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Evaluation of Nitrate Reductase Assay for Rapid Detection of Drug Resistant Tuberculosis

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Open Journal of Medical Microbiology 2012年第4期2卷 138-141页

作者： Ranjit kumar Sah Dwij Raj Bhatta Gokarna Raj ghimire Jeevan Bahadur Sherchand Central Department of Microbiology Tribhuvan University Kathmandu Nepal Institute of Medicine Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital Kathmandu Nepal National Tuberculosis Center Bhaktapur Nepal

Emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) urgently demands for simple, rapid and inexpensive methods of its detection for the effective treatment of drug resistant tuberculosis, particularly in low-income countries. A total of 113 clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis were tested for four first line antitubercular drugs by nitrate reductase assay (NRA) and were compared with standard proportion method to evaluate NRA efficacy. Results were available in 7 - 14 days by NRA as compared to proportion method which generally takes 4 - 6 weeks. The sensitivity and specificity of NRA were 98.1% and 100% for isoniazid, 95.1% and 98.6% for rifampicin, 91.4% and 94.9% for streptomycin, and 78.6% and 97.9% for ethambutol, respectively. Agreement between NRA and proportion method were 99.1%, 97.3%, 93.8%, 95.6% for isoniazid, rifampicin, streptomycin and ethambutol, respectively. NRA is easier, inexpensive and reliable method for susceptibility testing of Mycobacterum tuberculosis for isoniazid and rifampicin, the two most im- portant drugs for the treatment of tuberculosis. The reduction in susceptibility testing time, and higher sensitivity and specificity of NRA method is of fundamental importance in detecting MDR-TB.

关键词： Drug Susceptibility MDR-TB NRA Proportion Method

Hematological, antioxidant and protective performance of Usnea longissima on chemical induced hepatotoxicity in experimental animals

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Journal of Coastal Life Medicine 2017年第5期5卷 224-232页

作者： Pritt Verma shravan kumar Paswan Abhisek Raj Virendra Nath Ramesh kumar Gupta Shikhar Verma Sajal Srivastava ChandanaVenketshwara Rao Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology Division CSIR-National Botanical Research InstituteLucknowIndia Amity Institute of Pharmacy Amity UniversityLucknowIndia Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Central University of RajasthanRajasthanIndia Sherwood College of Pharmacy Barabanki-225001India

Objective: To investigated the hematological, antioxidant and protective performance of Usnea longissima (U. longissima) on CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in experimental animals. Methods: Hepatotoxicity was induced by CCl4 (1 mL/kg body weigt 1:1 CCl4 i.p.), ethanolic U. longissima extracts at a doses (200 and 400 mg/kg body weigt) were administered to and compared with Silymarin (25 mg/kg body weigt) and hematological, antioxidant and enzymatic, non-enzymatic parameters were assessed through the liver functions test. All the observation was also supplemented with histopathological examination of liver sections. Results: Phytochemical investigation showed that ethanolic extract contains poly phenolic compounds tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids and saponins and acute toxicity study shows that ethanolic extract was safe up to 2000 mg/kg body weight. The toxicant induced a rise in the plasma enzyme levels of ALT, AST, ALP and total bilirubin level. This increased level was significantly decreased by the extract at 400 mg/kg body weight than 200 mg/kg body weight. The animals were prevented (partly or fully) which was showed in the histopathological changes using ethonolic U. longissima extract. Conclusions: The outcome of this study reveals that, there is a powerful antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of U. longissima. It is believed that the present constituents are responsible for courting the hepatic disease and alternative components have the power to act as free radical scavenging properties.

关键词： Usnea longissima Carbon tetra chloride (CCl4) Hematological Antioxidant Histopathological

Environmentally Benign Adsorption Materials for Removing Arsenic from Aquatic Environment

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Advances in Materials Physics and Chemistry 2018年第1期8卷 51-70页

作者： Katsutoshi Inoue Hiroyuki Harada Kedar Nath ghimire Biplob kumar Biswas Hidetaka Kawakita Keisuke Ohto Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Science & Engineering Saga University Saga Japan Department of Environmental Science Prefectural University of Hiroshima Shobara Japan Central Department of Chemistry Tribhuvan University Kathmandu Nepal Department of Chemical Engineering Jessore University of Science and Technology Jessore Bangladesh

