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Chikungunya infection:A potential re-emerging global threat

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2016年第10期9卷 910-915页

作者： Shanmugaraj Bala Murugan ramalingam sathishkumar Plant Genetic Engineering Laboratory Department of BiotechnologyBharathiar University

Infectious diseases are indeed a lifelong threat to everyone irrespective of age, sex, lifestyle and socio-economic status. The infectious diseases have persisted among the prominent causes of death globally. Recently, re-emergence of Chikungunya viral infection harmed many in Asian and African countries. Chikungunya was considered as a major threat in developing and underdeveloped countries; the recent epidemiological outbreak of Chikungunya in La Reunion urges the global researchers to develop effective vaccine against this viral disease. In this review, Chikungunya, pathogenesis and epidemiology were briefly described.

关键词： Aedes mosquitoes Alphavirus Arthropod-borne disease Chikungunya Non-Structural Proteins Structural Proteins

Epidemiology, clinical features and transmission of re-emerging arboviral infection chikungunya

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2019年第4期9卷 135-139页

作者： Balamurugan Shanmugaraj Ashwini Malla sathishkumar ramalingam Plant Genetic Engineering Laboratory Department of Biotechnology Bharathiar University Bharat Biotech International Limited Genome Valley

A number of re-emerging and emerging infectious diseases including chikungunya, West Nile, yellow fever, Zika, dengue, Japanese encephalitis, and others have increased in recent years, which threaten the public health across the globe. Chikungunya is a neglected re-emerging arboviral infection caused by chikungunya virus. Arboviral infections such as chikungunya, Zika and dengue have similar epidemiology, transmission cycles and clinical symptoms, which makes it difficult to diagnose these three infections. Moreover, there is no commercial vaccine or licensed therapy available for chikungunya infection, thus causing severe burden worldwide. Vector control may reduce the disease risk; however, this remains a challenge due to many factors including, but not limited to, evolution of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes, gaps in vector control tools, urbanization, environmental and demographic changes. Effective integrated vector control strategies and surveillance measures along with affordable vaccine development or anti-viral therapy are essential to control the infection. In this review, we discuss the epidemiology of mosquito-borne infection chikungunya which has re-emerged as an international concern in recent decades.

关键词： Arboviruses Chikungunya Epidemiology Mosquito

Heterologous expression of Lolium perenne antifreeze protein confers chilling tolerance in tomato

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2018年第5期17卷 1128-1136页

作者： Srinivasan Balamurugan Jayan Susan Ann Inchakalody P Varghese Shanmugaraj Bala Murugan Mani ChANDra Harish Sarma Rajeev Kumar ramalingam sathishkumar Plant Genetic Engineering Laboratory Department of BiotechnologyBharathiar University

Antifreeze proteins（AFP） are produced by certain plants, animals, fungi and bacteria that enable them to survive upon extremely low temperature. Perennial rye grass, Lolium perenne, was reported to possess AFP which protects them from cold environments. In the present investigation, we isolated AFP gene from L. perenne and expressed it in tomato plants to elucidate its role upon chilling stress. The T1 transgenic tomato lines were selected and subjected to molecular, biochemical and physiological analyses. Stable integration and transcription of Lp AFP in transgenic tomato plants was confirmed by Southern blot hybridization and RT-PCR, respectively. Physiological analyses under chilling conditions showed that the chilling stress induced physiological damage in wild type（WT） plants, while the transgenic plants remained healthy. Total sugar content increased gradually in both WT and transgenic plants throughout the chilling treatment. Interestingly, transgenic plants exhibited remarkable alterations in terms of relative water content（RWC） and electrolyte leakage index（ELI） than those of WT. RWC increased significantly by 3-fold and the electrolyte leakage was reduced by 2.6-fold in transgenic plants comparing with WT. Overall, this report proved that Lp AFP gene confers chilling tolerance in transgenic tomato plants and it could be a potential candidate to extrapolate the chilling tolerance on other chilling-sensitive food crops.

关键词： Lolium perenne antifreeze protein chilling tolerance genetic transformation transgenic tomato

Anti-chikungunya activity of luteolin and apigenin rich fraction from Cynodon dactylon

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2015年第5期8卷 352-358页

作者： Krishnan Saravana Murali Srinivasan Sivasubramanian Savariar Vincent Shanmugaraj Bala Murugan Bupesh Giridaran Sundaram Dinesh Palani Gunasekaran Kaveri Krishnasamy ramalingam sathishkumar Plant Genetic Engineering Lab Department of Biotechnology.Bharathiar University Department of Virology King Institute of Preventive Medicine and Research Centre for Environmental Research and Development and Loyola Institute of Frontier Energy Loyola College Vellore Institute of Technology Plant Genetic Engineering Lab Department of BiotechnologyBharathiar University

