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Collecting Ophiocordyceps sinensis:an emerging livelihood strategy in the Garhwal,Indian Himalaya

Journal of Mountain Science 2017年第2期14卷 390-402页

作者： Laura CAPLINS sarah J.HALVORSON Department of Society and Conservation College of Forestry and ConservationUniversity of MontanaMissoulaMontana59812USA Department of Geography College of Arts and SciencesUniversity of MontanaMissoulaMontana59812USA

In the Garhwal of Uttarakhand, India, the Bhotiya, an ethnically and culturally distinct tribal group, were historically engaged in seasonal migration(i.e. transhumance) to take advantage of scarce mountain resources and trade relations with Tibet. This livelihood practice has all but *** are adapting to these changing circumstances by engaging in the collection and sale of the valuable alpine medicinal fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis, widely known as Cordyceps. The collection of this fungus has exploded, emerging as a lucrative yet high-risk livelihood strategy for many Bhotiya *** Bhotiyas' historic herding and trade-based interactions and knowledge of these alpine environments where Cordyceps are found uniquely positions them to access this valuable biological resource. elsewhere in the Himalayan region, some households are earning as much as two-thirds of their income from the collection of Cordyceps; in China Cordyceps is now listed as an endangered species due to intense over-exploitation in the Tibetan *** paper seeks to fill the void in the scientific literature on the social, ecological and economic aspects of the emerging Cordyceps trade in the Garhwal. Our study investigates the socio-spatial dimensions of Cordyceps collection in the high alpine meadows. We document how a fusion of local knowledge and practice with alpine mountain systems has served to reinvigorate the economic integrity of mountain communities at a time of rapid socioeconomic change and to reimagine a new relationship between alpine resources and community *** article offers suggestions to address the sustainability of both Cordyceps collection and livelihood activities which hinge on this fungus population. We find a need for(1) community-based conservation measures that are rooted in(2) secure resource access rights for local communities to continue sustainable collection and sale of Cordyceps and(3) participatory-and science-based proc

关键词：喜马拉雅地区冬虫夏草采集印度社会经济社区生活山地资源高山环境

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Plasma and nanoparticle shielding during pulsed laser ablation in liquids cause ablation efficiency decrease

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Opto-electronic Advances 2021年第1期4卷 1-13页

作者： sarah Dittrich Stephan Barcikowski Bilal Gökce Technical Chemistry I and Center of Nanointegration Duisburg essen(CeNIDe) University of Duisburg-EssenUniversitaetsstr.745141 EssenGermany

Understanding shielding cross-effects is a prerequisite for maximal power-specific nanosecond laser ablation in liquids(LAL).However,discrimination between cavitation bubble(CB),nanoparticle(NP),and shielding,e.g.,by the plasma or a transient vapor layer,is ***,CB imaging by shadowgraphy is performed to better understand the plasma and laser beam-NP interaction during *** comparing the fluence-dependent CB volume for ablations performed with 1 ns pulses with reports from the literature,we find larger energy-specific CB volumes for 7 *** increased CB for laser ablation with higher ns pulse durations could be a first explanation of the efficiency decrease reported for these laser systems having higher pulse ***,1 ns-LAL shows superior ablation ***,a CB cascade occurs when the focal plane is shifted into the *** effect is enhanced when NPs are present in the *** minute amounts of NPs trapped in a stationary layer decrease the laser energy significantly,even under liquid ***,this local concentration in the sticking film has so far not been *** presents an essential obstacle in high-yield LAL,shielding already the second laser pulse that arrives and presenting a source of satellite ***,measures to lower the NP concentration on the target must be investigated in the future.

关键词： shadowgraphy power-specific productivity flow dynamics ablation mechanism

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Rapid and flexible segmentation of electron microscopy data using few-shot machine learning

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npj Computational Materials 2021年第1期7卷 1733-1741页

作者： sarah Akers elizabeth Kautz Andrea Trevino-Gavito Matthew Olszta Bethany e.Matthews Le Wang Yingge Du Steven R.Spurgeon National Security Directorate Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichlandWA 99352USA energy and environment Directorate Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichlandWA 99352USA Department of Industrial engineering and Management Sciences Northwestern UniversityEvanstonIL 60208USA Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichlandWA 99352USA

