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Taxonomy,phylogeny and evolution of freshwater Hypocreomycetidae(Sordariomycetes)

Fungal Diversity 2023年第4期121卷 1-94页

作者： Dan‑Feng Bao Kevin D.Hyde Sajeewa S.N.Maharachchikumbura Rekhani H.Perera Vinodhini Thiyagaraja sinang hongsanan Dhanushka N.Wanasinghe Hong‑Wei Shen Xing‑Guo Tian Li‑Quan Yang Sarunya Nalumpang Zong‑Long Luo College of Agriculture and Biological Science Dali UniversityDali 671003YunnanPeople’s Republic of China Center of Excellence in Fungal Research Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology Faculty of AgricultureChiang Mai UniversityChiang Mai 50200Thailand School of Science Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand Mushroom Research Foundation 128 M.3 Ban Pa Deng T.Pa PaeA.Mae TaengChiang Mai 50150Thailand Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of ScienceKunming 650201YunnanPeople’s Republic of China World Agroforestry Centre East and Central AsiaKunming 650201YunnanPeople’s Republic of China Innovative Institute for Plant Health Zhongkai University of Agriculture and EngineeringHaizhu DistrictGuangzhou 510225GuangdongPeople’s Republic of China School of Life Science and Technology University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu 611731SichuanPeople’s Republic of China Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology Guizhou Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuiyang 550006GuizhouPeople’s Republic of China College of Life Sciences and Oceanography Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518060China Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization Faculty of SciencesChiang Mai UniversityChiang Mai 50200Thailand Honghe Center for Mountain Futures Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesHonghe 654400YunnanPeople’s Republic of China Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization Yunnan Engineering Research Center of Fruit WineCollege of Biological Resource and Food EngineeringQujing Normal UniversityQujing 655011YunnanPeople’s Republic of China School of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering Guizhou Institute of TechnologyGuiyang 550003Gui ZhouPeople’s Republic of China

Hypocreomycetidae is a highly diverse group with species from various habitats. This subclass has been reported as pathogenic,endophytic, parasitic, saprobic, fungicolous, lichenicolous, algicolous, coprophilous and insect fungi from aquatic andterrestrial habitats. In this study, we focused on freshwater fungi of Hypocreomycetidae which resulted 41 fresh collectionsfrom China and Thailand. Based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses, we identified 26 species that belong to twoorders (Hypocreales and Microascales) and six families (Bionectriaceae, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascaceae, Nectriaceae,Sarocladiaceae and Stachybotryaceae). Ten new species are introduced and 13 new habitats and geographic records arereported. Mariannaea superimposita, Stachybotrys chartarum and S. chlorohalonatus are recollected from freshwater habitatsin China. Based on phylogenetic analysis of combined LSU, ITS, SSU, rpb2 and tef1-α sequences data, Emericellopsisis transferred to Hypocreales genera incertae sedis;Pseudoacremonium is transferred to Bionectriaceae;Sedecimiella isplaced in Nectriaceae;Nautosphaeria and Tubakiella are excluded from Halosphaeriaceae and placed in Microascalesgenera incertae sedis;and Faurelina is excluded from Hypocreomycetidae. Varicosporella is placed under Atractium as asynonym of Atractium. In addition, phylogenetic analysis and divergence time estimates showed that Ascocodina, Campylospora,Cornuvesica and Xenodactylariaceae form distinct lineages in Hypocreomycetidae and they evolved in the family/order time frame. Hence, a new order (Xenodactylariales) and three new families (Ascocodinaceae, Campylosporaceae andCornuvesicaceae) are introduced based on phylogenetic analysis, divergence time estimations and morphological characters.Ancestral character state analysis is performed for different habitats of Hypocreomycetidae including freshwater, marineand terrestrial taxa. The result indicates that marine and freshwater fungi evolved independently from terrestrial ancestors.The results further support th

关键词： Ancestral character analysis Divergence time estimates Molecular clock analysis Morphology Phylogeny Freshwater fungi

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Species concepts of Dothideomycetes:classification,phylogenetic inconsistencies and taxonomic standardization

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Fungal Diversity 2021年第4期109卷 283-319页

