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A Historical Perspective on Development of Systems Engineering Discipline:A Review and Analysis

Journal of Systems Science and Systems Engineering 2020年第1期29卷 1-35页

作者： Niamat Ullah Ibne Hossain Raed m.Jaradat michael A.Hamilton Charles B.Keating simon R.Goerger Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering Mississippi State UniversityPO Box 9542Mississippi State 39762USA Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering Mississippi State UniversityPO Box 9542Mississippi State39762USA Institute for Systems Engineering Research(ISER) Mississippi State University 3909 Halls Ferry RdVicksburgMS 39180 Department of Engineering management&Systems Engineering Old Dominion UniversityNorfolkVA 23529 eInstitute for Systems Engineering Research(ISER) U.S Army Engineer Research Development Center(ERDC)3909 Halls Ferry RdVicksburgMS 39180

Since its inception,Systems Engineering(SE)has developed as a distinctive discipline,and there has been significant progress in this field in the past two *** to other engineering disciplines,SE is not affirmed by a set of underlying fundamental propositions,instead it has emerged as a set of best practices to deal with intricacies stemming from the stochastic nature of engineering complex systems and addressing their *** the existing methodologies and paradigms(dominant patterns of thought and concepts)of SE are very diverse and somewhat *** appears to create some confusion regarding the design,deployment,operation,and application of *** purpose of this paper is 1)to delineate the development of SE from 1926-2017 based on insights derived from a histogram analysis,2)to discuss the different paradigms and school of thoughts related to SE,3)to derive a set of fundamental attributes of SE using advanced coding techniques and analysis,and 4)to present a newly developed instrument that could assess the performance of systems *** than Two hundred and fifty different sources have been reviewed in this research in order to demonstrate the development trajectory of the SE discipline based on the frequency of publication.

关键词： Systems Engineering(SE) history development systems engineering attributes performance measures

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mechanical properties evaluation for thin film/substrate material systems

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Theoretical & Applied mechanics Letters 2018年第1期8卷 1-2页

作者： simon S.Wang Zhanwei Liu Christopher m.Harvey Department of Aeronautical and Automotive Engineering Loughborough University School of Aerospace Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology

Thin film/substrate material systems have been widely used in various industries such as aerospace,automotive,marine and *** example is thermal barrier coatings(TBCs):TBCs are extensively applied to metallic components on gas turbine engines in order to protect them from high and prolonged heat loads,and they play an essential role in the aircraft *** example is laminated polymer matrix composites(PmCs),reinforced with fibers such as carbon,glass or aramid:These materials have been extensively employed in a variety of applications due to their superior properties and the improving ease and cost-effectiveness of fabricating *** evaluation of mechanical properties for thin film/substrate material systems is imperative for more efficient use of these material systems and further improvements.

关键词： TBCs PmCs various industries

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Nano-morphology of a Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Catalyst Layer Imaging, Reconstruction and Analysis

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Nano Research 2011年第9期4卷 849-860页

作者： simon Thiele Roland Zengerle Christoph Ziegler Laboratory for mEmS Applications Department of Microsystems Engineering--IMTEK University of Freiburg Georges-Koehler-Allee106 79110 Freiburg Germany

The oxygen reduction reaction （ORR） in the cathode catalyst layer （CCL） of polymer electrolyte fuel cells （PEFC） is one of the major causes of performance loss during operation. In addition, the CCL is the most expensive component due to the use of a Pt catalyst. Apart from the ORR itself, the species transport to and from the reactive sites determines the performance of the PEFC. The effective transport properties of the species in the CCL depend on its nanostructure. Therefore a three-dimensional reconstruction of the CCL is required. A series of two-dimensional images was obtained from focused ion beam- scanning electron microscope （FIB-SEm） imaging and a segmentation method for the two-dimensional images has been developed. The pore size distribution （PSD） was calculated for the three-dimensional geometry. The influence of the alignment and the anisotropic pixel size on the PSD has been investigated. Pores were found in the range between 5 nm and 205 nm. Evaluation of the Knudsen number showed that gas transport in the CCL is governed by the transition flow regime. The liquid water transport can be described within continuum hydrodynamics by including suitable slip flow boundary conditions.

