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Acta Geochimica 2017年第3期36卷 566-571页

作者： Oliver W.moore Heather L.Buss sophie m.green man Liu Zhaoliang Song School of Earth Sciences University of Bristol Geography College of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Exeter School of Water Resources and Environment China University of Geosciences (Beijing) Institute of the Surface-Earth System Science Research Tianjin University

Soil degradation, including rocky desertification,of the karst regions in China is severe. Karst landscapes are especially sensitive to soil degradation as carbonate rocks are nutrient-poor and easily eroded. Understanding the balance between soil formation and soil erosion is critical for long-term soil sustainability, yet little is known about the initial soil forming processes on karst terrain. Herein we examine the initial weathering processes of several types of carbonate bedrock containing varying amounts of non-carbonate minerals in the SPECTRA Critical Zone Observatory, Guizhou Province, Southwest China. We compared the weathering mechanisms of the bedrock to the mass transfer of mineral nutrients in a soil profile developed on these rocks and found that soil formation and nutrient contents are strongly dependent upon the weathering of interbedded layers of more silicate-rich bedrock(marls). Atmospheric inputs from dust were also detected.

关键词： Critical zone Chemical weathering Karst Desertification Guizhou Province

Rock crevices determine woody and herbaceous plant cover in the karst critical zone

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Science China Earth Sciences 2019年第11期62卷 1756-1763页

作者： Hongyan LIU Zihan JIANG Jingyu DAI Xiuchen WU Jian PENG Hongya WANG Jeroen mEERSmANS sophie m.green Timothy A.QUINE College of Urban and Environmental Sciences and mOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes Peking UniversityBeijing 100871China Faculty of Geographical Sciences Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875China Cranfield Soil and Agrifood Institute School of WaterEnergy and EnvironmentCranfield UniversityCranfield MK43 OALUnited Kingdom Geography CLESUniversity of ExeterExeter EX44SBUnited Kingdom

The study of the critical zones(CZs) of the Earth link the composition and function of aboveground vegetation with the characteristics of the rock layers, providing a new way to study how the unique rock and soil conditions in karst regions affect the aboveground vegetation. Based on survey results of the rocks, soils and vegetation in the dolomite and limestone distribution areas in the karst area of central Guizhou, it was found that woody plant cover increases linearly with the number of cracks with a width of more than 1 mm, while the cover of herbaceous plants shows the opposite trend(pmite distribution area is characterized by undeveloped crevices, and the thickness of the soil layer is generally less than 20 cm, which is suitable for the distribution of herbaceous plants with shallow roots. Due to the development of crevices in the limestone distribution area, the soil is deeply distributed through the crevices for the deep roots of trees, which leads to a diversified species composition and a complicated structure in the aboveground vegetation. Based on moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer(mODIS) remote sensing data from 2001 to 2010, the normalized differentiated vegetation index(NDVI) and annual net primary productivity(NPP) results for each phase of a 16-day interval further indicate that the NDVI of the limestone distribution area is significantly higher than that in the dolomite distribution area, but the average annual NPP is the opposite. The results of this paper indicate that in karst CZs, the lithology determines the structure and distribution of the soil, which further determines the cover of woody and herbaceous plants in the aboveground vegetation. Although the amount of soil in the limestone area may be less than that in the dolomite area, the developed crevice structure is more suitable for the growth of trees with deep roots, and the vegetation activity is strong. At present, the treatment of rocky desertification in

关键词： Vegetation composition Vegetation productivity Dolomite Limestone Karst critical zone

Ecosystem service delivery in Karst landscapes： anthropogenic perturbation and recovery

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Acta Geochimica 2017年第3期36卷 416-420页

作者： Timothy Quine Dali Guo sophie m.green Chenglong Tu Iain Hartley Xinyu Zhang Jennifer Dungait Xuefa Wen Zhaoliang Song Hongyan Liu Heather Buss Timothy Barrows Richard Evershed Penny Johnes Jeroen meersmans Geography College of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Exeter Rennes Drive Exeter EX4 4RJ UK Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 People's Republic of China State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guiyang 550081 Guizhou Province People's Republic of China Rothamsted Research - North Wyke Okehampton Devon EX20 2SB UK Institute of the Surface-Earth System Science Research Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 People's Republic of China College of Urban and Environmental Sciences Peking University Beijing 100871 People's Republic of China School of Earth Sciences Wills Memorial Building Queens Road Clifton BS8 1RJ UK School of Chemistry University of Bristol Cantock's Close Clifton Bristol BS8 1TS UK School of Geographical Sciences University of BristolUniversity Road Clifton Bristol BS8 1SS UK Cranfield Soil and Agrifood Institute Cranfield UniversityCranfield Bedfordshire MK43 0AL UK

