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emergence of the Wallerian degeneration pathway as a mechanism of secondary brain injury

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Neural Regeneration Research 2021年第5期16卷 980-981页

作者： Ciaran scott Hill Andrea Loreto National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery University College London HospitalsUCL Cancer InstituteUniversity College LondonLondonUK Jon Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair University of CambridgeCambridgeUK

Augustus Volney Wal ler was a renowned British neurophysiologist who birthed the axon degeneration field in 1850 by describing curdling and fragmentation of the glossopharyngeal and hypoglossal cranial nerves of a frog following a transection *** degeneration of axons after a transection injury is now known as Wallerian degeneration(WD).Waller’s work was expanded by Santiago Ramón y Cajal who described in detail the morphological stages of WD from monitory fragmentation of the axon and the granular disintegration of the neurofibrils to the final resorption of the axon.

关键词： degeneration nerves Wallerian

CD8+T cell metabolic flexibility elicited by CD28-ARS2 axisdriven alternative splicing of PKM supports antitumor immunity

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Cellular & Molecular Immunology 2024年第3期21卷 260-274页

作者： G.Aaron Holling Colin A.Chavel Anand P.Sharda Mackenzie M.Lieberman Caitlin M.James Shivana M.Lightman Jason H.Tong Guanxi Qiao Tiffany R.emmons Thejaswini Giridharan Shengqi Hou Andrew M.Intlekofer Richard M.Higashi Teresa W.M.Fan Andrew N.Lane Kevin H.eng Brahm H.Segal elizabeth A.Repasky Kelvin P.Lee scott H.Olejniczak Department of Immunology Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer CenterBuffaloNY 14263USA Department of Medicine Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer CenterBuffaloNY 14263USA Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkNY 10065USA Center for environmental Systems Biochemistry Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology and Markey Cancer CenterLexingtonKY 40536USA Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer CenterBuffaloNY 14263USA Present address:University of Colorado Boulder BoulderCO 80309USA Present address:Dana Farber Cancer Institute BostonMA 02215USA Present address:Massachusetts Institute of Technology BostonMA 02139USA Present address:Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN 46202USA

Metabolic flexibility has emerged as a critical determinant of CD8+T-cell antitumor activity,yet the mechanisms driving the metabolic flexibility of T cells have not been *** this study,we investigated the influence of the nuclear cap-binding complex(CBC)adaptor protein ARS2 on mature T *** doing so,we discovered a novel signaling axis that endows activated CD8+T cells with flexibility of glucose ***2 upregulation driven by CD28 signaling reinforced splicing factor recruitment to pre-mRNAs and affected approximately one-third of T-cell activation-induced alternative splicing *** these effects,the CD28-ARS2 axis suppressed the expression of the M1 isoform of pyruvate kinase in favor of PKM2,a key determinant of CD8+T-cell glucose utilization,interferon gamma production,and antitumor effector ***,PKM alternative splicing occurred independently of CD28-driven PI3K pathway activation,revealing a novel means by which costimulation reprograms glucose metabolism in CD8+T cells.

关键词： Immunometabolism mRNA splicing CD8 T cells ARS2 PKM2

Interactive effects of elevated CO_2 and Ozone on Leaf Thermotolerance in Field-grown Glycine max

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2008年第11期50卷 1396-1405页

作者： Sasmita Mishra scott A. Heckathorn Deepak Barua Dan Wang Puneet Joshi e. William Hamilton III Jonathan Frantz Department of environmental Sciences University of Toledo Toledo Ohio USA Department of Biology Washington and Lee University Lexington Virginia USA United States Department of Agricuffure-Agricultural Research Service University of Toledo Toledo Ohio 43606 USA