关键词： Cathode catalyst layer (CCL), polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC), tomograph three-dimensional reconstruction

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Effect of plant nutrition on aphid size, prey consumption, and life history characteristics of green lacewing

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Insect Science 2014年第1期21卷 74-82页

作者： muhammad A. Aqueel Catherine m. Collins Abu-bakar m. Raza Shahbaz Ahmad muhammad Tariq simon R. Leather Division of Ecology & Evolution Imperial College London Silwood Park Campus Ascot SL5 7PY United Kingdom Department of Entomology University College of Agriculture University of Sargodha Institute of Agricultural Sciences University of the Punjab Punjab Department of Entomology PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi Rawalpindi Pakistan

Plant quality can directly and indirectly affect the third trophic level. The predation by all the instars of green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea （S.）（Neuroptera： Chrysopidae） on the cereal aphids, Rhopalosiphum padi （L.）, and Sitobion avenae （F.） at varying nitrogen fertilizer levels was calculated under laboratory conditions. Wheat plants were grown on four nitrogen fertilizer levels and aphids were fed on these plants and subsequently offered as food to the C. carnea. Aphid densities of 10, 30, and 90 were offered to first, second, and third instar larvae of green lacewing. Increased nitrogen application improved nitrogen contents of the plants and also the body weight of cereal aphids feeding on them. Aphid consumption by green lacewings was reduced with the increase in nitrogen content in the host plants of aphids. Predation of both aphid species by first, second, and third instars larvae of C. carnea was highest on aphids reared on plants with the lowest rate of fertilization, suggesting a compensatory consumption to overcome reduced biomass （lower aphid size）. Total biomass devoured by C. carnea on all nitrogen fertilizer treatments was not statistically different. Additionally, the heavier host prey influenced by the plant nutrition had an effect on the life history characteristics of green lacewings. The larval duration, pupal weight, pupal duration, fecundity, and male and female longevity were significantly affected by the level of nitrogen fertilization to the aphid＇s host plants, except for pupal duration when fed on S. avenae. This study showed that quantity of prey supplied to the larvae affects the prey consumption and thereafter the life history characteristics of green lacewings.

关键词： Chrysoperla carnea host plant nutrition tritrophic interactions

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Campylobacterjejuni in musca domestica： An examination of survival and transmission potential in light of the innate immune responses of the house flies

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Insect Science 2017年第4期24卷 584-598页

作者： Carson Gill simon Bahrndorff Carl Lowenberger Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University 8888 University Drive Burnaby BC Canada National Food Institute Technical University of Denmark 2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark

The house fly, musca domestica, has been implicated as a vector of Campy- lobacter spp., a major cause of human disease. Little is known whether house flies serve as biological amplifying hosts or mechanical vectors for Campylobacterjejuni. We in- vestigated the period after C. jejuni had been ingested by house flies in which viable C. jejuni colonies could be isolated from whole bodies, the vomitus and the excreta of adult m. domestica and evaluated the activation of innate immune responses of house flies to ingested C. jejuni over time. C. jejuni could be cultured from infected houseflies soon after ingestion but no countable C. jejuni colonies were observed 〉 24 h postingestion. We detected viable C. jejuni in house fly vomitus and excreta up to 4 h after ingestion, but no viable bacteria were detected 〉 8 h. Suppression subtractive hybridization identi- fied pathogen-induced gene expression in the intestinal tracts of adult house flies 4-24 h after ingesting C. jejuni. We measured the expression of immune regulatory （thor, JNK, and spheroide） and effector （cecropin, diptericin, attacin, defensing, and lysozyme） genes in C. jejuni-infected and -uninfected house flies using quantitative real time PCR. Some house fly factor, or combination of factors, eliminates C. jejuni within 24 h postingestion. Because C. jejuni is not amplified within the body of the housefly, this insect likely serves as a mechanical vector rather than as a true biological, amplifying vector for C. jejuni, and adds to our understanding of insect pathogen interactions.

