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A Lesion-Mimic Syntaxin Double Mutant in Arabidopsis Reveals Novel Complexity of Pathogen Defense Signaling

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Molecular Plant 2008年第3期1卷 510-527页

作者： Ziguo Zhang Andrea Lenk Mats X. Andersson Torben Gjetting Carsten pe.e.sen Mads e. Nielsen Mari-Anne Newman Bi-huei hou Shauna C. Somerville hans Thordal-Christensen Plant and Soil Science Dept of Agricultural Sciences Faculty of Life Sciences University of Copenhagen Thorvaldsensvej 40 DK-1871 Frederiksberg CDenmark Dept of Plant Bioloqy Carneqie Institution Stanford CA 94305 USA Plant Pathology Dept of Plant Biology Faculty of Life Sciences University of Copenhagen Thorvaldsensvej 40 DK-1871 Frederiksberg C Denmark Research Laboratory Carlsberg Research Center GL Carlsbergvej 10 DK-2500 Valby Copenhagen Denmark

The lesion-mimic Arabidopsis mutant, syp121 syp122, constitutively expresses the salicylic acid （SA） signaling pathway and has low pe.e.ration resistance to powdery mildew fungi. Genetic analyses of the lesion-mimic phenotype have expanded our understanding of programmed cell death （PCD） in plants. Inactivation of SA signaling genes in syp121 syp122 only partially rescues the lesion-mimic phenotype, indicating that additional defenses contribute to the PCD. Whole genome transcriptome analysis confirmed that SA-induced transcripts, as well as numerous other known pathogenresponse transcripts, are up-regulated after inactivation of the syntaxin genes. A suppressor mutant analysis of syp121 syp122 revealed that FMO1, ALD1, and PAD4 are important for lesion development Mutant alleles of eDS1, NDR1, RAR1, and SGTlb also partially rescued the lesion-mimic phenotype, suggesting that mutating syntaxin genes stimulates TIR-NB-LRR and CC-NB-LRR-type resistances. The syntaxin double knockout potentiated a powdery mildew- induced hR-like response. This required functional PAD4 but not functional SA signaling. however, SA signaling potentiated the PAD4-dependent hR-like response. Analyses of quadruple mutants suggest that eDS5 and SID2 confer separate SA-independent signaling functions, and that FMO1 and ALD1 mediate SA-independent signals that are NPRl-dependent. These studies highlight the contribution of multiple pathways to defense and point to the complexity of their interactions.

关键词： SYSTeMIC ACQUIReD-ReSISTANCe hYpeRSeNSITIVe CeLL-DeATh FLAVIN-CONTAINING MONOOXYGeNASe SALICYLIC-ACID DISeASe ReSISTANCe

Quiet in the nest:The nest environment attenuates song in a grassland songbird

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Avian Research 2023年第4期14卷 623-629页

作者： sarah L.Dobney Mikayla M.K.Bornais D.Ryan Norris Amy e.M.Newman heather Williams Stéphanie M.Doucet Daniel J.Mennill Department of Integrative Biology University of WindsorWindsorOntarioN9B 3P4Canada Department of Integrative Biology University of GuelphGuelphOntarioN1G 2W1Canada Biology Department Williams CollegeWilliamstownMA01267USA

The nest environment may limit the ability of nest-bound birds to hear sounds from the outside *** vocal learning species,such as humans and songbirds,it is vital for young animals to hear the voices of conspecific animals early in *** songbirds,nest structure varies considerably across species,and the resulting impact on sound transmission may have consequences for vocal learning in *** this study,we tested the hypothesis that the nest environment attenuates song of Savannah Sparrows(Passerculus sandwichensis),grassland songbirds that build nests on the ground under cover of dense *** recorded live Savannah Sparrows singing at variable distances from 21 *** recorded songs using one microphone inside the nest(the typical position of a nestling)and another placed 1 m directly above the nest(a typical position of an adult).We found a substantial reduction in signal-to-noise ratio,where songs recorded inside the nest were an average of 11 dB lower than songs recorded directly above the *** estimate that the attenuation imposed by the nest reduced the maximum acoustic environment from 117.7 m(for recordings above the nest),to 78.6 m(for recordings within the nest),which is analogous to listening from a position 39.1 m farther away from the *** research estimated that song transmits up to 100 m in this species,so any adult male within 100 m of a young bird was previously considered a potential vocal *** reducing the nestling acoustic environment from 100 m to 78.6 m,the number of male tutors available to nestlings is reduced by an average of 27%.Given the growing evidence that song learning begins very early in life,future research on vocal development should account for how the structural properties of the natal environment affect the songs that nestlings hear.