作者： Dhandevi Pem Rajesh Jeewon Kandawatte Wedaralalage Thilini Chethana sinang hongsanan Mingkwan Doilom Nakarin Suwannarach Kevin David Hyde Innovative Institute of Plant Health Zhongkai University of Agriculture and EngineeringHaizhu DistrictGuangzhou 510225People’s Republic of China Center of Excellence in Fungal Research Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand Department of Health Sciences Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversity of MauritiusReduitMauritius Faculty of Science Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic EngineeringCollege of Life Science and OceanographyShenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518060People’s Republic of China Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization Chiang Mai UniversityChiang Mai 50200Thailand

The species is one of the basic units of biological classification.Both species concepts and recognition are essential topics in taxonomic studies and other biological research.In the first part of this review,we briefly discuss the taxonomic history of the class Dothideomycetes.In the second part of the paper,we review four commonly used species concepts,focusing on morphological,ecological,biological and phylogenetic criteria and their applicability in the taxonomy of Dothideomycetes.The application and utility of the four criteria is discussed with examples in the genera Ascochyta,Cercospora and Neofu-sicoccum.Some problems and challenges of studying Dothideomycetes are analyzed and basic guidelines for classifying species under the above criteria are provided.

关键词： Challenges DNA Fungi Morph Phylogeny Species Taxonomy

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Evolution of freshwater Diaporthomycetidae(Sordariomycetes)provides evidence for five new orders and six new families

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Fungal Diversity 2021年第2期107卷 71-105页

作者： Kevin D.Hyde Dan-Feng Bao sinang hongsanan K.W.Thilini Chethana Jing Yang Nakarin Suwannarach Center of Excellence in Fungal Research Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand Research Centre of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Ultilization Chiang Mai UniversityChiang Mai 50200Thailand Innovative Institute of Plant Health Zhongkai University of Agriculture and EngineeringHaizhu DistrictGuangzhou 510225PR China Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology Faculty of AgricultureChiang Mai UniversityChiang Mai 50200Thailand College of Agriculture and Biological Sciences Dali UniversityDali 671003YunnanPR China Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic EngineeringCollege of Life Science and OceanographyShenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518060China School of Science Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology Guizhou Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuiyang 550006GuizhouChina Department of Biology Faculty of ScienceChiang Mai UniversityChiang Mai 50200Thailand

Cancellidium is a remarkable fungal genus which has been collected from wood submerged in freshwater and has unique conidia that are important in dispersal in running streams.With such a remarkable morphology,one would have expected it to be a distinct family or order.However,due to the dearth of molecular evidence in related taxa,this genus has previ-ously been placed in the order Hypocreales,subclass Hypocreomycetidae of Sordariomycetes.In this study,we made three new collections of this remarkable aquatic genus from streams in China and Thailand,isolated them into culture,extracted DNA and carried out multigene phylogenetic analysis and divergence time estimation which placed the genus in Diaporthomycetidae.This is one of the seven subclasses of Sordariomycetes and contains 30 lineages that are only known from freshwater.The subclass is therefore of interest when considering the evolution of freshwater fungi.Several lineages of Diaporthomycetidae are morphologically unique and taxa cluster with strong support,but have weak support at the base of the trees.The phylogenetic and MCC trees generated in this study indicate that Aquapteridospora,Barbatosphaeriaceae,Bullimyces,Cancellidium,Ceratolenta,Conlarium,Phialemoniopsis,Pseudostanjehughesia and Rhamphoriaceae are distinct genera/families that evolved in the family/order time frame.The new orders Barbatosphaeriales(177 MYA),Cancellidiales(137 MYA),Ceratolentales(147 MYA),Conlariales(138 MYA)and Rhamphoriales(133 MYA)and six new families,Aquapteridosporaceae(110 MYA),Cancellidiaceae(137 MYA),Ceratolentaceae(81 MYA),Bullimycetaceae(81 MYA),Phialemoniopsaceae(59 MYA),and Pseudostanjehughesiaceae(111 MYA)are introduced with evidence from phylogenies,divergence estimates and distinct morphologies.Of these families,Aquapteridosporaceae,Cancellidiaceae,Bullimycetaceae,and Pseudostanjehughesiaceae are only known from freshwater.

