behavior of the model with significant improvement in computational ***,the accuracy of the scalping method depends on the particle angularity and particle size range.

关键词： Particle scaling Direct shear test Discrete element method PFC Polygonal shape Granular material

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Predictions of the P1 approximation for radiative heat transfer in heterogeneous granular media

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Particuology 2023年第11期82卷 25-47页

作者： Jelena Macak Christoph Goniva stefan Radl DCS Computing GmbH 4020LinzAustria Graz University of Technology Institute of Process and Particle Engineering8010GrazAustria

The P1 approximation is a computationally efficient model for thermal ***,we present a P1 formulation in the context of the combined computational fluid dynamics and discrete element method(CFD-DEM),including closures for dependent scattering and *** available analytical and semi-analytical solutions,we find agreement for steady-state and transient quantities in sizedisperse *** flux is identified as the most sensitive quantity to predict,displaying unphysical spatial *** oscillations are due to a temperature slip at the locations of abrupt change in solid *** propose two techniques that mitigate this effect:smoothing of the radiative properties,and ***,using up to a million times enlarged particles,we demonstrate practically limitless compatibility with ***,we compare predictions made with our code to experimental data for a pebble bed under vacuum conditions,and in presence of *** find that a carefully calibrated simulation can replicate trends observed in experiments,with relative temperature error of less than 10%.

关键词： CFD-DEM Thermal radiation Coarse-graining P1 Pebble bed nuclear reactor

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Carbon Footprint of Transitional Shelters

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2015年第3期6卷 226-237页

作者： Matti Kuittinen stefan Winter Department of Architecture School of Arts Design and Architecture Aalto University Faculty of Civil Geo and Environmental EngineeringTechnische Universitt München

Extreme weather events, sea level rise, and political disputes linked to climate change are driving masses to leave their homes. Their transitional settlements should be produced in a manner that causes minimum greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions to prevent any further acceleration of climate change and the humanitarian crises it causes. This article presents a study of the carbon footprint and primary energy demand of the construction materials of eight different transitional shelters. The lowest carbon footprints were found from shelter models made from bamboo or timber. The highest emissions were caused by shelters that have either a short service life or that are made from metal-intensive structures. The choice of cladding materials was surprisingly important. The findings were further compared to the overall impacts of each construction project, to national per capita GHG emissions,and to construction costs. Some shelter projects had notable total energy consumption even compared to the annual energy use of industrialized countries. The study concludes that construction materials have an important impact on the carbon footprint of shelters. Comparisons should however be made only between similar functional units. Furthermore, benchmark values and more background data are urgently needed in order to give humanitarian nongovernmental organizations tools for lowering the carbon footprint of their construction operations.

关键词： Carbon footprint Humanitarian construction Lifecycle assessment Primary energy

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A review on the aging phenomena of organic components and their mass transfer through the NAPL interfacial phase

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Chinese Journal Of Geochemistry 2013年第3期32卷 252-260页

作者： LIU Lihua stefan Haderlein Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy and Gas Hydrate Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion Chinese Academy of Sciences Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen Center for Applied Geoscience (ZAG)

It occurs worldwide that the organic components of non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) enter the porous medium and become the source of contaminants in the subsurface. The transport of the organic components through NAPL interphase into the aqueous phase and the subsurface determines the extent of contamination, the persistence of residual NAPL phases and the techniques of remediation. During the transport process the NAPL interphase may experience "aging", a physical and chemical change when NAPL is exposed to aqueous and or gaseous phases. This aging process alters vice versa the mass transfer behaviour of the organic contaminants in the porous medium.

关键词：老化现象有机组成传质界面相部分和非水相液体评论污染物源

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