Automatic segmentation of key microstructural features in atomic-scale electron microscope images is critical to improved understanding of structure–property relationships in many important materials and chemical ***,the present paradigm involves time-intensive manual analysis that is inherently biased,error-prone,and unable to accommodate the large volumes of data produced by modern *** more automated approaches have been proposed,many are not robust to a high variety of data,and do not generalize well to diverse microstructural features and material ***,we present a flexible,semi-supervised few-shot machine learning approach for segmentation of scanning transmission electron microscopy images of three oxide material systems:(1)epitaxial heterostructures of SrTiO_(3)/Ge,(2)La_(0.8)Sr_(0.2)FeO_(3) thin films,and(3)MoO_(3) *** demonstrate that the few-shot learning method is more robust against noise,more reconfigurable,and requires less data than conventional image analysis *** approach can enable rapid image classification and microstructural feature mapping needed for emerging high-throughput characterization and autonomous microscope platforms.

关键词： systems image enable

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Current trends and applications in endoscopy for otology and neurotology

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World Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2021年第2期7卷 101-108页

作者： sarah e.Ridge Kunal R.Shetty Daniel J.Lee eaton-Peabody Laboratories Massachusetts Eye and Ear InfirmaryBostonMAUSA Deportment of Otolorynsolosy Massachusetts Eye and Ear InfirmaryHarvard Medical SchoolBostonf MAf USA

There has been a rapid increase in endoscopic ear surgery for the management of middle ear and lateral skull base disease in children and adults over the last *** this review paper,we discuss the current trends and applications of the endoscope in the field of otology and *** of the endoscope include excellent ergonomics,compatibility with pediatric anatomy,and improved access to the middle ear through the external auditory *** endoscopic ear surgery has demonstrated comparable outcomes in the management of cholesteatoma,tympanic membrane perforations,and otosclerosis as compared to microscopic approaches,while utilizing less invasive surgical corridors and reducing the need for postauricular *** a postauricular approach is required,the endoscopic-assisted transmastoid approach can avoid a canal wall down mastoidectomy in cases of *** endoscope also has utility in treatment of superior canal dehiscence and various skull base lesions including glomus tumors,meningiomas,and vestibular *** of the operating room,the endoscope can be used during examination of the outer and middle ear and for debridement of complex mastoid *** these reasons,the endoscope is currently poised to transform the field of otology and neurotology.

关键词： endoscopic ear surgery Transcanal endoscopic ear surgery Transmastoid endoscopic ear surgery Otoendoscopy Otology Neurotology

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Characteristics and source attribution of PM2.5 during 2016 G20 Summit in Hangzhou: efficacy of radical measures to reduce source emissions

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Journal of environmental Sciences 2021年第8期33卷 47-65页

作者： Ke Chen sarah e.Metcalfe Huan Yu Jingsha Xu Honghui Xu Dongsheng Ji Chengjun Wang Hang Xiao Jun He Department of Chemical and environmental engineering University of Nottingham Ningbo ChinaNingbo315100China School of Geography University of NottinghamNottinghamNG72RDUK Department of Atmospheric Science School of Environmental StudiesChina University of GeosciencesWuhan430074China School of Geography Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastonBirminghamB152TTUnited Kingdom Zhejiang Institute of Metrological Sciences Hangzhou310008China State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100029China College of Resources and environmental Science South-Central University for NationalitiesWuhan430074China Centre for excellence in Regional Atmos.environ.Institute of Urban environment Chinese Academy SciencesXiamen361021China Key Laboratory of Carbonaceous Wastes Processing and Process Intensification Research of Zhejiang Province University of Nottingham Ningbo ChinaNingbo315100China

A field campaign was conducted to study the PM2.5 and atmospheric gases and aerosol’s components to evaluate the efficacy of radical measures implemented by the Chinese government to improve air quality during the 2016 G20 Summit in Hangzhou *** lower level of PM2.5(32.48±11.03μg/m3)observed during the control period compared to precontrol and post-control periods showed that PM2.5 was alleviated by control *** on the mass concentrations of particulate components,the emissions of PM2.5 from local sources including fossil fuel,coal combustion,industry and construction were effectively reduced,but non-exhaust emission was not reduced as effectively as *** accumulation of SNA(SO42-,NO3-,NH4+)was observed during the control period,due to the favourable synoptic weather conditions for photochemical reactions and heterogeneous *** of transboundary transport during the control period,air masses from remote areas contributed significantly to local ***,secondary organic carbon(OCsec)exhibited more sensitivity than primary organic carbon(OCpri)to control measures,and the increased nitrogen oxidation ratio(NOR)implied the regional transport of aged sec-ondary aerosols to the study ***,the results from various approaches revealed that local pollution sources were kept under control,indicating that the implementation of mitigation measures were helpful in improving the air quality of Hangzhou during G20 *** reduce ambient levels of PM2.5 further in Hangzhou,regional control policies may have to be taken so as to reduce the impact of long-range transport of air masses from inland China.