关键词： 14 new taxa Evolution Freshwater fungi New family New order

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Towards a natural classification of Annulatascaceae-like taxa:introducing Atractosporales ord.nov.and six new families

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Fungal Diversity 2017年第4期85卷 75-110页

作者： Huang Zhang Wei Dong Kevin D.Hyde Sajeewa S.N.Maharachchikumbura sinang hongsanan D.Jayarama Bhat Abdullah M.Al-Sadi Di Zhang Yunnan Institute of Food Safety Kunming University of Science&TechnologyKunming 650500People’s Republic of China Center of Excellence for Fungal Research Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang RaiThailand Department of Crop Sciences College of Agricultural and Marine SciencesSultan Qaboos UniversityP.O.Box 34Al-Khod 123Oman Formerly at Department of Botany Goa UniversityGoa 403206India No.128/1-J Azad Housing SocietyCurcaGoa VelhaIndia Faculty of Environmental Science&Engineering Kunming University of Science&TechnologyKunming 650500People’s Republic of China

Species with relatively small,membraneous,black ascomata,with or without long necks,unitunicate,cylindrical asci with apical rings and fusiform,hyaline ascospores with or without mucilaginous sheaths are common in freshwater habitats in tropical and temperate regions.Many of these taxa have originally been recorded as Annulatascaceae-like taxa.Twenty genera have been included in the family Annulatascaceae,mostly based on morphological characters,while molecular work and phylogenetic analyses are lacking for many genera.In this study,nine new Annulatascaceae-like taxa collected from Thailand were morphologically examined.Pure cultures obtained from single ascospores were used in molecular studies.The nine new strains and several other strains of Annulatascaceae-like Sordariomycetes species were used to establish phylogenetic and evolution relationships among the taxa,based on combined LSU,SSU,ITS and RPB2 sequence data.Phylogenetic analyses provide evidence to introduce one new order and six new families,to accommodate taxa excluded from Annulatascaceae sensu stricto.A new order Atractosporales is established based on the molecular study,including three new introduced families Conlariaceae,Pseudoproboscisporaceae and Atractosporaceae.Conlariaceae is introduced for the genus Conlarium which comprises two species,Conlarium duplumascosporun and a new Hyphomycetous asexual morph taxon Conlarium aquaticum which has subglobose or irregular,brown,clathrate,muriform conidia.Pseudoproboscisporaceae includes Pseudoproboscispora and Diluviicola,while Atractosporaceae includes the genera Rubellisphaeria and Atractospora.Barbatosphaeria,Xylomelasma and Ceratostomella form a distinct stable lineage which is introduced as a new family Barbatosphaeriaceae in Diaporthomycetidae families incertae sedis.A new family Lentomitellaceae is introduced in Diaporthomycetidae families incertae sedis,to accommodate the genus Lentomitella.Woswasiaceae is introduced to accommodate Woswasia,Xylochrysis and Cyanoannulus in Diaporthomycetidae fam

关键词： Annulatascales Diaporthomycetidae Phylogeny Sexual morphs Submerged wood

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Taxonomy and the evolutionary history of Micropeltidaceae

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Fungal Diversity 2019年第4期97卷 393-436页

作者： Xiang-Yu Zeng Hai-Xia Wu sinang hongsanan Rajesh Jeewon Ting-Chi Wen Sajeewa S.N.Maharachchikumbura Putarak Chomnunti Kevin D.Hyde International Fungal Research and Development Centre Key Laboratory of Resource Insect Cultivation&Utilization State Forestry AdministrationThe Research Institute of Resource InsectsChinese Academy of ForestryKunming 650224China The Engineering Research Center of the Utilization for Characteristic Bio-Pharmaceutical Resources in Southwest Guizhou UniversityGuiyang 550025China Center of Excellence in Fungal Research Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering College of Life Sciences and OceanographyShenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518000China Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Laser Engineering College of Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518000China Department of Health Sciences Faculty of ScienceUniversity of MauritiusReduit 80837Mauritius Department of Crop Sciences College of Agricultural and Marine SciencesSultan Qaboos UniverstyPO Box 8123 Al KhoudOman School of Science Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of Sciences132 Lanhei RoadKunming 650201Chin

Micropeltidaceae species are flyspeck fungi which have been subjected to few systematic studies.We re-examined 27 genera which were accepted in the Micropeltidaceae and re-described them based on herbaria materials and protologues.Based on morphology and phylogenetic investigations,we transfer Micropeltidaceae to a new order,Micropeltidales(Lecanoromycetes).Genera with bluish or greenish upper walls(Dictyopeltella,Dictyothyriella,Dictyothyrina,Dictyothyrium,Haplopeltheca,Micropeltis,Scolecopeltidium and Stomiopeltopsis)are accepted in the new taxonomic concept for Micropeltidaceae.A molecular clock approach estimated the divergence time of the Micropeltidaceae crown group at 130(165–104)Mya,which also supports its rank as an order(diverging from 220–100 Mya).The evolutionary histories between Micropeltidaceae species and host plants are interpreted by cophylogenetic analyses calibrated by their divergence times.The result indicates that the diversification of Angiospermae(130–80 Mya)fosters the formation of genera of Micropeltidaceae mainly via cospeciation events,and this codivergent period would be an important reference when establishing generic boundaries of epifoliar fungi.