关键词： Acoustic environment Nest environment Songbird Sound attenuation Vocal learning

Quantifying hydrologic and Water Quality Responses to Bioenergy Crops in Town Creek Watershed in Mississippi

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Journal of Sustainable Bioenergy Systems 2013年第3期3卷 202-208页

作者： Prem B. Parajuli sarah e. Duffy Department of Agricultural and Biological engineering Mississippi State University Starkville USA

Bioenergy crops are considered as a feedstock source, which can be grown in marginal soils. however, these crops may have different levels of crop yield potential and environmental benefits. The objectives of this study were to model and compare the effects of four bioenergy crops (corn—Zea mays, soybean—Glycine max (L.) Merr., miscanthus—Miscanthus-giganteus, and switchgrass—Panicum virgatum) in the Town Creek watershed (TCW) in northeast Mississippi using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. The calibrated SWAT model for TCW was used to quantify impacts to streamflow, crop yield, and sediment yield. The SWAT model reasonably (edicted long-term (January, 1990 to September, 2009) monthly streamflow (25.88 m3·s-1) from the TCW when compared with the USGS observed stream flow (29.34 m3·s-1. In addition, model reasonably predicted (±6%) average annual corn yield (4.66 Mg·ha-1) and soybean yield (1.42 Mg·ha-1) as compared to National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) reported average annual corn (4.96 Mg·ha-1) and soybean yield (1.34 Mg·ha-1) from the watershed. Further, the model simulated results from this study determined that long-term average annual feedstock yield from TCW is the greatest when growing miscanthus grass (817,732 Mg) followed by switchgrass (477,317 Mg), corn (236,132 Mg), and soybeans (65,235 Mg). The SWAT model predicted the greatest annual average sediment yield (6.62 Mg·ha-1) from continuous corn crop scenario while the pe.e.nial grasses (switchgrass and miscanthus) had the lowest sediment yield (2.91 Mg·ha-1 and 3.20 Mg·ha-1 respectively). Overall, producing a pe.e.nial grass in the TCW would provide the largest biomass feedstock source with the least environmental impact. The results of this study will help to eN-US" style="

关键词： pe.e.nial Grass Water Quality Watershed SWAT

Storage and Timed Release of Acetaminophen from Porous Carbonaceous Materials

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Open Journal of Physical Chemistry 2013年第2期3卷 76-88页

作者： sarah e. McCary Thomas R. Rybolt Department of Chemistry University of Tennessee at Chattanooga Chattanooga USA

Six carbon powders with varied surface areas and porosities were used to store and release acetaminophen (ACT). A 10 mg/mL solution of acetaminophen in phosphate buffer solution (ph = 7.0) at 25℃ with exposure to carbon powder for 72 hours was used to drive the maximum loading of acetaminophen into the powders. Carboxen 1012 (BeT surface area of1500 m2/g) powder exhibited the greatest maximum adsorption of ACT (up to 62% by mass). The maximum ACT adsorption was correlated with surface area and porosity. The most effective carbon powders for binding ACT were ones containing high mesopore volumes. Loaded carbon powder was separated from the ACT solution and then phosphate buffer solution (ph = 7.0) was combined with the loaded carbon powder and ACT absorbance readings at 243 nm were taken over time. The various carbon powders were able to release a portion of the ACT that they originally adsorbed. The Carboxen 1012 powder displayed the greatest ACT release with a rapid initial release followed by a steady but slightly declining release over a time period of 2 to 11 weeks. The results were supportive of mesoporous carbons such as Carboxen 1012 being suitable for drug loading and release.

关键词： Carbon Powders Drug Release Adsorption of Acetaminophen Mesoporosity Storage of Acetaminophen

efficient multi-level fault simulation of hW/SW systems for structural faults

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Science China(Information Sciences) 2011年第9期54卷 1784-1796页

作者： BARANOWSKI Rafal DI CARLO Stefano hATAMI Nadereh IMhOF Michael e. KOChTe Michael A. PRINeTTO Paolo WUNDeRLICh hans-Joachim ZOeLLIN Christian G. University of Stuttgart Institute of Computer Architecture and Computer Engineering Politecnico di Torino Dipartimento di Automatica e Informatica