Humans are increasing atmospheric CO2, ground-level ozone （O3）, and mean and acute high temperatures. Laboratory studies show that elevated CO2 can increase thermotolerance of photosynthesis in C3 plants. O3-related oxidative stress may offset benefits of elevated CO2 during heat-waves. We determined effects of elevated CO2 and O3 on leaf thermotolerance of field-grown Glycine max （soybean, C3）. Photosynthetic electron transport （Фet） was measured in attached leaves heated in situ and detached leaves heated under ambient CO2 and O3. Heating decreased Фet, which O3 exacerbated. elevated CO2 prevented O3-related decreases during heating, but only increased Фet under ambient O3 in the field. Heating decreased chlorophyll and carotenoids, especially under elevated CO2. Neither CO2 nor O3 affected heat-shock proteins. Heating increased catalase （except in high O3） and Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase （SOD）, but not Mn- SOD; CO2 and O3 decreased catalase but neither SOD. Soluble carbohydrates were unaffected by heating, but increased in elevated CO2. Thus, protection of photosynthesis during heat stress by elevated CO2 occurs in field-grown soybean under ambient O3, as in the lab, and high CO2 limits heat damage under elevated O3, but this protection is likely from decreased photorespiration and stomatal conductance rather than production of heat-stress adaptations.

关键词： anti-oxidants global change heat-shock proteins photosynthesis.

The use of near infrared transmittance kernel sorting technology to salvage high quality grain from grain downgraded due to Fusarium damage

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Animal Nutrition 2015年第1期1卷 41-46页

作者： Michael e.Kautzman Mark L.Wickstrom Tom A.scott Toxicology Centre University of Saskatchewan Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Saskatchewan Department of Animal and Poultry Science College of AgricultureUniversity of Saskatchewan

The mycotoxins associated with specific Fusarium fungal infections of grains are a threat to global food and feed security. These fungal infestations are referred to as Fusarium Head Blight(FHB) and lead to Fusarium Damaged Kernels(FDK). Incidence of FDK >0.25% will lower the grade, with a tolerance of 5%FDK for export feed grain. During infestation, the fungi can produce a variety of mycotoxins, the most common being deoxynivalenol(DON). Fusarium Damaged Kernels have been associated with reduced crude protein(CP), lowering nutritional, functional and grade value. New technology has been developed using Near Infrared Transmittance(NIT) spectra that estimate CP of individual kernels of wheat, barley and durum. Our objective is to evaluate the technology's capability to reduce FDK and DON of downgraded wheat and ability to salvage high quality safe kernels. In five FDK downgraded sources of wheat,the lowest 20% CP kernels had significantly increased FDK and DON with the high CP fractions having decreased FDK and DON, thousand kernel weights(TKW) and bushel weight(Bu). Strong positive correlations were observed between FDK and DON(r = 0.90); FDK and grade(r = 0.62) and DON and grade(r = 0.62). Negative correlations were observed between FDK and DON with CP(r =-0.27 and-0.32);TKW(r =-0.45 and-0.54) and Bu(r =-0.79 and-0.74). Results show improved quality and value of Fusarium downgraded grain using this technology.

关键词： Fusarium Deoxynivalenol Near infrared Crude protein Mycotoxin

Future of ecocriticism:Strategic-openness and Sustainability—An Interview with scott Slovic

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Comparative Literature:east & West 2010年第2期 105-116页

作者： SLOVIC scott The University of Nevada Reno

斯科特·斯洛维克现为美国内华达大学(里诺)英语系文学与环境教授,美国生态批评运动的主要倡导者之一。他创立了生态批评领域规模最大、最具影响力的学术组织——文学与环境研究会(As Sociation for theStudy of Li terature and enviro... 详细信息

斯科特·斯洛维克现为美国内华达大学(里诺)英语系文学与环境教授,美国生态批评运动的主要倡导者之一。他创立了生态批评领域规模最大、最具影响力的学术组织——文学与环境研究会(As Sociation for theStudy of Li terature and environment/ASLe)并长期担任会长。该研究会拥有一千多名会员。他积极帮助英国、德国、加拿大、印度、日本、韩国、澳大利亚及新西兰等十多个国家的学者建立了环境研究会分会,主编生态批评的权威期刊《文学与环境的跨文化研究》(Interdisciplinary Studies inLiterature and environment,简称ISLe),编辑环境文学教材、文集近20种,代表作包括《探寻美国自然写作中的觉醒意识》、《走出去思考》等多部专著,发表论文1 50余篇。2010年5月到山东大学讲学,期间应邀到包括四川师范大学在内的几所大学访学并做系列讲座。本篇访谈是斯洛维克成都讲座基础上的一个拓展,主要集中讨论了生态批评的一些热点问题和生态批评的未来发展。斯洛维克认为,生态批评的策略开放和可持续发展是生态批评的活力和未来发展趋势。