关键词： Codivergence Cophylogeny Dating Lecanoromycetes Micropeltidales

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Meliolales

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Fungal Diversity 2015年第5期74卷 91-141页

作者： sinang hongsanan Qing Tian Derek Peršoh Xiang-Yu Zeng Kevin D.Hyde Putarak Chomnunti Saranyaphat Boonmee Ali H.Bahkali Ting-Chi Wen Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of ScienceKunming 650201YunnanPeople’s Republic of China World Agroforestry Centre East and Central AsiaKunming 650201YunnanPeople’s Republic of China Institute of Excellence in Fungal Research Chiang Rai 57100Thailand School of Science Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand Ruhr-Universität Bochum GeobotanyUniversitätsstraße 15044780 BochumGermany Botany and Microbiology Department College of ScienceKing Saud UniversityRiyadhKSA 11442Saudi Arabia The Engineering and Research Center of Southwest Bio-Pharmaceutical Resource Ministry of EducationGuizhou UniversityGuiyang 550025China

The order Meliolales comprises the families Armatellaceae and Meliolaceae.These are black mildews that grow on the surface of host plants,often regarded as minor plant pathogens.In this study,types or specimens of 17 genera of Armatellaceae and Meliolaceae were borrowed from herbaria and re-examined.Armatella is accepted in Armatellaceae and Amazonia,Appendiculella,Asteridiella,Cryptomeliola,Endomeliola,Irenopsis and Meliola are accepted in the family Meliolaceae.Laeviomeliola is synonymized under Meliola.Ceratospermopsis,Ectendomeliola,Haraea,Hypasteridium,Leptascospora,Metasteridium,Ophiociliomyces,Ophioirenina,Ophiomeliola,Parasteridium,Pauahia,Pleomeliola,Pleomerium,Prataprajella,Ticomyces,Urupe and Xenostigme are excluded from Meliolaceae,and are treated as doubtful genera or placed in ascomycetes genera incertae sedis.The type species of each genus is re-described and illustrated with photomicrographs.Notes are provided and comparisons made.Two new species of Meliola and one new species of Irenopsis are also introduced with molecular data and we provide the most populated phylogenetic tree of Meliolomycetidae to date.Meliola thailandicum was found on Dimocarpus longan(Sapindales)and Acacia auriculiformis(Fabales)and confirmed to be the same species in the molecular analyses.This has important implications as the several hundred Meliola species are recognized based on host associations.Thus the same species being recorded from two unrelated hosts sheds doubt on Meliola species being host-specific.

关键词： Armatella Armatellaceae Ascomycota Black mildews Meliola Meliolaceae Meliolomycetidae Sordariomycetes Morphology Type Species Taxonomy

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An updated phylogeny of Sordariomycetes based on phylogenetic and molecular clock evidence

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Fungal Diversity 2017年第3期84卷 25-41页

作者： sinang hongsanan Sajeewa S.N.Maharachchikumbura Kevin D.Hyde Milan C.Samarakoon Rajesh Jeewon Qi Zhao Abdullah M.Al-Sadi Ali H.Bahkali Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunming 650201YunnanPeople’s Republic of China Center of Excellence in Fingal Research Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand Department of Crop Sciences College of Agricultural and Marine SciencesSultan Qaboos UniversityP.O.Box 34Al-Khod 123Oman Department of Health Sciences Faculty of ScienceUniversity of MauritiusReduitMauritius Department of Botany and Microbiology College of ScienceKing Saud UniversityP.O.Box:2455Riyadh 1145Saudi Arabia