Objective:To obtain Iuteolin and apigenin rich fraction from the ethanolic extract of Cynodon dactylon(L.)(***) Pers and evaluate the fraction's cytotoxicity and anti-Chikungunya potential using Vero ***:The ethanolic extract of *** was subjected to silica gel column chromatography to obtain anti-chikungunya virus(CHIKV) *** phase-HPLC and GC-MS studies were carried out to identily the major phytochemicals in the fraction using phylochemical *** and the potential of the fraction against CHIKV were evaluated in vitro using Vero *** in viral replication was assessed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) after treating the viral infected Vero cells with the ***:Reverse Phase-HPLC and GC-MS studies confirmed the presence of flavonoids,luteolin and apigenin as major phytochemicals in the anti-CHIKV ethanolic fraction of ***- The fraction was found to exhibit potent viral inhibitory activity(about 98%) at the concentration of 50 μg/mL as observed by reduction in cytopathic effect,and the cytotoxic concentration of the fraction was found to be 250 μg/***-PCR analyses indicated that the reduction in viral mRNA synthesis in fraction treated infected cells was much higher than the viral infected control ***:Luteolin and apigenin rich ethanolic fraction from *** can be utilized as a potential therapeutic agent against CHIKV infection as the fraction does not show cytotoxicity while inhibiting the virus.

关键词： Antiviral activity Chikungunya virus Cynodon dactylon Flavonoids Luteolin Apigenin

DNA Barcode ITS Effectively Distinguishes the Medicinal Plant Boerhavia diffusa from Its Adulterants

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Genomics, Proteomics & Bioinformatics 2012年第6期10卷 364-367页

作者： Dhivya Selvaraj Dhivya Shanmughanandhan Rajeev Kumar Sarma Jijo C. Joseph Ramachandran V. Srinivasan sathishkumar ramalingam Plant Genetic Engineering Laboratory Department of Biotechnology Bharathiar University Department of Botany Bharathiar University

Boerhavia diffusa （B. diffusa）, also known as Punarnava, is an indigenous plant in India and an important component in traditional Indian medicine. The accurate identification and collection of this medicinal herb is vital to enhance the drug＇s efficacy and biosafety. In this study, a DNA barcoding technique has been applied to identify and distinguish B. diffusa from its closely-related species. The phylogenetic analysis was carried out for the four species of Boerhavia using barcode candidates including nuclear ribosomal DNA regions ITS, ITS1, ITS2 and the chloroplast plastid gene psbA-trnH. Sequence alignment revealed 26% polymorphic sites in ITS, 30% in ITS1, 16% in ITS2 and 6% in psbA-trnH, respectively. Additionally, a phylogenetic tree was constructed for 15 species using ITS sequences which clearly distinguished B. diffusa from the other species. The ITS1 demonstrates a higher transition/transversion ratio, percentage of variation and pairwise distance which differentiate B. diffusa from other species of Boerhavia. Our study revealed that 1TS and ITS1 could be used as potential candidate regions for identifying B. diffusa and for authenticating its herbal products.

关键词： Adulterant Boerhavia diffusa ITS DNA barcoding Punarnava

Antioxidant Activity in <i>in Vivo</i>and <i>in Vivo</i>Cultures of Onion Varieties (Bellary and CO 3)

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2013年第9期4卷 918-923页

作者： Malla Ashwini Janakiraman Balaganesh Srinivasan Balamurugan Shanmugaraj Bala Murugan ramalingam sathishkumar Plant Genetic Engineering Laboratory Department of Biotechnology Bharathiar University Coimbatore India Plant Genetic Engineering Laboratory Department of Biotechnology Bharathiar University Coimbatore India.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the phytochemical components and antioxidant potential of methanolic and hydrophilic extracts isolated from in vivo and in vitro cultures of onion varieties of Bellary and CO 3. Phytochemical components like total flavonoids, phenolics, ascorbic acid and anthocyanins were analyzed. The antioxidant activities were examined by DPPH and FRAP methods. The results indicated that the both the methanolic extracts exhibited radical scavenging activity. The DPPH scavenging activity in Bellary and CO 3 onion varieties ranged from 6.5% - 11.8% whereas FRAP values ranged from 0.9 - 3.3 μM/100 μg FW. The total anthocyanins ranged from 9.9 - 29.9 mg/kg, vitamin-C 48.6 - 78.6 mg/kg, total phenolics and flavonoids content was 15.7 - 34.7 mg/g GAE and 0.65 - 1.17 mg/g respectively. Substantial amounts of anthocyanins, phenols, flavonoids and ascorbic acid were noticed in both the varieties. Our study revealed that the possible mechanism of the biological activities in onion could be due to the free radical scavenging and antioxidant activities. The polyphenols present in the onion bulbs may be responsible for these beneficial activities. This study clearly demonstrated that both the onion varieties possess very characteristic antioxidant potential that will help us in keeping good health.