关键词： G20 Summit PM2.5 Long-range transport CMB model

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Urban Park Soil and Vegetation: effects of Natural and Anthropogenic Factors

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Pedosphere 2015年第3期25卷 392-404页

作者： Pariente sarah Helena Michaela ZHeVeLeV Atar OZ Laboratory of Geomorphology and Soil Department of Geography and EnvironmentBar-Ilan University

Various soil surface components, such as trees, shrubs and biological crusts, and human recreational activities, e.g., barbecues and trampling by visitors, may divide the area of the urban park into smaller fragments/microenvironments, differentiated by their microenvironmental conditions, which may differ in soil and vegetation characteristics. The spatial changes in the soil and vegetation characteristics and their causes were investigated in an urban park located south of Tel Aviv-Jaffa, Israel. The area of the park is 0.5km2, including groves, a lake, lawns, and rest areas. Soil was sampled in nine microenvironments, of which seven were within the park:under Ceratonia siliqua trees(Cs U), under Ficus sycomorus trees(Fi U), rest area between tables under F. sycomorus(Fi B), rest area under tables under F. sycomorus(Fi T), open area with bare soil(Oa S), open area with biological crust cover(Oa C), and open area covered by herbaceous vegetation(Oa V). Two more microenvironments, planar and sloping open areas(Co P and Co S, respectively) in the vicinity of the park, were used as the controls. electrical conductivity, concentrations of soluble ions(Mg2+, Ca2+, Na+, K+and HCO-3), p H, contents of organic carbon, calcium carbonate and moisture, and grain size distribution were determined. In addition,herbaceous vegetation cover, number and diversity of herbaceous vegetation species were measured. It was found that soil properties and herbaceous vegetation characteristics varied within the park. Soil organic carbon, electrical conductivity, soluble salts, penetration depth, and vegetation characteristics were affected by human activities, mainly in the rest area between the tables. In contrast, the above characteristics were affected by natural factors mainly in the rest of the microenvironments, which were subjected to low levels of anthropogenic intervention. The heterogeneous structure of the park, as represented by the various microenvironments, offered new habitat

关键词：城市公园植被特征土壤取样自然因素人为因素土壤有机碳草本植被土壤特性

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Relationship between apparent redox potential discontinuity (aRPD) depth and environmental variables in soft-sediment habitats

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International Journal of Sediment Research 2017年第4期32卷 472-480页

作者： Travis G.Gerwing Alyssa M.Allen Gerwing Kieran Cox Francis Juanes sarah e.Dudas ecosystem Science and Management Program University of Northern British Columbia Department of Biology University of Victoria Department of Biology Vancouver Island University

As global temperatures increase and dissolved oxygen(DO) content decreases in marine systems, indices assessing sediment DO content in benthic habitats are becoming increasingly useful. One such measure is the depth to the apparent redox potential discontinuity(aRPD), a transition of sediment color that serves as a relative measure of sediment DO content. We examined spatiotemporal variation of aRPD depth, and the nature of the relationships between aRPD depth and biotic(infauna and epibenthic predators) and abiotic variables(sediment properties), as well as the availability of resources(chlorophyll a concentration, and organic matter content) in the intertidal mudflats of the Bay of Fundy, Canada. aRPD depth varied significantly through space and time, and a combination of biotic(sessile and errant infauna, as well as epibenthic predators), and abiotic(exposure time of a plot, sediment particle size,penetrability, and water content) variables, as well as the availability of resources(sediment organic matter content, and chlorophyll a concentration) were correlated with aRPD depth. As such, knowledge of both biotic and abiotic variables are required for a holistic understanding of sediment DO *** variables likely dictate a suite of potential aRPD depth conditions, while biota and resource availability, via bioturbation and respiration, strongly influence the observed aRPD depth. As DO conditions in marine systems will continue to change due to global climate change, elucidating these relationships are a key first step in predicting the influence decreasing DO content may have upon marine benthos.

