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The alternative of CubeSat-based advanced infrared and microwave sounders for high impact weather forecasting

Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters 2019年第2期12卷 80-90页

作者： LI Zhenglong LI j.n schmit timothy j. WANG Pei LIM Agnes LI j.nlong NAGLE Fredrick W. BAI Wenguang OTKIN j.son A. ATLAS Robert HOFFMAN Ross N. BOUKABARA Sid-Ahmed ZHU Tong BLACKWELL William j. PAGANO Thomas S. Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Center for Satellite Applications and Research National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Satellite Meteorological Center China Meteorological Administration Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory Ocean and Atmospheric Research/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies University of Miami Center for Satellite Applications and Research National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration College Park Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere Colorado State University Lincoln Laboratory Massachusetts Institute of Technology j.t Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology

The advanced infrared(IR) and microwave(MW) sounding systems have been providing atmospheric sounding information critical for nowcasting and improving weather forecasts through data assimilation in numerical weather prediction. In recent years, advanced IR and MW sounder systems are being proposed to be onboard CubeSats that are much more cost efficient than traditional satellite systems. An impact study using a regional Observing System Simulation Experiment on a local severe storm(LSS) was carried out to evaluate the alternative of using advanced MW and IR sounders for high-impact weather forecasting in mitigating the potential data gap of the Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder(ATMS) and the Cross-track Infrared Sounder(CrIS) on the Suomi-NPP(SNPP) or j.int Polar Satellite System(j.SS). It was found that either MicroMAS-2 or the CubeSat Infrared Atmospheric Sounder(CIRAS) on a single CubeSat was able to provide a positive impact on the LSS forecast, and more CubeSats with increased data coverage yielded larger positive ***-2 has the potential to mitigate the loss of ATMS, and CIRAS the loss of CrIS, on SNPP or j.SS, especially when multiple CubeSats are launched. There are several approximations and limitations to the present study, but these represent efficiencies appropriate to the principal goal of the study — gauging the relative values of these sensors.

关键词： OSSE Cubesat sounder high-impact weather

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The Impact of AIRS Atmospheric Temperature and Moisture Profiles on Hurricane Forecasts: Ike(2008) and Irene(2011)

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2015年第3期32卷 319-335页

作者： ZHENG j.ng j.n LI timothy j.schmit j.nlong LI Zhiquan LIU Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies University of Wisconsin-MadisonWisconsin 53706 USA National Satellite Meteorological Center China Meteorological Administration Advanced Satellite Products Branch Center for Satellite Applications and ResearchNESDIS/NOAA Madison WI 53706 USA National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder Colorado 80305 USA

Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder （AIRS） measurements are a valuable supplement to current observational data,especially over the oceans where conventional data are *** this study,two types of AIRS-retrieved temperature and moisture profiles,the AIRS Science Team product （SciSup） and the single field-of-view （SFOV） research product,were evaluated with European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts （ECMWF） analysis data over the Atlantic Ocean during Hurricane Ike （2008） and Hurricane Irene （2011）.The evaluation results showed that both types of AIRS profiles agreed well with the ECMWF analysis,especially between 200 hPa and 700 *** average standard deviation of both temperature profiles was approximately 1 K under 200 hPa,where the mean AIRS temperature profile from the AIRS SciSup retrievals was slightly colder than that from the AIRS SFOV *** mean SciSup moisture profile was slightly drier than that from the SFOV in the mid troposphere.A series of data assimilation and forecast experiments was then conducted with the Advanced Research version of the Weather Research and Forecasting （WRF） model and its three-dimensional variational （3DVAR） data assimilation system for hurricanes Ike and *** results showed an improvement in the hurricane track due to the assimilation of AIRS clear-sky temperature profiles in the hurricane *** terms of total precipitable water and rainfall forecasts,the hurricane moisture environment was found to be affected by the AIRS sounding ***,improving hurricane intensity forecasts through assimilating AIRS profiles remains a challenge for further study.

关键词： AIRS data assimilation temperature profile moisture profile hurricane forecast WRF 3DVAR

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Added-value of GEO-hyperspectral Infrared Radiances for Local Severe Storm Forecasts Using the Hybrid OSSE Method

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2021年第8期38卷 1315-1333页

作者： Pei WANG Zhenglong LI j.n LI timothy j.1} Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonWI53706USA Advanced Satellite Product Branch Center for Satellite Applications and ResearchNESDIS/NOAAMadisonWI53706USA

