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Potentially dangerous glacial lakes across the Tibetan Plateau revealed using a large-scale automated assessment approach

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Science Bulletin 2019年第7期64卷 435-445页

作者： simon Keith Allen Guoqing Zhang Weicai Wang TANDong Yao Tobias Bolch Department of Geography University of Zurich Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environmental Changes and Land Surface Processes Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences School of Geography and Sustainable Development University of St Andrews

Glacial lake outburst floods(GLOFs) are a major concern in the Himalaya and on the Tibetan Plateau(TP),where several disasters occurring over the past century have caused significant loss of life and damage to infrastructure. This study responds directly to the needs of local authorities to provide guidance on the most dangerous glacial lakes across TP where local monitoring and other risk reduction strategies can subsequently be targeted. Specifically, the study aims to establish a first comprehensive prioritisation ranking of lake danger for TP, considering both the likelihood and possible magnitude of any outburst event(hazard), and the exposure of downstream communities. A composite inventory of 1,291 glacial lakes(>0.1 km^2) was derived from recent remote sensing studies, and a fully automated and object assessment scheme was implemented using customised GIS tools. Based on four core determinates of GLOF hazard(lake size, watershed area, topographic potential for ice/rock avalanching, and dam steepness), the scheme accurately distinguishes the high to very high hazard level of 19 out of 20 lakes that have previously generated GLOFs. Notably, 16% of all glacial lakes threaten human settlements, with a hotspot of GLOF danger identified in the central Himalayan counties of jilong, Nyalam, and Dingri, where the potential trans-boundary threat to communities located downstream in Nepal is also recognised. The results provide an important and object scientific basis for decision-making, and the methodological approach is ideally suited for replication across other mountainous regions where such first-order studies are lacking.

关键词： GLOF Hazard Exposure Danger Tibetan Plateau Himalaya

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California Simulation of Evapotranspiration of Applied Water and Agricultural Energy Use in California

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journal of Integrative Agriculture 2013年第8期12卷 1371-1388页

作者： Morteza N Orang Richard L Snyder Shu Geng Quinn j Hart Sara Sarreshteh Matthias Falk Dylan Beaudette Scott Hayes simon Eching California Department of Water Resources Department of Land Air and Water ResourcesUniversity of California School of Environment and Energy Shenzhen Graduate SchoolPeking University

The California Simulation of Evapotranspiration of Applied Water （CaI-SIMETAW） model is a new tool developed by the California Department of Water Resources and the University of California, Davis to perform daily soil water balance and determine crop evapotranspiration （ETo）, evapotranspiration of applied water （ETaw）, and applied water （AW） for use in California water resources planning. ETaw is a seasonal estimate of the water needed to irrigate a crop assuming 100% irrigation efficiency. The model accounts for soils, crop coefficients, rooting depths, seepage, etc. that influence crop water balance. It provides spatial soil and climate information and it uses historical crop and land-use category information to provide seasonal water balance estimates by combinations of detailed analysis unit and county （DAU/County） over Califomia. The result is a large data base of ETc and ETaw that will be used to update information in the new California Water Plan （CWP）. The application uses the daily climate data, i.e., maximum （Tx） and minimum （Tn） temperature and precipitation （Pcp）, which were derived from monthly USDA-NRCS PRISM data （PRISM Group 2011） and daily US National Climate Data Center （NCDC） climate station data to cover California on a 4 kmx4 km change grid spacing. The application uses daily weather data to determine reference evapotranspiration （ETo）, using the Hargreaves-Samani （HS） equation （Hargreaves and Samani 1982, 1985）. Because the HS equation is based on temperature only, ETo from the HS equation were compared with CIMIS ETo at the same locations using available CIMIS data to determine correction factors to estimate CIMIS ETo from the HS ETo to account for spatial climate differences. CaI-SIMETAW also employs near real-time reference evapotranspiration （ETo） information from Spatial CIMIS, which is a model that combines weather station data and remote sensing to provide a grid of ETo information. A second database containing the available soil water

关键词： soil water balance crop water requirements weather generator water resource planning crop coefficient energy use

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Regulation of Plant Vitamin Metabolism:Backbone of Biofortification for the Alleviation of Hidden Hunger

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Molecular Plant 2021年第3期14卷 40-60页