关键词： Relationship between apparent redox potential discontinuity depth and environmental variables in soft-sediment habitats DO

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Peculiar Living Shrines and Yuan Governance as Background to Ming Populism

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Frontiers of History in China 2019年第2期14卷 243-275页

作者： sarah Schneewind Department of History University of California San DiegoLa JollaCA 92093USA

Although post-mortem apotheosis and secular honor in temples have received more attention,shrines to living men were also ordinary institutions from Han times onwards in Chinese *** scholarship so far on pre-mortem shrines in Tang and Song relates them to pre-mortem commemoration in inscribed records of local commendation on the one hand and Neo-Confucian Daoxue Shrines to Local Worthies on the *** scholarly work suggests that Tang and Song premortem shrines when political were basically elite institutions;and that when common people were involved their motivations were religious rather than *** Ming times,by contrast,premortem shrines were normatively established by commoners and const^uted a venue for popular political participation,while the steles commemorating the shrines explicitly argued that non-el让e people had the right to political *** article speculates,as a hypothesis awaiting further research,that both Yuan modes of government generally,and creative uses of premortem enshrinement in Yuan times specifically,may have contributed to Ming populism.

关键词： dezheng bei qusi bei sheng ci living shrine commemorative stele Yuan government Yuan-Ming transition pre-mortem shrine

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Analysis of Fusarium Toxins in Single Barley Malt Kernels

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Journal of Analysis and Testing 2018年第2期2卷 124-137页

作者： Katharina Habler sarah Moghari Michael Rychlik Analytical Food Chemistry Technical University of MunichMaximus‑von‑Imhof‑Forum 285354 FreisingGermany

Fusarium infestation of barley and other cereals can result in red mycelium and is often accompanied by mycotoxin *** assessment and rejection of malt batches that contain more than 5–7 relevant red kernels are so far common tools in the malting and brewing industry to guarantee high-quality malt and *** single barley malt kernels were collected from naturally contaminated barley cultivars(Grace,Quench,and Malwinta)as well as from barley varieties(Grace,Quench,and Scarlett)inoculated with three different Fusarium species(Fusarium culmorum,Fusarium graminearum,and Fusarium avenaceum).A recently published multi-mycotoxin LC–MS/MS method was altered slightly and used for the analysis of Fusarium toxins of each *** comparison of the contamination level with the degree of discoloration revealed only limited *** seems that the visual assessment of the red mycelium of single kernels is particularly sensitive towards the occurrence of enniatins and might neglect that of other mycotoxins.

关键词： Fusarium Mycotoxins Barley Malt Red kernel Single grain analysis

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Rock inhibitor may compromise human induced pluripotent stem cells for cardiac differentiation in 3D

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Bioactive Materials 2022年第3期7卷 508-522页

作者： Bin Jiang Wenquan Ou James G.Shamul Hao Chen sarah Van Belleghem Samantha Stewart Zhenguo Liu John P.Fisher Xiaoming He Fischell Department of Bioengineering University of MarylandCollege ParkMD20742United States Division of Cardiovascular Medicine University of Missouri School of MedicineColumbiaMO65212United States Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center University of MarylandBaltimoreMD21201United States

Cardiomyocytes differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells(iPSCs)are valuable for the understanding/treatment of the deadly heart diseases and their drug ***,the very much needed homogeneous 3D cardiac differentiation of human iPSCs is still ***,it is discovered surprisingly that Rock inhibitor(RI),used ubiquitously to improve the survival/yield of human iPSCs,induces early gastrulation-like change to human iPSCs in 3D culture and may cause their heterogeneous differentiation into all the three germ layers(i.e.,ectoderm,mesoderm,and endoderm)at the commonly used concentration(10μM).This greatly compromises the capacity of human iPSCs for homogeneous 3D cardiac *** reducing the RI to 1μM for 3D culture,the human iPSCs retain high pluripotency/quality in inner cell mass-like solid 3D ***,the beating efficiency of 3D cardiac differentiation can be improved to more than 95%in~7 days(compared to less than~50%in 14 days for the 10μM RI condition).Furthermore,the outset beating time(OBT)of all resultant cardiac spheroids(CSs)is synchronized within only 1 day and they form a synchronously beating 3D construct after 5-day culture in gelatin methacrylol(GelMA)hydrogel,showing high homogeneity(in terms of the OBT)in functional maturity of the ***,the resultant cardiomyocytes are of high quality with key functional ultrastructures and highly responsive to cardiac *** discoveries may greatly facilitate the utilization of human iPSCs for understanding and treating heart diseases.

关键词： episomal iPSC Cardiomyocyte Spheroid GelMA

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