High spectral resolution(or hyperspectral)infrared(IR)sounders onboard low earth orbiting satellites provide high vertical resolution atmospheric information for numerical weather prediction(NWP)*** contrast,imagers on geostationary(GEO)satellites provide high temporal and spatial resolution which are important for monitoring the moisture associated with severe weather systems,such as rapidly developing local severe storms(LSS).A hyperspectral IR sounder onboard a geostationary satellite would provide four-dimensional atmospheric temperature,moisture,and wind profiles that have both high vertical resolution and high temporal/spatial *** this work,the added-value from a GEO-hyperspectral IR sounder is studied and discussed using a hybrid Observing System Simulation Experiment(OSSE)method.A hybrid OSSE is distinctively different from the traditional OSSE in that,(a)only future sensors are simulated from the nature run and(b)the forecasts can be evaluated using real *** avoids simulating the complicated observation characteristics of the current systems(but not the new proposed system)and allows the impact to be assessed against real *** Cross-track Infrared Sounder(CrIS)full spectral resolution(FSR)is assumed to be onboard a GEO for the impact studies,and the GEO CrIS radiances are simulated from the ECMWF Reanalysis v5(ERA5)with the hyperspectral IR all-sky radiative transfer model(HIRTM).The simulated GEO CrIS radiances are validated and the hybrid OSSE system is verified before the impact *** LSS cases from 2018 and 2019 are selected to evaluate the value-added impacts from the GEO CrIS-FSR *** impact studies show improved atmospheric temperature,moisture,and precipitation forecasts,along with some improvements in the wind *** added-value,consisting of an overall 5%Root Mean Square Error(RMSE)reduction,was found when a GEO CrIS-FSR is used in replacement of LEO ones indicat-ing the potential for a

关键词： GEO hyperspectral IR hybrid OSSE satellite data assimilation

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Ribozymes and the mechanisms that underlie RNA catalysis

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Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 2016年第2期10卷 178-185页

作者： timothy j. Wilson Yij.n Liu David M. j. Lilley Cancer Research UK Nucleic Acid Structure Research Group MSI/WTB Complex The University of Dundee Dundee DD1 5EH UK

Ribozymes are widespread, and catalyze some extremely important reactions in the cell. Mechanistically most fall into one of two classes, using either metal ions or general acid-base catalysis. The nucleolytic ribozymes fall into the latter class, mostly using nucleobases. A sub-set of these use a combination of guanine base plus adenine acid to catalyze the cleavage reaction. New ribozymes are still being discovered at regular intervals and we can speculate on the potential existence of ribozymes that catalyze chemistry beyond phosphoryl transfer reactions, perhaps using small-molecule coenzymes.

关键词： RNA catalysis RNA structure catalytic mechanism

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Making the link between ADF and 4D STEM:Resolution,transfer and coherence

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Chinese Physics B 2024年第11期33卷 26-33页

作者： Peter D.Nellist timothy j.Pennycook Department of Materials University of OxfordOxfordUK EMAT University of AntwerpGroenenborgerlaan 1712020 AntwerpBelgium

Steve Pennycook is a pioneer in the application of high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy(STEM)and in particular the use of annular dark-field(ADF)*** we show how a general framework for 4D STEM allows clear links to be made between ADF imaging and the emerging methods for reconstructing images from 4D STEM data *** show that both ADF imaging and ptychographical reconstruction can be thought of in terms of integrating over the overlap regions of diffracted discs in the detector *** approach allows the similarities in parts of their transfer functions to be understood,though we note that the transfer functions for ptychographic imaging cannot be used as a measure of information *** also show that conditions of partial spatial and temporal coherence affect ADF imaging and ptychography similarly,showing that achromatic interference can always contribute to the image in both cases,leading to a robustness to partial temporal coherence that has enabled high-resolution imaging.

关键词： image forming and processing phase retrieval electron microscopy scanning transmission electron microscope(STEM)

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Value-added Impact of Geostationary Hyperspectral Infrared Sounders on Local Severe Storm Forecasts——via a Quick Regional OSSE

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2018年第10期35卷 1217-1230页

作者： Zhenglong LI j.n LI Pei WANG Agnes LIM j.nlong LI timothy j.schmit Robert ATLAS Sid-Ahmed BOUKABARA Ross N.HOFFMAN Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Center for Satellite Applications and Research NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory OAR/NOAA Center for Satellite Applications and Research NOAA

Accurate atmospheric temperature and moisture information with high temporal/spatial resolutions are two of the key parameters needed in regional numerical weather prediction(NWP) models to reliably predict high-impact weather events such as local severe storms(LSSs). High spectral resolution or hyperspectral infrared(HIR) sounders from geostationary orbit(GEO) provide an unprecedented source of near time-continuous, three-dimensional information on the dynamic and thermodynamic atmospheric fields—an important benefit for nowcasting and NWP-based forecasting. In order to demonstrate the value of GEO HIR sounder radiances on LSS forecasts, a quick regional OSSE(Observing System Simulation Experiment)framework has been developed, including high-resolution nature run generation, synthetic observation simulation and validation, and impact study on LSS forecasts. Results show that, on top of the existing LEO(low earth orbit) sounders, a GEO HIR sounder may provide value-added impact [a reduction of 3.56% in normalized root-mean-square difference(RMSD)] on LSS forecasts due to large spatial coverage and high temporal resolution, even though the data are assimilated every 6 h with a thinning of 60 km. Additionally, more frequent assimilations and smaller thinning distances allow more observations to be assimilated, and may further increase the positive impact from a GEO HIR sounder. On the other hand, with denser and more frequent observations assimilated, it becomes more difficult to handle the spatial error correlation in observations and gravity waves due to the limitations of current assimilation and forecast systems(such as a static background error covariance). The peak reduction of 4.6% in normalized RMSD is found when observations are assimilated every 3 h with a thinning distance of 30 km.