关键词：生态批评环境研究文学教材山东大学编辑环境跨文化研究美国内华达学术组织澳大利亚自然写作

Spatially biased dispersal of acorns by a scatter-hoarding corvid may accelerate passive restoration of oak habitat on California＇s largest island

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Current Zoology 2017年第4期63卷 363-367页

作者： Mario B. PeSeNDORFeR T. scott SILLeTT scott A. MORRISON School of Biological Sciences University of Nebraska - Lincoln 348 Manter Hall Lincoln NE 68588-0118 USA Migratory Bird Center Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute National Zoological Park MRC 5503 Washington D.C. 20013-7012 USA Cornell Lab of Ornithology 159 Sapsucker Woods Rd Ithaca NY 14850 USA The Nature Conservancy 4th Floor 201 Mission Street San Francisco CA 94105 USA

Scatter hoarding by corvids （crows, jays, magpies, and nutcrackers） provides seed dispersal for many large-seeded plants, including oaks and pines. When hoarding seeds, corvids often choose nonrandom locations throughout the landscape, resulting in differential survival of seeds. In the context of habitat restoration, such disproportional storing of seeds in areas suitable for germin- ation and establishment can accelerate expansion and recovery of large-seeded tree populations and their associated ecosystems. Here, we investigate the spatial preferences of island scrub jays Aphelocoma insularis during scatter hoarding of acorns （Quercus spp.） on Santa Cruz Island. We use a large behavioral data set on the birds＇ behavior in combination with seedling surveys and spatial analysis to determine whether 1） island scrub jays disproportionally cache seeds in specific habitat types, and 2） whether the preferred habitat type is suitable for oak regeneration. Our results show that the jays nonrandomly cache acorns across the landscape; they use chaparral and coastal sage scrub disproportionally while avoiding open and grassy areas. The areas used most often for caching were also the areas with the highest oak seedling densities. We discuss the potential role of these findings for the recovery of Santa Cruz Island＇s oak habitat since the 1980s.

关键词： Aphelocoma insularis directional dispersal habitat restoration Quercus spp. scatter hoarding seed dispersal.

Fitness and physiology of Adelges tsugae （Hemiptera： Adelgidae） in relation to the health of the eastern hemlock

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Insect Science 2016年第6期23卷 843-853页

作者： Anne C. Jones Donald e. Mullins Carlyle Brewster James P. Rhea scott M. Salom Department of entomology Pennsylvania State University PA 16801 Department of entomology Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA 24061 USDA Forest Service Asheville NC 28804-3454 USA

The hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand is an invasive insect that frequently causes hemlock （Tsuga spp.） mortality in the eastern United States. Studies have shown that once healthy hemlocks become infested by the adelgid, nutrients are depleted from the tree, leading to both tree decline and a reduction of the adelgid population. Since A. tsugae is dependent on hemlock for nutrients, feeding on trees in poor health may affect the ability of the insect to obtain necessary nutrients and may consequently affect their physiological and population health. Trees were categorized as lightly or moderately impacted by A. tsugae based on quantitative and qualitative tree health measurements. Population health ofA. tsugae on each tree was determined by measuring insect density and peak mean fecundity; A. tsugae physiological health was determined by measuring insect biomass, total carbon, carbohydrate, total nitrogen, and amino nitrogen levels. Adelges tsugae from moderately impacted trees exhibited significantly greater fecundity than from lightly impacted trees. However, A. tsugae from lightly impacted hemlocks contained significantly greater levels of carbohydrates, total nitrogen, and amino nitrogen. While the results of the physiological analysis generally support our hypothesis that A. tsugae on lightly impacted trees are healthier than those on moderately impacted trees, this was not reflected in the population health measurements. Adelges tsugae egg health in response to tree health should be verified. This study provides the first examination of A. tsugae physiological health in relation to standard A. tsugae population health measures on hemlocks of different health levels.

