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Evolution of Mother-to-Child HIV-1 Transmission Rate in Mali from 2009 to 2018

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Advances in Microbiology 2024年第5期14卷 256-267页

作者： alou sanogo Mohamed Ag Baraïka Maïga Aminata Demba Koita Mahamadou Abdou Mamadou Guindo Clémentine N’Diaye Fatoumata Namoudou Traoré Abdoulaye Bagayoko Youssouf Diallo Flabou Bougoudogo Ibrehima Guindo National Institute for Public Health Bamako Mali Faculty of Pharmacy (FAPH) University of Science of Technical and Technology de Bamako Bamako Mali University Hospital Center (CHU)-Point G Bamako Mali Faculty of Medecine and Odonto-stomatology University of Science of Technical and Technology de Bamako Bamako Mali sector Unit for the Fight against AIDs Tuberculosis and Hepatitis Bamako Mali UNICEF (United Nations Children’ s Fund) Bamako Mali

Despite enormous efforts to achieve the goal of eliminating mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1, it remains a major challenge for many countries in sub-saharan Africa, particularly Mali. Our objective is to assess changes in the rate of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1. We conducted a cross-sectional study between January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2018 (10 years) of early diagnosis activity in newborns and children born to HIV-1-positive mothers at the National Institute for Public Health (INsP). The samples came from health and referral centers in mali. All samples were received at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology at the INsP. Proviral DNA extraction was performed from a blood spot sample with a Roche DNA kit, Cobas AmpliPrep/Cobas TaqMan HIV-1 qualitative Test, V2.0 (Roche Molecular system, Inc, UsA) following the company procedures. Molecular diagnosis was performed using the same kits using an algorithm of three identical PCRs. The Epi Info version 7 software was used for data analysis with a significance threshold of 5%. A total of 10,714 samples of infants and children born to HIV-positive mothers were analyzed by PCR. Ninety-six percent of mothers were on ARV prophylaxis (AZT 3TC NVP and AZT NVP) and 60% of newborns received the same ARV prophylaxis. Of these children, 956 tested positive with an overall transmission rate of 8.92%, varying between 7.27% in 2009 and 08.01% in 2018. This rate was relatively low among children receiving prophylaxis at 2.04% and remained high for children who received breastfeeding at 5.62%. However, the transmission rate remains low for those who have benefited from mixed and artificial breastfeeding at 1.58% and 1.27% respectively. A significant proportion of children remained infected by their mothers during pregnancy, childbirth or breastfeeding. This study shows the importance of early diagnosis of HIV in children using molecular technology.

关键词： Early Diagnosis Mothers-to-Child Newborns PCR DNA HIV-1

Maternal and Perinatal Prognosis of Arterial Hypertension and Pregnancy in a Peripheral Health Center in Mali

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Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2024年第5期14卷 855-867页

作者： s.maké alou Diarra Lasseny Keita Mamadou Haidara Dramane Haidara Mamadou Diallo Mamadou Konaté Moussa Maiga Mariam Ms Ag Med Elméhdi Elansari Kassogue Djibril Dao seydou Zana s.make Hawa Konate Karim Dembele Bertin Coulibaly Moussa Mariko seydou Colette Dohinnon Reference Health Center in Commune VI of the Bamako District Bamako Mali Bamako Dermatology Hospital (HDB) Bamako Mali Kalaban Coro Reference Health Center Bamako Mali Timbuktu Hospital Timbuktu Mali Reference Health Center of Commune II of the Bamako district Bamako Mali Reference Health Center in Commune V of the Bamako district Bamako Mali National Institute for Training in Health sciences Bamako Mali Mali Hospital Bamako Mali