In recent technology nodes,reliability is increasingly considered a part of the standard design flow to be taken into account at all levels of embedded systems *** traditional fault simulation techniques based on low-level models at gate-and register transfer-level offer high accuracy,they are too inefficient to properly cope with the complexity of modern embedded ***,they do not allow for early exploration of design alternatives when a detailed model of the whole system is not yet available,which is highly required to increase the efficiency and quality of the design ***-level models that combine the simulation efficiency of high abstraction models with the accuracy of low-level models are therefore essential to efficiently evaluate the impact of physical defects on the *** paper proposes a methodology to efficiently implement concurrent multi-level fault simulation across gate-and transaction-level models in an integrated simulation *** leverages state-of-the-art techniques for efficient fault simulation of structural faults together with transaction-level *** combination of different models allows to accurately evaluate the impact of faults on the entire hardware/software system while keeping the computational effort ***,since only selected portions of the system require low-level models,early exploration of different design alternatives is efficiently *** results obtained from three case studies are presented to demonstrate the high accuracy of the proposed method when compared with a standard gate/RT mixed-level approach and the strong improvement of simulation time which is reduced by four orders of magnitude in average.

关键词： fault simulation multi-level transaction-level modeling

expanding etiology of progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis

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World Journal of hepatology 2019年第5期11卷 450-463页

作者： sarah AF henkel Judy h Squires Mary Ayers Armando Ganoza Patrick Mckiernan James e Squires Division of Gastroenterology Hepatologyand NutritionEmory School of MedicineAtlantaGA 30322United States Department of Radiology UPMC Children’s Hospital of PittsburghPittsburghPA 15224United States Division of Gastroenterology Hepatologyand NutritionUPMC Children’s Hospital of PittsburghPittsburghPA 15224United States Division of pediatric Transplantation Department of SurgeryUPMC Children’s Hospital of PittsburghPittsburghPA 15224United States

BACKGROUND Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis(PFIC)refers to a disparate group of autosomal recessive disorders that are linked by the inability to appropriately form and excrete bile from hepatocytes,resulting in a hepatocellular form of *** the diagnosis of such disorders had historically been based on pattern recognition of unremitting cholestasis without other identified molecular or anatomic cause,recent scientific advancements have uncovered multiple specific responsible *** variety of identified defects has resulted in an ever-broadening phenotypic spectrum,ranging from traditional benign recurrent jaundice to progressive cholestasis and end-stage liver *** To review current data on defects in bile acid homeostasis,explore the expanding knowledge base of genetic based diseases in this field,and report disease characteristics and *** We conducted a systemic review according to PRISMA *** performed a Medline/PubMed search in February-March 2019 for relevant articles relating to the understanding,diagnosis,and management of bile acid homeostasis with a focus on the family of diseases collectively known as *** only articles were accessed in *** manual search included references of retrieved *** extracted data on disease characteristics,associations with other diseases,and *** was summarized and presented in text,figure,and table *** Genetic-based liver disease resulting in the inability to properly form and secrete bile constitute an important cause of morbidity and mortality in children and increasingly in adults.A growing number of PFIC have been described based on an expanded understanding of biliary transport mechanism defects and the development of a common *** We present a summary of current advances made in a number of areas relevant to both the classically described FIC1(ATP8B1),BSeP(ABCB11),and MDR3(ABCB4)transporter deficiencie

关键词： Cholestasis Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis Benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy Drug induced cholestasis Bile acids Bile transport

Impact loading in female runners with single and multiple bone stress injuries during fresh and exerted conditions

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Journal of Sport and health Science 2023年第3期12卷 406-413页

作者： Kristin L.Popp Jereme Outerleys sarah Gehman Margaret Garrahan Sara Rudolph elizabeth Loranger Kathryn e.Ackerman Adam S.Tenforde Mary L.Bouxsein Irene S.Davis Military performance Division United States Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMA 01760USA endocrine Unit Massachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA 02114USA Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Spaulding Rehabilitation HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolCambridgeMA 02138USA Department of Sports Medicine Boston Children's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA 02115USA Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies Beth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA 02215USA