作者： Ling jiang simon Strobbe Dominique Van Der Straeten Chunyi Zhang Biotechnology Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing 100081P.R.China Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology Ghent UniversityK.L.Ledeganckstraat 359000 GhentBelgium These authors contributed equally to this work

Micronutrient deficiencies include shortages of vitamins and *** affect billions of people and are associated with long-range effects on health,learning ability,and huge economic *** of multiple micronutrients can play an important role in combating *** challenge,however,is to balance plant growth with nutrient requirements for ***,we summarize the major progress about vitamin biosynthesis and its response to the changing *** discuss the interactions among vitamins as well as possible strategies for vitamin ***,we propose to integrate new breeding technologies with metabolic pathway modification to facilitate the biofortification of crops,thereby alleviating the hidden hunger of target populations.

关键词： vitamins biosynthesis regulatory mechanisms biofortification hidden hunger

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Effect of H_(2)S content on relative permeability and capillary pressure characteristics of acid gas/brine/rock systems:A review

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journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2022年第6期14卷 2003-2033页

作者： Xiaoyan Zhang Qi Li Mathias simon Guodong Zheng Yongsheng Tan State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering Institute of Rock and Soil MechanicsChinese Academy of SciencesWuhan430071China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049China Department of Engineering Durham UniversityDurhamDH13LEUK Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources Chinese Academy of SciencesLanzhou730000China

Geological storage of acid gas has been identified as a promising approach to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide(CO_(2)),hydrogen sulfide(H_(2)S)and alleviate public concern resulting from the sour gas production.A good understanding of the relative permeability and capillary pressure characteristics is crucial to predict the process of acid gas injection and *** prediction of injection and redistribution of acid gas is important to determine storage capacity,formation pressure,plume extent,shape,and leakage ***,the existing experimental data and theoretical models were reviewed to gain a better understanding of the issue how the H_(2)S content affects gas density,gas viscosity,interfacial tension,wettability,relative permeability and capillary pressure characteristics of acid gas/brine/rock *** densities and viscosities of the acid gas with different H_(2)S mole fractions are both temperature-and pressure-dependent,which vary among the gas,liquid and supercritical ***/acid gas interfacial tension decreases strongly with increasing H_(2)S *** mica and clean quartz,water contact angle increases with increasing H_(2)S mole *** particular,wettability reversal of mica to a H_(2)S-wet behavior occurs in the presence of dense H_(2)*** capillary pressure increases with decreasing contact *** a given saturation,the relative permeability of a fluid is higher when the fluid is *** capillary pressure decreases with decreasing interfacial tension at a given ***,the existing datasets do not show a consistent link between capillary number and relative *** capillary pressure decreases with increasing H_(2)S mole ***,there is no consensus on the effect of the H_(2)S content on the relative permeability *** may be due to the limited availability of the relative permeability and capillary pressure data for acid gas/brine/rock systems;thus,more experimental measure

关键词： Acid gas geological sequestration Relative permeability Capillary pressure H_(2)S content Wettability Interfacial tension

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Proterozoic to Phanerozoic case studies of laser ablation microanalysis for microbial carbonate U–Pb geochronology

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Geoscience Frontiers 2024年第2期15卷 30-40页

作者： Yuxiang jiang simon V.Hohl Xiangtong Huang Shouye Yang State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology School of Ocean and Earth SciencesTongji UniversityShanghai 200092China

Some of the earliest bio-sedimentary records of life on Earth are represented by microbial carbonates,which are also critical geochemical archives of ancient seawater chemistry and the environmental circumstances in which they *** paleo-microbial environments on Earth and potentially other planets requires precise determination of the depositional ages of these ***(abiogenic)carbonate geochemistry communities can now use developments in in-situ laser ablation U-Pb dating using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(LA-ICP-MS).Due to the effects of impurity mixing and diagenesis,microbial carbonates have received little geochronological study despite their broad relevance for understanding ancient seawater’s environmental conditions and geochemical *** study demonstrates using time-of-flight mass spectrometry(TOF-MS)to perform quick,quantitative elemental mapping before U-Pb spot dating to improve experiment success rates and data reliability and offers four practical application examples.