Introduction: Maternal mortality constitutes a public health problem and its rate is an indicator of a country’s development. Among the causes of maternal and perinatal death, high blood pressure associated with pregnancy occupies a significant part. It represents 5% of direct maternal deaths. Objective: to study the maternal and perinatal prognosis of high blood pressure during pregnancy in the Tenenkou reference health center in Mali. Methodology: This was a descriptive, analytical and retrospective cross-sectional study over a period of twelve months from January 1, 2021 to December 31, 2021 and involving 144 cases of high blood pressure associated with pregnancy. Results: We obtained a frequency of 11.75%. The majority of patients 70.9% were aged between 20 - 35 years. The important risk factor found was young age. During our study, 46.5% of patients had performed at least one CPN and only 13.9% performed 04 CPN. Pre-eclampsia was the most common type of high blood pressure during pregnancy, i.e. 61.1%. Eclampsia and retroplacental hematoma were the most common maternal complications, respectively 27.8% and 11.1%. The most common fetal complications were premature births and fetal distress with 20.9% and 17.4% respectively. Conclusion: Hypertension associated with pregnancy still remains a major cause of maternal-fetal morbidity and mortality in our context where diagnosis is often late. The main clinical form was preeclampsia. Eclampsia and retroplacental hematoma were the most frequent maternal complications. Fetal complications were mainly prematurity and fetal distress.

关键词： Pregnancy High Blood Pressure Prognosis

Convolutional Neural Network for Hyperspectral Image Classification

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Convolutional Neural Network for Hyperspectral Image Classif...

作者： DIAKITE alou 浙江理工大学

学位级别：硕士

Hyperspectral images（HsI）have been used in many domains such as agriculture,healthcare,food security,*** the recent development in hyperspectral imaging technology,hyperspectral images’ spectral and spatial resolutions have improved considerably and provided opportunities to characterize objects on the Earth’s surface with high *** the progress of deep learning techniques in computer vision,convolutional neural networks（CNNs）have been widely used for hyperspectral image ***,most of these methods are inefficient in real-world application due to the high dimensionality of the hyperspectral data,lack of large-labeled datasets,and spatial information *** this thesis,several convolutional neural networks have been explored and optimized for hyperspectral image classification,including crop *** first approach focuses on combining a 3D-2D convolutional neural network（CNN）in an end-to-end manner to mitigate the long-training times of hyperspectral *** this purpose,a fast-learning block based on 3D depth-wise convolution layer,a dimension reduction block followed by a 2D convolutional neural network was introduced to extract spectral-spatial *** experiments on four datasets showed that the proposed approach increases the classification performance and can significantly reduce the network parameters compared to some state-of-art *** our knowledge,this approach was the first attempt in the literature to use an end-to-end 3D-2D convolutional neural network for HsI *** was also the first-time using 3D depthwise separable convolutional neural network in HsI *** second approach proposes an extended morphological profile cube（EMPC）and a new densenet to tackle the limited training samples issue of hyperspectral image *** addition,the 3D densely connected network uses spectral-spatial dense connectivity blocks for early features fusion and the dimension reduc

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Aeromagnetic Data Modeling for Geological and structural Mappings over the DJADOM-ETA Area, in the southeastern Cameroon

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International Journal of Geosciences 2018年第6期9卷 354-370页

作者： Justine Yandjimain Théophile Ndougsa-Mbarga Marcelin Bikoro Bi-alou Arsène Meying Postgraduate school of sciences Technologies & Geosciences University of Yaoundé I Yaoundé Cameroon Department of Physics Advanced Teacher’s Training College University of Yaoundé I Yaoundé Cameroon Department of Earth sciences Faculty of University of Maroua Maroua Cameroon Department of Applied Geophysics Geology and Mining Exploitation College University of Ngaoundéré Ngaoundéré Cameroon

The DJADOM-ETA area is in south-eastern of Cameroon, within the Congo Craton (CC) formations and composed of gneiss and amphibolite, migmatites and intrusive rocks. Few geophysical studies have been carried out over surrounding areas, but no investigation on the study area. The existence of aeromagnetic data covering the study area has motivated the application of a multiscale approach for tectonic features identification. The aim of this work is to interpret Aeromagnetic Data for Geological and structural Mappings in the southeastern Cameroon. The GIs and GEOsOFT v8.4 softwares are used to treat data of Compagnie Minière du Cameroun getting in February 2012. The Tilt Angle method is used to delineate geological structures and to estimate the depth. The Euler’s Deconvolution method is used to estimate the specific depth of structural contacts. The presence of bifurcations, accompanied by virgations, leading to the occurrence of several faults. Principal lineaments are determined with the main direction being EsE-WNW and E-W for the minor lineaments. The study highlights two major faults: EsE-WNW and ENE-WsW, where the former dominates, what could be called the geological accident of ETA. The Euler’s Correlation and Tilt derivative contact map shows that most of the faults are vertical contacts. The geometrical description of this structure suggests an open synclinal transposed on vertical foliations: the major fault at the DJADOM axis is quasi-parallel to the Northern limit of the CC and parallel to the sanaga Fault (sF) and the Central Cameroon shear Zone (CCsZ). The features show a base strongly affected by tectonic which characterizes the transition between the zone from the CC and the belt from folds of the Pan-African. Also, the presence of the network characterizes the subsurface undulation in this study area: the intrusion of sandstone ochre quartz and schist of the Bek complex, the dolerite of the doleritic complex, and the silver micaschiste and ore quartzi