关键词： antimicrobial peptides Campylobacter spp. Campylobacteriosis house fly innate immunity musca domestica suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) vector

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Risk-adjustment in hepatobiliarypancreatic surgery

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2005年第16期11卷 2450-2455页

作者： Hemant m Kocher Paris P Tekkis Palepu Gopal Ameet G Patel simon Cottam Irving S Benjamin Academic Department of Surgery King's College Hospital Denmark HillLondon SE5 9RYUK Department of Anaesthesia King's College Hospital Denmark HillLondon SE5 9RYUK

AIm: The present study evaluates the performance of the POSSUm, the American Society of Anesthetists (ASA), APACHE and Childs classification in predicting mortality and morbidity in hepatopancreaticobiliary (HPB) surgery. We describe especially the limitations and advantages of risk in stratifying the patients. mETHODS: We investigated 177 randomly chosen patients undergoing elective complex HPB surgery in a single institution with a total of 71 pre-operative and intra-operative risk factors. Primary endpoint was in-hospital mortality and morbidity. Ordered logistic regression analysis was used to identify individual predictors of operative morbidity and mortality. RESULTS: The operative mortality in the series was 3.95%. This compared well with the p-POSSUm and APACHE predicted mortality of 4.31% and 4.29% respectively. Postoperative complications amounted to 45% with 24 (13.6%) patients having a major adverse event. On multrvariate analysis the pre-operative POSSUm physiological score (OR = 1.18, P = 0.009) was superior in predicting complications compared to the ASA (P= 0.108), APACHE (P= 0.117) or Childs classification (P= 0.136). In addition, serum sodium, creatinine, international normalized ratio (INR), pulse rate, and intra-operative blood loss were independent risk factors. A combination of the POSSUm variables and INR offered the optimal combination of risk factors for risk prognostication in HPB surgery. CONCLUSION: morbidity for elective HPB surgery can be accurately predicted and applied in everyday surgical practice as an adjunct in the process of informed consent and for effective allocation of resources for intensive and high-dependency care facilities.

关键词： Hepatobiliarypancreatic surgery Risk adjustment Operative mortality Operative morbidity Regression models

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Auxin EvoDevo: Conservation and Diversification of Genes Regulating Auxin Biosynthesis, Transport, and Signaling

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molecular Plant 2019年第3期12卷 298-320页

作者： michaela Sylvia matthes Norman Bradley Best Janlo m.Robil simon malcomber Andrea Gallavotti Paula mcSteen Division of Biological Sciences Interdisciplinary Plant Group and Missouri Maize CenterUniversity of Missouri-Columbia301 Christopher Bond Life Sciences CenterColumbiaMO 65211USA Department of Biological Sciences California State UniversityLongBeachCA 90840USA Waksman Institute of microbiology Rutgers UniversityPiscatawayNJ 08854-8020USA Department of Plant Biology Rutgers UniversityNew BrunswickNJ 08901USA Present address:National Science Foundation 2415 Eisenhower AvenueAlexandriaVA 22314USA

The phytohormone auxin has been shown to be of pivotal importance in growth and development of land *** underlying molecular players involved in auxin biosynthesis, transport, and signaling are quite well understood in ***, functional characterizations of auxin-related genes in economically important crops, specifically maize and rice, are still *** this article, we comprehensively review recent functional studies on auxirelated genes in both maize and rice, compared with what is known in Arabidopsis, and highlight conservation and diversification of their functions. Our analysis is illustrated by phylogenetic analysis and publicly available gene expression data for each gene family, which will aid in the identification of auxin-related genes for future *** challenges and future directions for auxin research in maize and rice are *** in gene editing techniques provide powerful tools for overcoming the issue of redundancy in these gene families and will undoubtedly advance auxin research in crops.

关键词： auxin maize Arabidopsis rice

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Evidence for the involvement of NOD2 in regulating colonic epithelial cell growth and survival

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2008年第38期14卷 5834-5841页

作者： Sheena m Cruickshank Louise Wakenshaw John Cardone Peter D Howdle Peter J murray simon R Carding molecular and Cellular Biology University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT United Kingdom Faculty of Life Sciences University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PT United Kingdom Institute of molecular and Cellular Biology University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT United Kingdom The Institute of Food Research Norwich Research Park Norwich NR4 7UA United Kingdom Institute of molecular and Cellular Biology University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT United Kingdom Section of medicine Surgery & Anaesthesia Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT United Kingdom Department of Infectious Diseases St. Jude Children's Research Hospital Memphis TN 38105 United States