The previous phylogenies of Sordariomycetes by M.E.Barr,O.E.Eriksson and D.L.Hawksworth,and T.Lumbsch and S.Huhndorf,were mainly based on morphology and thus were somewhat subjective.Later outlines by T.Lumbsch and S.Huhndorf,and Maharachchikumbura and co-authors,took into account phylogenetic evidence.However,even these phylogenetic driven arrangements for Sordariomycetes,were somewhat subjective,as the arrangements in trees depended on many variables,such as number of taxa,different gene regions and methods used in the analyses.What is needed is extra evidence to help standardize ranking in the fungi.Estimation of divergence times using molecular clock methods has been proposed for providing additional rational for higher ranking of taxa.Thus,in Sordariomycetes,a divergence period(i.e.200–300 MYA)can be used as criteria to judge when a group of related taxa evolved and what rank they should be given.In this paper,we provide an updated classification of accepted subclasses,orders of Sordariomycetes and use divergence times to provide additional evidence to stabilize ranking of taxa in the class.We point out and discuss discrepancies where the phylogenetic tree conflicts with the molecular clock.

关键词： Class Classification Divergence times Phylogenetics Ranking

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A review of bambusicolous Ascomycota in China with an emphasis on species richness in southwest China

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Studies in Fungi 2022年第1期7卷 143-175页

作者： Hongbo Jiang Rungtiwa Phookamsak sinang hongsanan Darbhe J.Bhat Peter E.Mortimer Nakarin Suwannarach Pattana Kakumyan Jianchu Xu Centre for Mountain Futures Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunming 650201YunnanChina Honghe Center for Mountain Futures Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesHonghe County 654400YunnanChina CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Biodiversity and Biogeography of East Asia(KLPB) Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of ScienceKunming 650201YunnanChina School of Science Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand World Agroforestry Centre East and Central Asia Office132 Lanhei RoadKunming 650201YunnanChina Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization Faculty of ScienceChiang Mai UniversityChiang Mai 50200Thailand Department of Entomology&Plant Pathology Faculty of AgricultureChiang Mai UniversityChiang Mai 50200Thailand Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering College of Life Sciences and OceanographyShenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518060GuangdongChina Formerly Department of BotanyGoa UniversityGoa 403206India No.128/1-J Azad Housing SocietyCurcaP.O.Goa Velha 403108India Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunming 650201YunnanChina Department of Biology Faculty of ScienceChiang Mai UniversityChiang Mai 50200Thailand

Bamboos not only provide socio-economic benefits to communities within the region,but also provide ecosystem services such as soil-water conservation,stabilization of sandy soils and restoration of soil nutrients.Bambusicolous ascomycetes refer to ascomycetous fungi living on any substrate of bamboo.As the largest group of fungi on bamboo,they play a significant ecological value in species composition and the structure of the fungal community,circulation of materials and energy flow of nutritional elements.In an effort to document the bambusicolous Ascomycota found in China,we assessed all major sources of academic literature,journal papers,and the USDA database(https://nt.***.gov/fungaldatabases/fungushost/fungushost.cfm)for reports of these fungi from China.As a result,we produced a systematic and comprehensive checklist of bambusicolous Ascomycota in China.Current names of fungi,bamboo host name,bamboo substrate,details of collected localities,references and latest classification for every bambusicolous ascomycete in China are also provided.In addition,we focused on the species richness of bambusicolous Ascomycota in China with an emphasis on southwest China.

关键词： southwest details Bamboo

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Divergence time calibrations for ancient lineages of Ascomycota classification based on a modern review of estimations

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Fungal Diversity 2019年第3期96卷 285-346页

作者： Milan C.Samarakoon Kevin D.Hyde sinang hongsanan Eric H.C.McKenzie Hiran A.Ariyawansa Itthayakorn Promputtha Xiang-Yu Zeng Qing Tian Jian-Kui(Jack)Liu Center for Informational Biology School of Life Science and TechnologyUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu 611731People’s Republic of China Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology Guizhou Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuiyang 550006People’s Republic of China Center of Excellence in Fungal Research Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand Department of Biology Faculty of ScienceChiang Mai UniversityChiang Mai 50200Thailand Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of ScienceKunming 650201YunnanPeople’s Republic of China Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering College of Life Sciences and OceanographyShenzhen UniversityShenzhenPeople’s Republic of China Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research Private Bag 92170AucklandNew Zealand Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology College of Bio-Resources and AgricultureNational Taiwan UniversityNo.1Sec.4Roosevelt RoadTaipei 106TaiwanROC Environmental Science Research Center Faculty of ScienceChiang Mai UniversityChiang Mai 50200Thailand

