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A balancing act: Optimizing free chlorine contact time to minimize iodo-DBPs, NDMA, and regulated DBPs in chloraminated drinking water

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2022年第7期34卷 315-325页

作者： Matthew A.Bloodgood sridevi anduri chowdary Eric J.Daiber Honglan Shi Caroline O.Granger Susan D.Richardson Student Services Authority U.S.Environmental Protection AgencyNational Exposure Research LaboratoryAthensGA 30605USA Department of Chemistry Missouri University of Science and TechnologyRollaMO 65409USA Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of South CarolinaColumbiaSC 29208USA

Many drinking water treatment plants in the U.S. have switched from chlorination to chloramination to lower levels of regulated trihalomethane(THM) and haloacetic acid(HAA) disinfection byproducts(DBPs) in drinking water and meet the current regulations. However, chloramination can also produce other highly toxic/carcinogenic, unregulated DBPs: iodoacids, iodo-THMs, and N-nitrosodimethylamine(NDMA). In practice, chloramines are generated by the addition of chlorine with ammonia, and plants use varying amounts of free chlorine contact time prior to ammonia addition to effectively kill pathogens and meet DBP regulations. However, iodo-DBPs and nitrosamines are generally not considered in this balancing of free chlorine contact time. The goal of our work was to determine whether an optimal free chlorine contact time could be established in which iodo-DBPs and NDMA could be minimized, while keeping regulated THMs and HAAs below their regulatory limits. The effect of free chlorine contact time was evaluated for the formation of six iodo-trihalomethanes(iodo-THMs), six iodo-acids, and NDMA during the chloramination of drinking water. Ten different free chlorine contact times were examined for two source waters with different dissolved organic carbon(DOC) and bromide/iodide. For the low DOC water at pH 7 and 8, an optimized free chlorine contact time of up to 1 h could control regulated THMs and HAAs, as well as iodo-DBPs and NDMA. For the high DOC water, a free chlorine contact time of 5 min could control iodo-DBPs and NDMA at both p Hs, but the regulated DBPs could exceed the regulations at pH 7.

关键词： Iodo-DBPs NDMA Disinfection byproducts Chloramine Drinking water Free chlorine contact time

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