关键词： Adelges tsugae carbohydrates fecundity nitrogen tree health Tsuga canadensis

Regulation of Power Conversion in Fuel Cells

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Chemical Research in Chinese Universities 2004年第4期20卷 466-469页

作者： ZHANG J. K. scott School of Chemical engineering & Advanced Materials University of Newcastle upon Tyne Newcastle upon TyneSchool of Chemical Engineering & Advanced Materials University of Newcastle upon Tyne Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK NE1 7RU UK

Here we report a regulation about power conversion in fuel cells. This regulation is expressed as that total power produced by fuel cells is always proportional to the square of the potential difference between the \{equilibrium\} potential and work potential. With this regulation we deduced fuel cell performance equation which can describe the potential *** current performance curves, namely, polarization curves of fuel cells with three power source parameters: equilibrium potential e_0; internal resistance R; and power conversion coefficient K. The concept of the power conversion coefficient is a new criterion to evaluate and compare the characteristics and capacity of different fuel cells. The calculated values obtained with this equation agree with practical performance of different types of fuel cells.

关键词： Fuel cell Power conversion coefficient Internal resistance Performance Potential

Moving beyond Wastewater:Perspectives on environmental Surveillance of Infectious Diseases for Public Health Action in Low-Resource Settings

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environment & Health 2024年第10期2卷 684-687页

作者： Jeseth Delgado Vela Sarah e.Philo Joe Brown Mami Taniuchi Molly Cantrell Alexandra Kossik Maya Ramaswamy Sitara SR Ajjampur Fatma Z.Guerfali Rochelle H.Holm John scott Meschke Maria Catherine B.Otero Amy J.Pickering Mahbubur Rahman Alexander G.Shaw Abhilasha Shrestha Kwanrawee Sirikanchana Vivi Maketa Tevuzula Rolf U.Halden Alexandria B.Boehm Kyle Bibby Department of Civil and environmental engineering Duke UniversityDurhamNorth Carolina 27710United States Department of Civil and environmental engineering and earth Sciences University of Notre DameSouth BendIndiana 46556United States Department of Civil and environmental engineering University of Southern California Los AngelesCA 90007USA Department of environmental Sciences and engineering University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth Carolina 27599United States Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginia 22903United States Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch U.S.Centers for Disease ControlAtlantaGeorgia 30329United States The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory Christian Medical CollegeVellore 632004India Laboratory of Transmission Control and Immunobiology of Infections(LTCII)Institut Pasteur de TunisTunis-Belvédère 1002Tunisia UniversitéTunis el Manar Tunis 1002Tunisia Christina Lee Brown envirome Institute School of MedicineUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKentucky 40202United States Department of environmental and Occupational Health Sciences School of Public HealthUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington 98195United States College of Medicine University of the Philippines ManilaManila 2801Philippines Department of Civil and environmental engineering University of CaliforniaBerkeleyBerkeleyCalifornia 94720United States Institute of epidemiology Disease Control and Research(IEDCR)Dhaka 1212Bangladesh Department of Infectious Disease epidemiology Imperial College LondonLondon SW72AZU.K. Division of environmental and Occupational Health Sciences University of Illinois Chicago School of Public HealthChicagoIllinois 60612United States Research Laboratory of Biotechnology Chulabhorn Research InstituteBangkok 10210Thailand Department of Tropical Medicine University of KinshasaKinshasa/DR 63090201Congo School of Sustainable engineering and the Built environment Arizona State UniversityTempe

Although testing wastewater for public health surveillance has recently received significant attention in the United States,researchers and public health professionals have long realized the tremendous promise of environmental surveillance(eS),defined as tracking pathogens of interest in fecally contaminated surface waters,soil,or fomites,in low-resource settings for public health action.1,2 The power of eS in lowresource settings is most clearly illustrated with the over 30 years of well-established and standardized polio *** part of the Global Polio eradication Initiative,the World Health Organization(WHO)has accredited 146 laboratories within the Global Polio Lab Network(GPLN).These facilities across 92 countries process over 8,000 wastewater or fecally contaminated surface water samples per year,in addition to over 220,000 stool samples annually.3 The data generated from the GPLN are closely linked to clear public health action related to targeted vaccination *** investment and adoption of eS for polio eradication efforts serves as a use-case for other targets of *** explore the current state of the field,the National Science Foundation-funded Research Coordination Network(RCN)on Wastewater Based epidemiology for SARS-CoV-2 and emerging Public Health Threats held a workshop in December 2023 to discuss the opportunities and challenges for eS in low-resource settings(Figure 1).Discussions during the workshop highlighted knowledge gaps,best-practices,target selection,academic/government/private partnerships and overall public health action and sustainability of these programs.

关键词： wastewater Wastewater annually