关键词： Tilt-Angle Euler Deconvolution Lineaments Djadom Fault

Inferring the subsurface Basement Depth and the Contact Locations from Aeromagnetic Data over Loum-Minta Area (Centre-East Cameroon)

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International Journal of Geosciences 2018年第7期9卷 435-459页

作者： Jean Aimé Mono Theophile Ndougsa-Mbarga Marcelin Bikoro Bi-alou Jean Daniel Ngoh Olivier Ulrich Owono Postgraduate school of sciences Technologies & Geosciences University of Yaoundé I Yaoundé Cameroon Basical sciences Teaching Department of Advanced Technical Teacher Training school University of Douala Douala Cameroon Department of Physics Advanced Teacher’s Training College University of Yaoundé I Yaoundé Cameroon Department of Earth sciences Faculty of Science University of Maroua Maroua Cameroon

The present study aims to estimate the basement depth and contact locations, deduced from the available aeromagnetic data. The total intensity aeromagnetic (TMI) map was first corrected by the application of the reduction to equator technique. Different edge detection processes, for example, tilt angle derivative (TDR) and its total horizontal derivative (HD_TDR) as well as 3D-Euler deconvolution can determine the edges of these sources. These techniques were carried out on the aeromagnetic data of Minta region (the study area). A correlation was noticed between these techniques indicating that both of them can be attributed in delineating the general structural framework of the area. The aeromagnetic data analysis enables to highlight many deeply-seated structural features trending in the E-W, ENE-WsW and NE-sW directions in this region. The E-W trend is more strongly developed than the other identified trends. Moreover that, two depth methods were applied: analytic signal (As) and source parameter imaging (sPI). They reflected similar results for estimating the basement depths. From both of them the depth ranges from 150 to 2800 m. Five methods (TDR, HD_TDR, 3D-Euler deconvolution, As and sPI) for locating magnetic sources indicated that the depth of the basement rocks ranged between 150 and 3000 m as the average range. Also, the comparative study among the 2D magnetic modeling was established by one profile constructing.

关键词： Power spectrum Multiscale Analysis (THDR_TDR As) Euler Deconvolution sPI Basement

Crustal structure and Tectonic setting over the Panafrican Domain in Loum-Minta Area (Centre-East Cameroon) from Aeromagnetic Analysis

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2019年第4期7卷 61-81页

作者： Jean Aimé Mono Marcelin Bikoro Bi-alou Arsene Meying Theophile Ndougsa-Mbarga stéphane Patrick Assembe Crépin Timoléon Kofané Postgraduate school of sciences Technologies & Geosciences University of Yaoundé I Yaoundé Cameroon Basical sciences Teaching Department of Advanced Technical Teacher Training school University of Douala Douala Cameroon Department of Earth sciences Faculty of Science University of Maroua Maroua Cameroon school of Geology and Mining Engineering University of Ngaoundere Ngaoundere Cameroon Department of Physics Advanced Teacher’s Training College University of Yaoundé I Yaoundé Cameroon Faculty of science University of Bamenda Bambili Cameroon