Background:Bone stress injuries(BSIs)are common in female runners,and recurrent BSI rates are *** work suggests an association between higher impact loading during running and tibial ***,it is unknown whether impact loading and fatigue-related loading changes discriminate women with a history of multiple *** study compared impact variables at the beginning of a treadmill run to exertion andthe changes in those variables with exertion among female runners with no history of BSI as well as among those with a history of single or multiple ***:We enrolled 45 female runners(aged 18-40 years)for this cross-sectional study:having no history of diagnosed lower extremity BSI(N-BSI,n=14);a history of 1 lower extremity BSI(1-BSI,n=16);and diagnosed by imaging,or a history of multiple(>3)lower extremity BSIs(M-BSI,n=15).Participants completed a 5-km race speed run on an instrumented treadmill while wearing an Inertial Measurement *** vertical average loading rate(VALR),vertical instantaneous loading rate(VILR),vertical stiffness during impact via instrumented treadmill,and tibial shock determined as the peak po sitive tibial acceleration via Inertial Measurement Unit were measured at the beginning and the end of the ***:There were no differences between groups in VALR,VILR,vertical stiffness,or tibial shock in a fresh or exerted ***,compared to N-BSI,women with M-BSI had greater increase with exertion in VALR(-1.8%vs.6.1%,p=0.01)and VILR(1.5%vs.4.8%,p=0.03).Similarly,compared to N-BSI,vertical stiffness increased more with exertion among women with M-BSI(-0.9%vs.7.3%,p=0.006)and 1-BSI(-0.9%vs.1.8%,p=0.05).Finally,compared to N-BSI,the increase in tibial shock from fresh to exerted condition was greater among women with M-BSI(0.9%vs.5.5%,p=0.03)and 1-BSI(0.9%vs.11.2%,p=0.02).Conclusion:Women with 1-BSI or M-BSIs experience greater exertion-related increases in impact loading than women with *** observations impl

关键词： Biomechanics Bone stress injuries Fatigue Runners Stress fracture

Anisotropic plastic deformation behavior of as-extruded ZK60 magnesium alloy at room temperature

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2009年第1期52卷 161-165页

作者： hans J R Department of Materials Science and engineering Norwegian University of Science and Technology

The anisotropic plastic deformation behavior of as-extruded ZK60 magnesium alloy at room tempera-ture (RT) was investigated by compressive and tensile testing in different directions, i.e. the loading axis oriented at 0°, 45° and 90° to the extrusion direction. The relationship between texture and plastic deformation behavior were examined. The results show that the extruded ZK60 alloy exhibits a strong ring fiber texture. The mechanical properties are strongly orientation dependent. In tension testing, the 0° specimen exhibited higher yield strength and lower elongation. In compression testing, however, ZK60 alloy exhibited almost the same yield strength in three directions. The anisotropic plastic defor-mation behavior is due to strong fiber texture and the lower symmetry of the hexagonal close packed (hcp) structure of ZK60 alloy. The correlation between texture and mechanical behaviour offers the possibility to improve the mechanical properties of magnesium alloy by optimization of the material production process.

关键词： anisotropic plastic deformation behavior ZK60 Mg alloy texture mechanical property

Sugarcane bagasse amendment mitigates nutrient leaching from a mineral soil under tropical conditions

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pedosphere 2022年第6期32卷 876-883页

作者： Nan XU Jehangir h.BhADhA Abul RABBANY Stewart SWANSON James MMCCRAY Yuncong LI sarah LSTRAUSS Rao MYLAVARAPU horticultural Sciences Department University of FloridaGainesville FL 32611(USA) everglades Research and education Center University of FloridaBelle Glade FL 33430(USA) Department of Soil Waterand Ecosystem SciencesUniversity of FloridaGainesville FL 32611(USA) Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences(IFAS)extension University of FloridaLaBelle FL 33935(USA) Agronomy Department University of FloridaBelle Glade FL 33430(USA) Department of Soil Waterand Ecosystem SciencesUniversity of FloridaHomestead FL 33031(USA) Department of Soil Waterand Ecosystem SciencesUniversity of FloridaImmokalee FL 34142(USA)

Large quantities of organic by-products are generated by the sugarcane industry during sugar extraction *** by-products may be used as soil amendments to improve soil quality,as nutrient leaching is common in mineral soils of Florida in USA due to their sandy texture and frequent rain events.A soil column study was designed to evaluate the effects of bagasse application at 85 t ha^(-1) of fresh bagasse,170 t ha^(-1) of fresh bagasse,and 170 t ha^(-1) of fresh bagasse+nitrogen(N)on the leaching potential of carbon(C),N,phosphorus(P),and potassium(K).Bagasse was incorporated within the topsoil(0-15 cm)in outdoor soil columns exposed to natural conditions,with periodical irrigation during the *** approximately 57 weeks,the distributions of C,N,P,and K were evaluated at three soil depths(i.e.,0-15,15-30,and 30-53 cm)within the soil *** organic C(TOC),N,and P in leachates decreased significantly from the soils amended with bagasse compared with the control with no bagasse and no *** on K content changes in the columns,bagasse could also be utilized as a potential source of K for ***,application of bagasse as a soil amendment might be an effective way to sustainably reutilize organic by-products while reducing concerns regarding major nutrients entering groundwater *** results of this study could assist in developing nutrient management plans of using sugarcane bagasse as a potential soil amendment in mineral soils.

关键词： nutrient leaching potential nutrient loss pore volume sandy soil soil amendment soil column sugarcane by-product