Inaccurate taxonomic placement of fossils can lead to the accumulation of errors in molecular clock studies and their generated evolutionary lineages.There are limited fossil data that can be used in divergence time estimations.Therefore,reliable morphological characterization and taxonomical identification of fossil fungi are extremely important.Most fossils of Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes are from the early Cenozoic(66-23 Mya),with fewer from the late Mesozoic(174-145 Mya).However,it is hard to distinguish some fossil descriptions as photographs and illustrations are unclear;thus,the validity of using these fossils in calibrations of molecular clocks is problematic.This study brings scattered paleobiological data on selected fossil Ascomycota,using descriptions,fossil images and illustrations,coupled with recent age estimations,and taxonomic and phylogenetic affinity of extant species.As an integrated approach,this study summarizes a historical fossil outline with a reliable minimum age for 16 calibrating points viz.crown of Aigialus,Anzia,Aspergillus,Asterina,Calicium chlorosporum–C.nobile,Capnodiales,Chaenotheca,Colletotrichum,Diaporthales,Meliola,Ophiocordyceps,Microthyriales,Microthyrium,Muyocopron,Pezizomycotina and Stigmatomyces.A scheme of Ascomycota ancient lineages is also provided in order to improve divergence time estimations.

关键词： Fossil fungi Morphological characterization Phylogeny Taxonomy Two new combinations

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The sooty moulds

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Fungal Diversity 2014年第3期66卷 1-36页

作者： Putarak Chomnunti sinang hongsanan Begoña Aguirre-Hudson Qing Tian Derek Peršoh Manpreet K.Dhami Aisyah S.Alias Jianchu Xu Xingzhong Liu Marc Stadler Kevin D.Hyde Key Laboratory for Plant Biodiversity and Biogeography of East Asia Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of ScienceKunming 650201YunnanChina Institute of Excellence in Fungal Research and School of ScienceMae Fah Luang University333 M.1 ThasudMuangChiang Rai 57100Thailand Jodrell Laboratory Royal Botanic GardensKew RichmondSurrey TW93DSUK Department of Mycology University of BayreuthUniversitätsstraße 3095440 BayreuthGermany Plant Health and Environment Laboratory Ministry for Primary IndustriesP O Box 2095Auckland 1140New Zealand Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences(IOES) C308Institute of Postgraduate Studies BuildingUniversity of Malaya50603 Kuala LumpurMalaysia State Key Laboratory of Mycology Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesNo3 Park 1Chaoyang DistrictBeijing 100101People’s Republic of China Department Microbial Drugs Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research and Technical University of BraunschweigInhoffenstrasse 738124 BraunschweigGermany World Agroforestry Center East and Central AsiaKunming 650201YunnanChin

Sooty moulds are a remarkable,but poorly understood group of fungi.They coat fruits and leaves superficially with black mycelia,which reduces photosynthesis rates of host plants.Few researchers have,however,tried to quantify their economic importance.Sooty moulds have been well-studied at the morphological level,but they are poorly represented in a natural classification based on phylogeny.Representatives are presently known in Antennulariellaceae,Capnodiaceae,Chaetothyriaceae,Coccodiniaceae,Euantennariaceae,Metacapnodiaceae and Trichomeriaceae and several miscellaneous genera.However,molecular data is available for only five families.Most sooty mould colonies comprise numerous species and thus it is hard to confirm relationships between genera or sexual and asexual states.Future studies need to obtain single spore isolates of species to test their phylogenetic affinities and linkages between morphs.Next generation sequencing has shown sooty mould colonies to contain many more fungal species than expected,but it is not clear which species are dominant or active in the communities.They are more common in tropical,subtropical and warm temperate regions and thus their prevalence in temperate regions is likely to increase with global warming.Sooty moulds are rarely parasitized by fungicolous taxa and these may have biocontrol potential.They apparently grow in extreme environments and may be xerophilic.This needs testing as xerophilic taxa may be of interest for industrial applications.Sooty moulds grow on sugars and appear to out-compete typical“weed”fungi and bacteria.They may produce antibiotics for this purpose and their biochemical potential for obtaining novel bioactive compounds for medical application is underexplored.

关键词： Antibiotics Capnodiales Chaetothyriales Global warming Life cycle Phylogeny Xerophiles

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