关键词： Stromatolite Microbial carbonate Carbonate geochronology In-situ LA-ICP-MS ICP-Time Of Flight-MS Trace element mapping

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Modified shear cell for characterization of the rheological behavior of particulate networks under compression

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Particuology 2020年第4期18卷 1-9页

作者： simon Hammerich Anthony D.Stickland Benjamin Radel Marco Gleiss Hermann Nirschl Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics Karlsruhe Institute for Technology(KIT)Strasse am Forum 876131 KarlsruheGermany Particulate Fluids Processing Centre Department of Chemical EngineeringThe University of Melbourne3010Australia

Knowledge of the rheological behavior of saturated particulate networks is crucial for every process in which a particulate network is built-up,dewatered,or transported,as in a decanter ***,difficulties arise as to how to characterize the material *** far,no standardized method or measurement device has *** this work,the requirements for a useful device are discussed,followed by the design of a modified shear cell for a Schulze ring shear tester *** and its measurement *** experiments under normal load with different sediments consisting of inorganic and organic particles whose material properties strongly affect the rheological behavior were *** results demonstrate the potential of the modified shear ***,current challenges in characterization are *** characterization possibilities of the developed shear cell are a further step toward understanding the theological behavior of liquid-saturated particulate networks.

关键词： Sediment rheology Saturated particulate network Shear cell Shear compression Rheological behavior

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East African topography and volcanism explained by a single,migrating plume

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Geoscience Frontiers 2020年第5期11卷 1669-1680页

作者： Rakib Hassan simon E.Williams Michael Gurnis Dietmar Muller School of Geosciences Room 412Madsen Building F09 Eastern AvenueThe University of SydneyNSW2006Australia Seismological Laboratory California Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCA91125USA Now at Geoscience Australia GPO Box 378CanberraACT2601Australia State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics Department of GeologyNorthwest UniversityXi’an 710069China

Anomalous topographic swells and Cenozoic volcanism in east Africa have been associated with mantle *** models involving one or more fixed plumes beneath the northeastward migrating African plate have been suggested to explain the space-time distribution of magmatism in east *** devise paleogeographically constrained global models of mantle convection and,based on the evolution of flow in the deepest lower mantle,show that the Afar plume migrated southward throughout its *** models suggest that the mobile Afar plume provides a dynamically consistent explanation for the spatial extent of the southward propagation of the east African rift system(EARS),which is difficult to explain by the northeastward migration of Africa over one or more fixed plumes alone,over the last≈45 *** further show that the age-progression of volcanism associated with the southward propagation of EARS is consistent with the apparent surface hotspot motion that results from southward motion of the modelled Afar plume beneath the northeastward migrating African *** models suggest that the Afar plume became weaker as it migrated southwards,consistent with trends observed in the geochemical record.

关键词： Numerical mantle flow models Deep mantle flow LLSVP morphology Plume dynamics Plume motion Dynamic topography

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Selected gas response measurements using reduced graphene oxide decorated with nickel nanoparticles

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Nano Materials Science 2021年第4期3卷 412-419页

作者： Ilka simon Yulyan Haiduk Rolf Mtilhaupt Vladimir Pankov Christoph janiak Institut für Anoganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf 40204DüsseldorfGermany Chemical Faculty Belarusian State UniversityLenningradskaya Str.14220050 MinskBelarus Freiburg Materials Research Center and Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry Albert-Ludwigs-UniversityFreiburg79104FreiburgGermany

The work reports the synthesis of nickel nanoparticles supported on thermally reduced graphene oxides(rGO)in the ionic liquid[BMIm][NTf_(2)]through microwave decomposition ***@rGO with the polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate)(PEDOT:PSS)as binder was positively tested for its response towards the oxidizing gas nitrogen dioxide(10 ppm in air),the reducing gas carbon monoxide(3000 ppm in N_(2))and the volatile organic compound(VOC)acetone(35,000 ppm in air).The results from different gases were compared at different temperatures with the best results for NO_(2) at 200℃.Additionally,it is shown for NO_(2) gas that the Ni@rGO-PEDOT:PSS polymer composite gives better results than the rGO-PEDOT:PSS polymer *** the heat treatment the oxidation state of pure nickel nanoparticles were confirmed by powder diffraction.