AIm: To investigate the function of NOD2 in colonic epithelial cells (CEC). mETHODS: A combination of in vivo and in vitro analyses of epithelial cell turnover in the presence and absence of a functional NOD2 protein and, in response to enteric Salmonella typhimurium infection, were used. shRNA interference was also used to investigate the consequences of knocking down NOD2 gene expression on the growth and survival of colorectal carcinoma cell lines. RESULTS:In the colonic mucosa the highest levels of NOD2 expression were in proliferating crypt epithelial cells. muramyl dipeptide (mDP), that is recognized by NOD2, promoted CEC growth in vitro . By contrast,the growth of NOD2-deficient CECs was impaired. In vivo CEC proliferation was also reduced and apoptosis increased in Nod2-/- mice, which were also evident following enteric Salmonella infection. Furthermore, neutralization of NOD2 mRNA expression in human colonic carcinoma cells by shRNA interference resulted in decreased survival due to increased levels of apoptosis. CONCLUSION: These findings are consistent with the involvement of NOD2 protein in promoting CEC growth and survival. Defects in proliferation by CECs in cases of CD may contribute to the underlying pathology of disrupted intestinal homeostasis and excessive inflammation.

关键词： Colon Epithelial cells NOD2 Growth

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Natural regeneration in logging gaps of different sizes in Subri River Forest Reserve(Ghana)

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Journal of Forestry Research 2022年第4期33卷 1157-1174页

作者： maame Esi Hammond Radek Pokorný simon Abugre Augustine Gyedu Department of Silviculture Faculty of Forestry and Wood TechnologyMendel University in BrnoZemědělská361300 BrnoCzech Republic Department of Forest Science School of Natural ResourcesUniversity of Energy and Natural ResourcesP.O.Box 214SunyaniGhana Forest Services Division(FSD) P.M.BKumasiGhana

Subri River Forest Reserve(SR)is the most extensive forest area in Ghana with an accompanying rich floral *** the years,logging from both legally prescribed and illegal operations remain the predominant forest disturbance in *** creation following logging is crucial in determining tree species composition and ***,the study evaluated the composition and diversity of naturally regenerated tree species in logging gaps of different sizes and,again examined the roles of these tree species in fulfilling the economic and ecological agenda of sustainable forest management after logging in *** gaps were randomly selected:4 each were grouped into small size(≤200 m^(2)),medium size(201–300 m^(2)),and large size(≥300 m^(2)).Data were gathered from 1 m^(2) circular area at gap centres and repeatedly inside 1 m width strip along 20 m individual N-S-E-W *** diversity differed significantly between gap *** diversity indices were measured in large size *** sizes shared similar *** were significant differences among various height groupings of tree species across all three gap *** preferred medium to large size gaps,while shadetolerant tree species preferred small size gaps for their *** and Lower Risk Near Threatened tree species under Conservation Status and,Premium and Commercial tree species under Utilisation Status preferred small size gaps for their proliferation and ***,we recommend the single tree-based selective logging for ensuring creations of small to medium size(200–300 m^(2))gaps through adjustments to the logging permit process,revision of Allocation Quota Permit,strict adherence to the 40-year polycyclic selection system,along with more dedicated enforcement and *** along these protocols would tremendously facilitate natural regeneration of different suites of timber species resulting in the improvement of the overall biodiversity conservat

关键词： Conservation status Gap size Diversity Logging Natural regeneration Subri River Forest Reserve Tree species Utilisation status

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National/Global Synergy in the Development of Higher Education and Science in China since 1978

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Frontiers of Education in China 2018年第4期13卷 486-512页

作者： simon mARGINSON ESRC/OFSRE Centre for Global Higher Education Department of EducationUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX13JAUK

The paper reviews the rapid development of higher education and science in China in the last forty *** discusses the conditions and strategies of that development,including the ways that it embodies a distinctive Chinese approach to higher *** particular,the paper reflects on the policies whereby China coordinated with globalization in higher education and science after 1978,in building national capacity and global ***,nation-state policy goals and accelerated investment on their own are necessary but not sufficient(otherwise Saudi Arabia’s research universities would be stronger than they are).The effective national/global synergy developed by China,made possible by the international openness and part-devolution to science communities that was implemented in the Deng Xiaoping era,has been crucial in the rapid rise of China’s universities and *** national/global synergy-and its potentials,tensions and limits-in turn has determined the nature of the achievement and will shape its future evolution.

关键词： China higher education universities research science globalization devolution Deng Xiaoping

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