Covering extensive parts of China, Karst landscapes are exceptional because rapid and intensive land use change has caused severe ecosystem degradation within only the last 50 years. The twentieth century intensification in food production through agriculture has led to a rapid deterioration of soil quality, evidenced in reduced crop production and rapid loss of soil. In many areas, a tipping point appears to have been passed as basement rock is exposed and 'rocky desertification' dominates. Through the establishment of the "Soil processes and ecological services in the karst critical zone of SW China"(SPECTRA)Critical Zone Observatory(CZO) we will endevaour to understand the fundmental processes involved in soil production and erosion, and investigate the integrated geophysical-geochemical-ecological responses of the CZ to perturbations. The CZ spans a gradient from undisturbed natural vegetation through human perturbed *** seek to understand the importance of heterogeneity insurface and below-ground morphology and flow pathways in determining the spatial distribution of key stocks(soil,C, vegetation, etc.) and their control on ecosystem service delivery. We will assess the extent to which the highly heterogeneous critical zone resources can be restored to enable sustainable delivery of ecosystem services. This paper presents the CZO design and initial assessment of soil and soil organic carbon stocks and evidence for their stability based on caesium-137(^(137) Cs) data.

关键词： Soil degradation Ecosystem services Caesium-137 Karst,China

Emerging analytical methods to characterize zeolite-based materials

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National Science Review 2022年第9期9卷 47-66页

作者： sophie H.van Vreeswijk Bert m.Weckhuysen Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for NanomaterialsUtrecht University

Zeolites and zeolitic materials are,through their use in numerous conventional and sustainable applications,very important to our daily lives,including to foster the necessary transition to a more circular *** characterization of zeolite-based materials has a tremendous history and a great number of applications and properties of these materials have been discovered in the past *** review focuses on recently developed novel as well as more conventional techniques applied with the aim of better understanding zeolite-based *** explored analytical methods,*** probe tomography,scanning transmission X-ray microscopy,confocal fluorescence microscopy and photo-induced force microscopy,are discussed on their important contributions to the better understanding of zeolites as they mainly focus on the micro-to nanoscale chemical imaging and the revelation of structure-composition-performance *** other techniques have a long and established history,*** magnetic resonance,infrared,neutron scattering,electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques,and have gone through increasing developments allowing the techniques to discover new and important features in zeolite-based *** to the increasing application of these methods,multiple techniques are nowadays used to study zeolites under working conditions(*** in situ/operando mode of analysis) providing new insights in reaction and deactivation mechanisms.

关键词： catalysis zeolites spectroscopy microscopy structure–composition–performance relationships

Shining light on the significance of NK cell CD56 brightness

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Cellular & molecular Immunology 2018年第12期15卷 1071-1073页

作者： sophie m.Poznanski Ali A.Ashkar Department of Pathology and molecular medicine McMaster Immunology Research CentreMcMaster UniversityHamiltonONCanada mcmaster University 1280 Main Street WestMDCL 4015HamiltonONCanada

CD56 is a fundamental marker in the determination of human natural killer(NK)cell *** degree of CD56 expression is ubiquitously used to define human NK cell maturation,functional,and tissue-specific subsets,yet a unifying implication for the degree of CD56 expression in NK cells remains *** blood(PB)-NK cells are dichotomized into CD56bright,which highly express CD56,and CD56dim,which have lower CD56 ***,CD56bright NK cells are considered to be a less mature,immunoregulatory subset with a greater propensity for cytokine production,whereas CD56dim are more mature with greater cytotoxic *** PB-NK cells are primarily CD56dim with only a minor CD56bright population,NK cells in secondary lymphoid and other tissues are predominantly CD56bright.1 It has been shown that the interaction of CD56 with human fibroblast cells can promote the differentiation of CD56bright to CD56dim NK cells.2 However,considering the importance and the extent of use of this marker in NK cell biology,relatively little is known about how downregulation of CD56 contributes to NK cell maturation,what role the degree of CD56 expression plays in contexts separate from NK cell maturation,and whether CD56 has an active functional role in mature NK cells.

