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Determinants of Tobacco Cultivation and the Associated Impacts of Adoption in Hurungwe District, Zimbabwe

Agricultural Sciences 2024年第4期15卷 505-531页

作者： spencer sibanda Satoshi Tsuyuki Department of Information and Computer Sciences Graduate School of Science and Engineering Saitama University Saitama Japan Department of Global Agricultural Sciences Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan

Tobacco is an essential cash crop in Zimbabwe and a strategic livelihood option for hundreds of thousands of rural households. However, the crop is linked to negative environmental, economic, and social impacts. The existing studies on tobacco cultivation in Zimbabwe present contradictory findings on the determinants and impacts of adoption, leaving unanswered questions about the crop’s sustainability impact in the country. This article investigates the determinants of smallholder farmers’ decisions to grow tobacco and the associated impacts of adoption. Random and purposive sampling were used to select 273 household surveys, including tobacco and non-tobacco smallholder farmers, and 56 expert interviews to answer the research questions. We employed regression models alongside expert interviews and document analysis to identify the determinants influencing the decision-making process of smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe regarding tobacco cultivation. Additionally, our investigation aimed to elucidate the perceived impacts associated with the adoption of this agricultural practice. The regression analysis indicated that the farmer’s age, education level, farming experience, family size, household income, and perceived high farm profitability are significant drivers of tobacco adoption. We also discovered divergent and convergent perceptions of the critical impacts of tobacco cultivation. The study highlights the need for proactive multi-stakeholder collaboration and sustainable financial arrangements to address the negative impacts of tobacco production. As the primary stakeholder responsible for regulating and promoting agricultural activities, the Zimbabwean government should provide meaningful financial support, increase access to credit, and ensure better market facilities for alternative crops to reduce the over-dependence on tobacco.

关键词： Tobacco Cultivation Determinants of Adoption Sustainability Impacts Economic Livelihood Stakeholder Perceptions

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Participatory Forest Management and Gender Inclusiveness within the Community Forest Management Groups of Bhutan

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2024年第4期12卷 12-30页

作者： Norbu Zangmo Takuya Hiroshima spencer sibanda Jigme Dorji Department of Global Agricultural Sciences Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan Forest Monitoring and Evaluation Section Forest Monitoring and Information Division Department of Forests and Park Services Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources Thimphu Bhutan Department of Information and Computer Sciences Graduate School of Science and Engineering Saitama University Saitama Japan Project Management Unit Department of Tourism Thimphu Bhutan

Community forest management groups (CFMGs) in Bhutan exhibit participatory forest management practices that recognize the importance of community’s collective participation in the management of natural forest resources. This approach involves the community in the stewardship of designated forest areas and resources to ensure sustainable livelihoods and realization of forest conservation objectives. The increase of CFMGs in the country has been successful. However, research on the extent of gender-inclusive participation in CFMGs is either insufficient or missing vis-à-vis the allocation of decision-making power. Therefore, this study analyzes the factors influencing gender participation in CFMGs and their integration into decision-making processes. Primary data were collected from 12 study sites spanning 4 regions, complemented by secondary data from the Forest Department. Regression models were used to identify factors significantly influencing CFMG member participation in decision-making. The empirical results of this study reveal that gender is a significant factor influencing participation in CFMG decision-making. The study concludes that there is insufficient participation of women members in decision-making processes. Therefore, consideration of gender should be included in the development phase of the CFMG policy in addition to promoting awareness of inequity between gender and the promotion of leadership roles for women in CFMGs.

关键词： Decision-Making Face-to-Face Interview Regression Analysis Women

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Identifying the Rates and Drivers of Spatiotemporal Patterns of Land Use and Land Cover Changes in the Hurungwe District, Zimbabwe: A GIS and Remote Sensing Approach

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Journal of Geographic Information System 2022年第6期14卷 652-679页

作者： spencer sibanda Satoshi Tsuyuki Department of Global Agricultural Sciences Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan

Identifying spatiotemporal patterns of land use and land cover changes (LULCC) and their impacts on the natural environment is essential in policy decisions for effective, sustainable natural resource management solutions. This study employed supervised image classification in Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud-based platform to assess the land cover land use changes for the past 30 years (1989-2020), as well as predict the land cover states and the risk of future forest loss in the next ten years, using TerrSet 20 software in Hurungwe district, Zimbabwe. The study findings revealed a net forest area and shrub loss of 32% and 10%, while croplands, water bodies, and bare lands have increased by about 171%, 7%, and 119% between 1989 and 2020, respectively. Croplands are the major contributor to the net change in forests, particularly tobacco farming. The predictive model estimated that by 2030 the district would lose approximately 7% of the current forest cover area, most likely converted into croplands, shrubs, and settlements. The results reinforce the importance of bridging the gap between socioeconomic activities and institutional policies to ensure proper natural resource management. Integrating institutional policy and socioeconomic goals is indispensable to ensure sustainable development.