Adsorptive removal of arsenic using adsorption gels prepared from orange and apple juice residues was reviewed by summarizing the authors’ previous papers. Orange and apple juice residues contain a large amount of pectin, partly methyl-esterified pectic acid, which exhibits high affinity for high-valent metal ions such as iron(III), rare earths(III) and zirconium(IV). Anionic species of arsenic(III, V) are effectively and selectively adsorbed on pectic acid gel via loading these high-valent metal ions. Raw orange juice residue was saponified using calcium hydroxide to improve the loading capacity for these metal ions. It was found that zirconium(IV) exhibits the most suitable adsorption behaviors for arsenic(III, V). Similar result was obtained also for apple juice residue. An actual sample of acid mine drainage from the Horobetsu mine which contained a high concentration of iron and low concentration of arsenic, was tested using the adsorption gel prepared from orange juice residue and the results were compared with those from the current treatment process based on coprecipitation with iron hydroxide. The new process using the above- mentioned adsorption gel was proposed for treatment of such acid mine drainage.

关键词： Adsorbents Arsenic Orange Wastes Removal Aquatic Environment

Undergraduate nursing students' knowledge of aging, attitudes toward and perceptions of working with older adults in Kathmandu Nepal

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International Journal of Nursing Sciences 2019年第2期6卷 204-210页

作者： Saruna ghimire Nitisha Shrestha Karen E.Callahan Dhirendra Nath Binaya kumar Baral Nirmala Lekhak Devendra Raj Singh Agrata Health and Education(AHEAD)-Nepal KathmanduNepal School of Public Health University of NevadaLas VegasUSA Asian College for Advanced Studies Purbanchal UniversityLalitpurNepal Southeast Asia Development Actions Network(SADAN) LalitpurNepal Department of Biochemistry Nepal Medical College and Teaching HospitalKathmanduNepal School of Nursing University of NevadaLas VegasUSA

Objectives: This study aims to examine Nepalese undergraduate nursing students' knowledge of aging,attitudes towards older adults and perceptions of working with older adults,and to assess differences in these outcomes by socio-demographic characteristics as well as type of nursing ***: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 385 undergraduate nursing students in six nursing colleges located in the Kathmandu Valley,Knowledge of aging,attitudes toward older adults and perceptions of working with older adults were assessed using standardized tools,the Palmore Facts on Aging Quiz,Kogan's Attitudes towards Older People Scale,and Nolan's Intent to Work with Older People Questionnaire,***: The mean knowledge scores on older adults and aging were relatively low;participants scored an average of 26.9 out of *** assessing attitudes towards and perceptions of working with older adults were more *** to students pursuing a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN),students pursuing a Bachelor of Nursing (BN) had a significantly higher score on the knowledge,attitudes and perception of aging *** regression analyses showed that the students' knowledge of aging (β =0.55;95% CI =0.25-0.86) and perceptions of working with older adults (β =0.22;95% Cl =0.05 -0.38) had a significant positive association with their attitudes toward older ***: Undergraduate nursing students in the Kathmandu Valley of Nepal displayed a relatively low level of knowledge,but a positive attitude towards older adults,and a positive perception of working with older *** differences in knowledge,attitude,and perception scores between students in BSN and BN programs needs further investigation;closing this gap may be important for bolstering undergraduate gerontological preparation in Nepal.

关键词： Aged Attitudes Knowledge Perceptions Students Nursing Nepal

Spectrally Efficient Multi-Carrier Modulation Using Gabor Transform

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Wireless Engineering and Technology 2013年第2期4卷 112-116页

作者： shravan Sriram Naveenkumar Vijayakumar P. Aditya kumar Akash S. Shetty V. P. Prasshanth K. A. Narayanankutty Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Amrita School of Engineering Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University Coimbatore India

Non Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (NOFDM) systems make use of a transmission signal set which is not restricted to orthonormal bases unlike previous OFDM systems. The usage of non-orthogonal bases generally results in a trade-off between Bit Error Rate (BER) and receiver complexity. This paper studies the use of Gabor based on designing a Spectrally Efficient Multi-Carrier Modulation Scheme. Using Gabor Transform with a specific Gaussian envelope;we derive the expected BER-SNR performance. The spectral usage of such a NOFDM system when affected by a channel that imparts Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) is estimated. We compare the obtained results with an OFDM system and observe that with comparable BER performance, this system gives a better spectral usage. The effect of window length on spectral usage is also analyzed.

关键词： Non-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (NOFDM) Spectrally Efficient Frequency Division Multiplexing (SEFDM) Gabor Transform OFDM Reisz Bases Multi Carrier Modulation (MCM)