关键词： CD56 expression. bright

HOW TO PROVE THE DISCRETE RELIABILITY FOR NONCONFORmING FINITE ELEmENT mETHODS

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Journal of Computational mathematics 2020年第1期38卷 142-175页

作者： Carsten Carstensen sophie Puttkammer Department of mathematics Humboldt-Universitat zu BerlinUnter den Linden 610099 BerlinGermany

Optimal convergence rates of adaptive finite element methods are well understood in terms of the axioms of *** key ingredient is the discrete reliability of a residualbased a posteriori error estimator,which controls the error of two discrete finite element solutions based on two nested *** the error analysis of nonconforming finite element methods,like the Crouzeix-Raviart or morley finite element schemes,the difference of the piecewise derivatives of discontinuous approximations to the distributional gradients of global Sobolev functions plays a dominant role and is the object of this *** nonconforming interpolation operator,which comes natural with the definition of the aforementioned nonconforming finite element in the sense of Ciarlet,allows for stability and approximation properties that enable direct proofs of the reliability for the residual that monitors the equilibrium *** novel approach of this paper is the suggestion of a right-inverse of this interpolation operator in conforming piecewise polynomials to design a nonconforming approximation of a given coarse-grid approximation on a refined *** results of this paper allow for simple proofs of the discrete reliability in any space dimension and multiply connected domains on general shape-regular triangulations beyond newest-vertex bisection of *** attention is on optimal constants in some standard discrete estimates listed in the appendices.

关键词： Discrete reliability Nonconforming finite element method Conforming companion morley Crouzeix-Raviart Explicit constants Axioms of adaptivity

Natural variation in social conditions affects male mate choosiness in the amphipod Gammarus roeselii

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Current Zoology 2022年第4期68卷 459-467页

作者： Konrad Lipkowski sophie Steigerwald Lisa m Schulte Carolin Sommer-Trembo Jonas Jourdan Department of Wildlife/Zoo-Animal-Biology and Systematics Institute for EcologyEvolution and Diversity Goethe University FrankfurtMaxvon-Laue-Straße 13Frankfurt am MainD-60438Germany Department of Environmental Science Stockholm UniversitySvante Arrheniusväg 8StockholmSE-11418Sweden Zoological Institute University of BaselVesalgasse 1BaselCH-4051Switzerland Department of Aquatic Ecotoxicology Institute for EcologyEvolution and DiversityGoethe University Frankfurt am MainFrankfurt am MainGermany

The extent of male mate choosiness is driven by a trade-off between various environmental factors associated with the costs of mate acquisition,quality assessment and opportunity *** knowledge about natural variation in male mate choosiness across different populations of the same species,however,remains *** this study,we compared male mate choosiness across 10 natural populations of the freshwater amphipod Gammarus roeselii(Gervais 1835),a species with overall high male mating investments,and evaluated the relative influence of population density and sex ratio(both affecting mate availability)on male mate *** investigated amplexus establishment after separating mating pairs and presenting focal males with a novel,size-matched female from the same *** analysis revealed considerable effects of sex ratio and(to a lesser extent)population density on time until amplexus establishment(choosiness).male amphipods are able to perceive variable social conditions(e.g.,sex ratio)and modify their mating strategy accordingly:We found choosiness to be reduced in increasingly male-biased populations,whereas selectivity increases when sex ratio becomes female *** this,our study expands our limited knowledge on natural variations in male mate choosiness and illustrates the importance of sex ratio(i.e.,level of competition)for male mating decisions in natural *** for variation in sex ratios,therefore,allows envisioning a distinctive variation of choosiness in natural populations and highlights the importance of considering social background information in future behavioral studies.