关键词： Land Use and Land Cover Change Cellular Automata-Markov Tobacco Farming Drivers of Deforestation Geographic Information System

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Reinforced tissue matrix to strengthen the abdominal wall following reversal of temporary ostomies or to treat incisional hernias

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery 2024年第3期16卷 823-832页

作者： spencer P Lake Corey R Deeken Amit K Agarwal Mechanical Engineering&Materials Science Washington University in St.LouisSt.LouisMO 63130United States Covalent Bio LLCSt.LouisMO 63025United States Department of Surgery McGovern Medical School at UTHealthHoustonTX 77026United States

BACKGROUND Abdominal wall deficiencies or weakness are a common complication of tem-porary ostomies,and incisional hernias frequently develop after colostomy or ileostomy takedown.The use of synthetic meshes to reinforce the abdominal wall has reduced hernia occurrence.Biologic meshes have also been used to enhance healing,particularly in contaminated conditions.Reinforced tissue matrices(R-TMs),which include a biologic scaffold of native extracellular matrix and a syn-thetic component for added strength/durability,are designed to take advantage of aspects of both synthetic and biologic materials.To date,RTMs have not been reported to reinforce the abdominal wall following stoma reversal.METHODS Twenty-eight patients were selected with a parastomal and/or incisional hernia who had received a temporary ileostomy or colostomy for fecal diversion after rectal cancer treatment or trauma.Following hernia repair and proximal stoma closure,RTM(OviTex®1S permanent or OviTex®LPR)was placed to reinforce the abdominal wall using a laparoscopic,robotic,or open surgical approach.Post-operative follow-up was performed at 1 month and 1 year.Hernia recurrence was determined by physical examination and,when necessary,via computed tomo-graphy scan.Secondary endpoints included length of hospital stay,time to return to work,and hospital readmissions.Evaluated complications of the wound/repair site included presence of surgical site infection,seroma,hematoma,wound dehiscence,or fistula formation.RESULTS The observational study cohort included 16 male and 12 female patients with average age of 58.5 years±16.3 years and average body mass index of 26.2 kg/m^(2)±4.1 kg/m^(2).Patients presented with a parastomal hernia(75.0%),in-cisional hernia(14.3%),or combined parastomal/incisional hernia(10.7%).Using a laparoscopic(53.6%),robotic(35.7%),or open(10.7%)technique,RTMs(OviTex®LPR:82.1%,OviTex®1S:17.9%)were placed using sublay(82.1%)or intraperitoneal onlay(IPOM;17.9%)mesh positioning.At 1-month and 1-year follow-ups,there were no hernia r

关键词： Reinforced tissue matrix Reinforced forestomach matrix Ileostomy Colostomy Ostomy takedown Incisional hernia Abdominal wall

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Comparing the Structural Parameters of the Milky Way to Other Spiral Galaxies

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Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics 2024年第3期24卷 10-28页

作者： Jacob A.Guerrette Aleksandr V.Mosenkov Dallin spencer Zacory D.Shakespear Department of Physics and AstronomyN283 ESCBrigham Young University ProvoUT 84602USA

The structural parameters of a galaxy can be used to gain insight into its formation and evolution history.In this paper,we strive to compare the Milky Way’s structural parameters to other,primarily edge-on,spiral galaxies in order to determine how our Galaxy measures up to the Local Universe.For our comparison,we use the galaxy structural parameters gathered from a variety of literature sources in the optical and near-infrared wave bands.We compare the scale length,scale height,and disk flatness for both the thin and thick disks,the thick-to-thin disk mass ratio,the bulge-to-total luminosity ratio,and the mean pitch angle of the Milky Way’s spiral arms to those in other galaxies.We conclude that many of the Milky Way’s structural parameters are largely ordinary and typical of spiral galaxies in the Local Universe,though the Galaxy’s thick disk appears to be appreciably thinner and less extended than expected from zoom-in cosmological simulations of Milky Way-mass galaxies with a significant contribution of galaxy mergers involving satellite galaxies.

关键词： Galaxy disk-galaxies fundamental parameters-Galaxy structure

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Navigating Long-Term Management Challenges in Short Bowel Syndrome: A Case Report of Chronic Intestinal Failure Complicated by Kidney Dysfunction

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Open Journal of Internal Medicine 2024年第2期14卷 175-180页

作者： Abraamyan Feruza Prasad Thajus Salk spencer Mahmood Khalid Internal Medicine Department Sutter Roseville Medical Center Roseville California USA Idaho College of Osteopathic Medicine Idaho USA

The most common cause of intestinal failure is short bowel syndrome (SBS), occurring as a result of a small functional intestine length, usually less than 200 cm, leading to intestinal malabsorption. A 59-year-old female with a past medical history of Crohns disease status post total colectomy with ileostomy over 20 years ago came to the hospital due to progressive weakness. Despite medical management, the patient had high ileostomy output, leading to electrolyte disbalance, metabolic acidosis, dehydration, and progressive kidney decline. Due to the high dependence on continuous fluid supplementation, it was decided to place a port for parenteral hydration to maintain fluid replacements and homeostasis after discharge. Prompt initiation of parenteral fluid replacement and close follow-up on patients with ileostomy and intestinal failure is strongly recommended to avoid complications and prevent intestinal, liver, or kidney transplants.