关键词： Onion Antioxidants Phenolics Flavonoids

Targeting epigenetic mechanisms in amyloid-β-mediated Alzheimer’s pathophysiology:unveiling therapeutic potential

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第1期20卷 54-66页

作者： Jennie Z.Li Nagendran ramalingam Shaomin Li Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA

Alzheimer’s disease is a prominent chronic neurodegenerative condition characterized by a gradual decline in memory leading to *** evidence suggests that Alzheimer’s disease is associated with accumulating various amyloid-βoligomers in the brain,influenced by complex genetic and environmental *** memory and cognitive deficits observed during the prodromal and mild cognitive impairment phases of Alzheimer’s disease are believed to primarily result from synaptic *** life,environmental factors can lead to enduring changes in gene expression and the emergence of brain *** changes,known as epigenetic modifications,also play a crucial role in regulating the formation of synapses and their adaptability in response to neuronal *** this context,we highlight recent advances in understanding the roles played by key components of the epigenetic machinery,specifically DNA methylation,histone modification,and microRNAs,in the development of Alzheimer’s disease,synaptic function,and activity-dependent synaptic ***,we explore various strategies,including enriched environments,exposure to non-invasive brain stimulation,and the use of pharmacological agents,aimed at improving synaptic function and enhancing long-term potentiation,a process integral to epigenetic ***,we deliberate on the development of effective epigenetic agents and safe therapeutic approaches for managing Alzheimer’s *** suggest that addressing Alzheimer’s disease may require distinct tailored epigenetic drugs targeting different disease stages or pathways rather than relying on a single drug.

关键词： Alzheimer’s disease DNA methylation enriched environments histone modification microRNAs non-invasive brain stimulation synaptic plasticity

Novel technique(ramalingam technique)of port site retrograde intra renal surgery through exteriorized ureter during laparoscopy

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Asian Journal of Urology 2023年第3期10卷 372-375页

作者： Manickam ramalingam Kallappan Senthil Sivasankaran Nachimuthu Urology Department Hindusthan HospitalCoimbatoreIndia

Occurrence of significant sized renal calculi along with ureteric pathology is not *** presented two patients:one with significant sized renal calculi along with lower ureteric stricture,and second case with significant sized renal calculi with primary obstructive mega ureter needing surgery for both the renal calculi and ureteric *** both patients laparoscopy was done,and the ureter was mobilised and divided just above the level of the pathology and exteriorised through the nearest sited port,and retrograde intra-renal surgery(RIRS)was done using flexible ureteroscope and *** laparoscopy was resumed,and ureteric reimplantation directly into the bladder or with a Boari flap was *** entire procedure was completed in a single *** novel technique of exteriorizing the ureter through the laparoscopic port site for flexible ureteroscopy in a case of lower ureteric pathology with renal stone is an advantageous option to manage both pathologies in a single *** has a better stone clearance than shock wave lithotripsy and less morbidity than percutaneous nephrolithotomy(PCNL).

关键词： ureter surgery bladder

Performance studies on recycled aggregate concrete with treated recycled aggregates

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Waste Disposal and Sustainable Energy 2023年第4期5卷 451-459页

作者： Malathy ramalingam Jagan Sivamani Karuppasamy Narayanan Faculty Department of Civil EngineeringSona College of TechnologySalemTamil NaduIndia

Excessive construction activities generate huge quantities of waste that are disposed of in nearby sites,leading to environmental *** the concrete fractions of construction wastes for their utilization as aggregates has been predominant among industrialists and researchers in recent ***,the smearance of cement mortar on the recycled aggregates affects the concrete *** treatments were developed to remove the weak cement mortar or seal the micro-pores on the adhered cement mortar of recycled *** paper investigates the comparative efficiency of acid and carbonation treatment on recycled coarse aggregate(RCA)properties and its behaviour on recycled aggregate concrete(RAC).The RCA was treated with HCl acid at 0.1 mol/L,0.5 mol/L,and 0.8 mol/L and CO_(2) at 0.1 bar,0.2 bar,and 0.4 bar and tested for their physical properties,and the concrete mixtures with treated recycled aggregates were tested for fresh and hardened *** could be observed that the properties of RAC were affected owing to the smearance of weak mortar,whereas for the concrete with carbonated(RACc)and chemically treated aggregates(RACa),the concrete properties tended to *** strength of RAC was 28.59%less than that of normal aggregate concrete(NAC),whereas the strength of RACc and RACa was enhanced by 16.44%and 9.7%compared to that of RAC at 28 *** water absorption of RAC was 47.51%more than that of NAC,whereas the water absorption of RACa and RACc was 28.67%and 33.75%lesser than ***-soaking the RCA with acids removes the adhered mortar due to its acidic *** contrast,in carbonation,the CO_(2) reacts with the Ca(OH)_(2) on the cement mortar to form CaCO_(3),filling the micro-cracks in the cement mortar on the RCA.

关键词： Recycled aggregates Chemical Carbonation Adhered mortar Recycled aggregate concrete Strength Water absorption