关键词： amplexus Crustacea local adaptation mate choice population density sex ratio

Propagation of tau and α-synuclein in the brain: therapeutic potential of the glymphatic system

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Translational Neurodegeneration 2022年第1期11卷 667-689页

作者： Douglas m.Lopes sophie K.Llewellyn Ian F.Harrison Division of medicine Department of ImagingCentre for Advanced Biomedical ImagingFaculty of Medical SciencesUniversity College LondonPaul O’Gorman Building72 Huntley StreetLondon WC1E 6DDUK

many neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease, are characterised by the accumulation of misfolded protein deposits in the brain, leading to a progressive destabilisation of the neuronal network and neuronal death. Among the proteins that can abnormally accumulate are tau and α-synuclein, which can propagate in a prion-like manner and which upon aggregation, represent the most common intracellular proteinaceous lesions associated with neurodegeneration. For years it was thought that these intracellular proteins and their accumulation had no immediate relationship with extracellular homeostasis pathways such as the glymphatic clearance system;however, mounting evidence has now suggested that this is not the case. The involvement of the glymphatic system in neurodegenerative disease is yet to be fully defined;however, it is becoming increasingly clear that this pathway contributes to parenchymal solute clearance. Importantly, recent data show that proteins prone to intracellular accumulation are subject to glymphatic clearance, suggesting that this system plays a key role in many neurological disorders. In this review, we provide a background on the biology of tau and α-synuclein and discuss the latest findings on the cell-to-cell propagation mechanisms of these proteins. Importantly, we discuss recent data demonstrating that manipulation of the glymphatic system may have the potential to alleviate and reduce pathogenic accumulation of propagation-prone intracellular cytotoxic proteins. Furthermore, we will allude to the latest potential therapeutic opportunities targeting the glymphatic system that might have an impact as disease modifiers in neurodegenerative diseases.

关键词： Glymphatic Propagation Tauopathy Synucleinopathy Clearance Aquaporin-4

Response of nephelometric turbidity to hydrodynamic particle size of fine suspended sediment

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International Journal of Sediment Research 2020年第5期35卷 444-454页

作者： Christina Bright Sarah mager sophie Horton School of Geography University of Otago

Turbidity is used as a surrogate for suspended sediment concentration(SSC),and as a regulatory tool for indicating land use disturbance and environmental *** relates linearly to suspended material,however,can show non-linear responses to particulate organic matter(POm),concomitant with changes in particle size distribution(PSD).In the paper the influence of ultra-fine particulate matter(UFPm) on specific turbidity and its association with POm in suspended sediment are shown for alpine rivers in the Southern Alps of New *** approach was two-fold:a field-based investigation of the relations between SSC,POm,and turbidity sampled during event flow;and experimental work on hydrodynamic particle size effects on SSC POm,PSD,and *** turbidity changes over event flow and are sensitive to increasing proportional amounts of sand,UFPm,and POm in ***,the UFPm is the size fraction(m) where POm *** implications of the current study are that the slopes of turbidity-SSC relations are undesirable in locations that may be dominated by cyclic release of POm or distinct pulses of fine-grained *** locations where the turbidity-SSC slopes approximate 2,the POm proportion is usually mounts of side-scatter from UFPm concomitant with higher proportions of ***,the use of turbidity as a proxy for determining SSC may have serious consequences for the measurement of representative suspended sediment data,particularly in locations where POm may be a significant contributor to overall suspended load.

关键词： Turbidity Nephelometry Suspended sediment concentration Particle size distribution Particulate organic matter

monetary Policy and Corporate Investment:Evidence from Chinese micro Data

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China & World Economy 2012年第5期20卷 1-20页

作者： Ying sophie Huang Frank m.Song Yizhong Wang College of Economics Zhejiang University School of Economics and Finance University of Hong Kong

This paper investigates how a firm＇s characteristics restrict the influence of monetary policy changes on its investment behavior. Focusing on China＇s listed companies for a sample period from the first quarter of 2002 to the first quarter of 2011, we find that quantity- oriented and price-based monetary policies have heterogeneous impacts on corporate investment behavior, but the influence of monetary policies is constrained by the liquidity, inventory, size and asset-liability ratio of a firm. Firms with higher liquidity, lower inventory level and lower asset-liability ratios are less sensitive to the impact from two kinds of monetary policies. The larger the size of the firm, the less it is subject to influenee from quantity-oriented monetary policy; it responds more to price-based monetary poliey. The policy implication is that the monetary authorities should pay attention to the importance of policy-making based on the monetary demand of mieroeconomie entities.

关键词： micro-transmission mechanism monetary policy