关键词： Crohn’s Disease Intestinal Failure Short Bowel Syndrome High Ileostomy Output TPN

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《谁动了我的奶酪?》(节选)

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疯狂英语（新读写） 2024年第2期 51-53,77页

作者： spencer Johnson 不详

作者:斯宾塞·约翰逊(spencer Johnson,1940—2017),是南加州大学心理学学士、皇家外科医学院医学博士,曾是哈佛医学院和梅奥诊所的实习医生。他是全球知名的思想先锋、演说家和畅销书作家,他的许多观点,使成千上万的人发现了生活中的... 详细信息

作者:斯宾塞·约翰逊(spencer Johnson,1940—2017),是南加州大学心理学学士、皇家外科医学院医学博士,曾是哈佛医学院和梅奥诊所的实习医生。他是全球知名的思想先锋、演说家和畅销书作家,他的许多观点,使成千上万的人发现了生活中的简单真理,使人们的生活更健康、更成功、更轻松。面对复杂的问题提出简单有效的解决办法,在这方面,他被认为是最好的专家,他是许多畅销书的著作者或合著者。目前斯宾塞·约翰逊的书已被翻译成多种语言。

关键词：畅销书作家哈佛医学院南加州大学实习医生梅奥诊所合著者斯宾塞演说家

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From the editors

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Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration 2024年第2期23卷 I0002-I0002页

作者： Qi Xiaozhai George C.Lee Billie F.spencer IEM UB UIUC

Dear Members of the Editorial Board, Contributors and Friends of the journal,This issue of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration(Vol. 23, No. 2) includes five papers in a special section entitled “Wave-Based Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation Methods in Civil Engineering”. The special section aims to present recent developments and applications of wave-based nondestructive testing and evaluation research. We thank the guest editors, Prof. Nenad Gucunski of Rutgers University, USA, Prof. Lin Shibin of Jianghan University, China and Prof. Chen Hongbing, University of Science and Technology Beijing, China, for their hard work and dedication.

关键词： Earthquake journal section

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Importance of periphytic biofilms for carbon cycling in paddy fields:A review

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Pedosphere 2024年第1期34卷 36-43页

作者： Lei ZHOU Yonghong WU Junzhuo LIU Pengfei SUN Ying XU Jan DOLFING Robert GMspencer Erik JEPPESEN State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture Institute of Soil ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesNanjing 210008China Zigui Three Gorges Reservoir Ecosystem Observation and Research Station of Ministry of Water Resources of the People's Republic of ChinaYichang 443605China College of Nanjing University of Chinese Academy of SciencesNanjing 211135China Faculty of Energy and Environment Northumbria UniversityNewcastle upon Tyne NE18QHUK Department of Earth Ocean and Atmospheric ScienceFlorida State UniversityTallahassee FL 32306USA Department of Ecoscience&Centre for Water Technology(WATEC) Aarhus UniversityAarhus DK-8000Denmark Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research Beijing 100049China Limnology Laboratory Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for Ecosystem Research and Implementation(EKOSAM)Middle East Technical UniversityAnkara 06800Turkiye Institute of Marine Sciences Middle East Technical UniversityMersin 33731Turkiye

Paddy fields play an important role in global carbon(C) cycling and are an important source of methane(CH_(4)) emissions. Insights into the processes influencing the dynamics of soil organic C(SOC) in paddy fields are essential for maintaining global soil C stocks and mitigating climate change. Periphytic biofilms composed of microalgae, bacteria, and other microorganisms are ubiquitous in paddy fields, where they directly mediate the transfer of elements at the soil-water interface. However, their contributions to C turnover and exchange have been largely neglected. Periphytic biofilms affect and participate in soil C dynamics by altering both abiotic(e.g., pH and redox potential) and biotic conditions(e.g., microbial community composition and metabolism). This review summarizes the contributions of periphytic biofilms to soil C cycling processes, including carbon dioxide fixation, SOC mineralization, and CH_(4) emissions. Future research should be focused on: i) the mechanisms underlying periphytic biofilm-induced C fixation and turnover and ii) quantifying the contributions of periphytic biofilms to soil C uptake, stabilization, and sequestration in paddy fields.

关键词： carbon fixation carbon mineralization carbon sequestration methane emission microbial aggregates soil organic carbon

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Wind and Water: How Extreme Weather Conditions Impact Residential Real Estate in Developing Countries

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2023年第5期14卷 813-821页

作者： Nekeisha spencer Department of Economics University of the West Indies MonaKingstonJamaica

The damaging effects of extreme weather is concerning for many countries across the globe.Though the impact of these events on the housing market has been studied extensively,one aspect that remains unexplored is the value of mortgages.Further,there is no clarity on the impact of the specific types of homes.This study analyzed mortgages and apartment values and included residential land sale prices over 16 years for different localities across Jamaica.The analysis revealed that mortgages are adversely affected by excess rainfall while apartment sale prices are reduced by hurricanes but increased by excess rain.However,residential land prices remain unaffected by both events.The results point to the importance of climate adaptation for the local real estate market and property investment.

关键词： Excess rainfall Hurricanes Jamaica Residential real estate

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