关键词： Nickel nanoparticles Reduced graphene oxide Gas sensing Nanocomposite

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Detecting subtle yet fast skeletal muscle contractions with ultrasoft and durable graphene-based cellular materials

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National Science Review 2022年第4期9卷 105-115页

作者： Zijun He Zheng Qi Huichao Liu Kangyan Wang Leslie Roberts jefferson Z.Liu Yilun Liu Stephen j.Wang Mark j.Cook George P.simon Ling Qiu Dan Li Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Melbourne Department of Materials Science and Engineering Monash University Department of Chemical Engineering Monash University State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures School of Aerospace EngineeringXi'an Jiaotong University Neurophysiology Department Department of Neurology and Neurological ResearchSt Vincent's Hospital Department of Medicine St.Vincent's HospitalUniversity of Melbourne Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Melbourne Department of Design Monash University School of Design The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen InstituteTsinghua University

Human bodily movements are primarily controlled by the contractions of skeletal muscles. Unlike joint or skeletal movements that are generally performed in the large displacement range, the contractions of the skeletal muscles that underpin these movements are subtle in intensity yet high in frequency. This subtlety of movement makes it a formidable challenge to develop wearable and durable so?t materials to electrically monitor such motions with high fidelity for the purpose of, for example, muscle/neuromuscular disease diagnosis. Here we report that an intrinsically fragile ultralow-density graphene-based cellular monolith sandwiched between silicone rubbers can exhibit a highly effective stress and strain transfer mechanism at its interface with the rubber, with a remarkable improvement in stretchability(>100%). In particular, this hybrid also exhibits a highly sensitive, broadband-frequency electrical response(up to 180 Hz) for a wide range of strains. By correlating the mechanical signal of muscle movements obtained from this hybrid material with electromyography, we demonstrate that the strain sensor based on this hybrid material may provide a new, so?t and wearable mechanomyography approach for real-time monitoring of complex neuromuscular–skeletal interactions in a broad range of healthcare and human–machine interface applications. This work also provides a new architecture-enabled functional so?t material platform for wearable electronics.

关键词： cellular graphene strain sensors high-frequency electromechanical property surface mechanomyography skeletal muscle activity

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Iron in the NEEM ice core relative to Asian loess records over the last glacial–interglacial cycle

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National Science Review 2021年第7期8卷 110-123页

作者： Cunde Xiao Zhiheng Du Mike j Handley Paul A Mayewski junji Cao simon Schupbach Tong Zhang jean-Robert Petit Chuanjin Li Yeongcheol Han Yuefang Li jiawen Ren State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology Beijing Normal University State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources Chinese Academy of Sciences Climate Change Institute School of Earth and Climate Sciences University of Maine Key Laboratory of Aerosol Science and Technology SKLLQG Institute of Earth Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences Climate and Environmental Physics Physics Institute University of Bern 6. Institute of Tibetan Plateau and Polar Meteorology Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences 7. Institut des Geosciences de I'Environment (IGE) University Grenoble Alpes 8. Korea Polar Research Institute

Mineral dust can indirectly affect the climate by supplying bioavailable iron(Fe) to the ocean. Here, we present the records of dissolved Fe(DFe) and total Fe(TDFe) in North Greenland Eemian Ice Drilling(NEEM) ice core over the past 110 kyr BP. The Fe records are significantly negatively correlated with the carbon-dioxide(CO2) concentrations during cold periods. The results suggest that the changes in Fe fluxes over the past 110 kyr BP in the NEEM ice core are consistent with those in Chinese loess records because the mineral-dust distribution is controlled by the East Asian deserts. Furthermore, the variations in the dust input on a global scale are most likely driven by changes in solar radiation during the last glacial–interglacial cycle in response to Earth’s orbital cycles. In the last glacial–interglacial cycle, the DFe/TDFe ratios were higher during the warm periods(following the post-Industrial Revolution and during the Holocene and last interglacial period) than during the main cold period(i.e. the last glacial maximum(LGM)), indicating that the aeolian input of iron and the iron fertilization effect on the oceans have a non-linear relationship during different periods. Although the burning of biomass aerosols has released large amounts of DFe since the Industrial Revolution, no significant responses are observed in the DFe and TDFe variations during this period, indicating that severe anthropogenic contamination has no significant effect on the DFe(TDFe)release in the NEEM ice core.

关键词： Greenland NEEM ice core iron fertilization carbon dioxide Chinese loess glacial–interglacial cycle

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