关键词： OSSE hyperspectral sounder high-impact weather

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Continued development of azithromycin as a neuroprotective therapeutic for the treatment of spinal cord inj.ry and other neurological conditions

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Neural Regeneration Research 2021年第3期16卷 508-509页

作者： timothy j.Kopper j.hn C.Gensel Spinal Cord and Brain Inj.ry Research Center Department of PhysiologyUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA

Spinal cord inj.ry(SCI)induces a robust inflammatory response largely mediated by resident microglia and infiltrating macrophages across the blood-brain *** these cell populations are capable of promoting repair and regenerative responses,in the days and weeks after SCI they predominately adopt pro-inflammatory profiles known to inhibit recovery and potentiate secondary inj.ry pathways.

关键词： protective inj.ry therapeutic

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CD40 stimulation as a molecular adj.vant for cancer vaccines and other immunotherapies

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Cellular & Molecular Immunology 2022年第1期19卷 14-22页

作者： timothy N.j.Bullock Department of Pathology University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUSA

The substantial advances attained by checkpoint blockade immunotherapies have driven an expansion in the approaches used to promote T cell access to the tumor microenvironment to provide targets for checkpoint *** in any T cell response to a tumor antigen is the capacity of dendritic cells to initiate and support such ***,the rationale and early immunobiology of CD40 as a master regulator of dendritic cell activation is reviewed,with further contextualization and appreciation for the role of CD40 stimulation not only in cancer vaccines but also in other contemporary immune-oncology approaches.

关键词： CD40 vaccine CD40L T cell dendritic cell

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What are the evolutionary origins of stomatal responses to abscisic acid in land plants?

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j.urnal of Integrative Plant Biology 2017年第4期59卷 240-260页

作者： Frances C. Sussmilch timothy j. Brodribb Scott A. M. McAdam School of Biological Sciences University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia

The evolution of active stomatal closure in response to leaf water deficit, mediated by the hormone abscisic acid （ABA）, has been the subj.ct of recent debate. Two different models for the timing of the evolution of this response recur in the literature. A single-step model for stomatal control suggests that stomata evolved active, ABA- mediated control of stomatal aperture, when these structures first appeared, prior bryophyte and vascular plant gradualistic model for stomatal to the divergence of neages. In contrast, a control proposes that the most basal vascular plant stomata responded passively to changes in leaf water status. This model suggests that active ABA-driven mechanisms for stomatal responses to water status instead evolved after the divergence of seed plants, culminating in the complex, ABA-mediated responses observed in modern angiosperms. Here we review the findings that form the basis for these two models, including recent work that provides critical molecular insights into resolving this intriguing debate, and find strong evidence to support a gradualistic model for stomatal evolution.

关键词： ABA What are the evolutionary origins of stomatal responses to abscisic acid in land plants acid

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Kinetics of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid sorption onto montmorillonite clays in soil and their translocation to genetically modified corn

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j.urnal of Environmental Sciences 2024年第1期135卷 669-680页

作者： Meichen Wang Kelly j.Rivenbark timothy D Phillips Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical SciencesTexas A&M UniversityTX 77845USA

The co-occurrence of glyphosate(GLP)and aminomethylphosphonic acid(AMPA)in contaminated water,soil,sediment and plants is a cause for concern due to potential threats to the ecosystem and human health.A maj.r route of exposure is through contact with contaminated soil and consumption of crops containing GLP and AMPA ***,clay-based sorption strategies for mixtures of GLP and AMPA in soil,plants and garden produce have been very *** this study,in vitro soil and in vivo genetically modified corn models were used to establish the proof of concept that the inclusion of clay sorbents in contaminated soils will reduce the bioavailability of GLP and AMPA in soils and their adverse effects on plant *** of chemical concentration(1–10 mg/kg),sorbent dose(0.5%-3%in soil and 0.5%-1%in plants)and duration(up to 28 days)on sorption kinetics were *** time course results showed a continuous GLP degradation to *** inclusion of calcium montmorillonite(CM)and acid processed montmorillonite(APM)clays at all doses significantly and consistently reduced the bioavailability of both chemicals from soils to plant roots and leaves in a dose-and time-dependent manner without detectable *** treated with 0.5%and 1%APM inclusion showed the highest growth rate(p≤0.05)and lowest chemical bioavailability with up to 76%reduction in roots and57%reduction in *** indicated that montmorillonite clays could be added as soil supplements to reduce hazardous mixtures of GLP and AMPA in soils and plants.

关键词： Glyphosate AMPA Adsorption Soil remediation Plant Hydroponic system

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