The present work aims to determine the geological structure, to highlight and to determine the characteristics of the fault system responsible for the current structure of the study area through the interpretation of available aeromagnetic data. Total magnetic intensity anomaly (TMI) was critically interpreted using several analysis techniques including Reduction to Equator (RTE), First Vertical Derivative, upward continuation, spectral analysis and 2D3/4 modelling. All results obtained from the interpretation process were combined together to draw an interpretative geological map of the area and allow the general view of the surface and sub-surface structures. The interpretative geological map reveals that the geological formations of the studied area appear to be intensely fractured by an E-W, ENE-WsW and NE-sW main orientation fault system. The lineaments identified in the area study could be linked to the Pan-African orogeny and seem to correspond to deep-seated basement structures, which are referred to the tectonic boundary between Congo Craton and the Pan-African orogeny belt. According to spectral analysis results, the depths of the sources of superficial and deep magnetic anomalies are 2500 m and 12,000 m respectively. The 2D3/4 modelling of one magnetic profile plotted on the reduced residual map at the equator was performed to approximate the geometry and depth of the sources of magnetic anomalies, the model suggests the intrusion of a large body of high susceptibility during the continental collision. The results of this study can be used to better understand deep-seated basement structures and to support decisions with regard to the development of industrial areas, as well as of hydrogeological and/or mining investigations to be undertaken in the study area.

关键词： Aeromagnetic Upward Continuation spectral Analysis Modelling 2D3/4

Mothers’ Level of schooling, Monitoring of Their Pregnancy and Perinatal Prognosis at the Reference Health Centre of Commune V of the District of Bamako

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Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2023年第2期13卷 383-394页

作者： Albachar Hamidou sitapha Dembélé Cheickna sylla sissoko Hamady seydou Z. Dao alou s.maké saleck Doumbia Cissao Chiaka sanogo siaka Amara sema Keita Reference Health Center of Kayes Kayes Mali Reference Health Centre of Commune V of the District of Bamako Bamako Mali National Centre for scientific and Technological Research in Bamako Bamako Mali Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics of the Fousseyni Daou Hospital in Kayes Kayes Mali Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics of the Gabriel Touré University Hospital Bamako Mali Reference Health Centre of Commune III of the District of Bamako Bamako Mali Reference Health Centre of Commune II of the District of Bamako Bamako Mali Reference Health Centre of Commune VI of the District of Bamako Bamako Mali Reference Health Center of Fana Koulikoro Mali

Introduction: The level of schooling of mothers is a determining factor in the follow-up of pregnancy and consequently the prognosis of childbirth and the quality of the newborn. Objective: The aim was to assess the impact of the level of education on the follow-up of their pregnancy and perinatal prognosis at the Reference Health Centre of Commune V of the District of Bamako. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective, cross-sectional and analytical study aimed descriptive from August 15 to December 15, 2021. We included in this study all pregnant women who had a gestational age of at least 22 weeks of amenorrhea and who gave birth or were received in the immediate postpartum period at the maternity ward of the Reference Health Center of Commune V. Results: Out-of-school parturients accounted for 60% of cases. Among the parturients in school, 18% had a higher level. In our study, 14.3% of women in labour knew the date of the last menstrual period. In our series, 100% of mothers in higher and secondary school had completed an antenatal consultation (CPN) compared to 90.7% in the out-of-school mothers. CPN1 was performed in the first trimester of pregnancy in 21.1% among out-of-school parturients compared to 83.5% among higher-level parturients. The number of NPCs was greater than or equal to 4 in 47.9% of parturients. Conclusion: Women’s schooling has an impact on their socio-economic conditions on the one hand and on the monitoring and prognosis of pregnancies on the other.

关键词： Level schooling Mothers Aftercare Pregnancy Prognosis

Combination of Tilt-Angle and Euler Deconvolution Approaches to Determine structural Features from Aeromagnetic Data Modeling over Akonolinga-Loum Area (Centre-East, Cameroon)

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International Journal of Geosciences 2017年第7期8卷 925-947页

作者： Justine Yandjimain Théophile Ndougsa-Mbarga Arsène Meying Marcelin Bikoro Bi-alou Paul Claude Ngoumou stéphane Patrick Assembe Jean Daniel Ngoh Olivier Ulrich Igor Owono-Amougou Postgraduate school of sciences Technologies & Geosciences University of Yaoundé I Yaoundé Cameroon Department of Physics Advanced Teacher’s Training College University of Yaoundé I Yaoundé Cameroon Department of Applied Geophysics Geology and Mining Exploitation College University of Ngaoundéré Ngaoundéré Cameroun Department of Earth sciences Faculty of Science University of Maroua Maroua Cameroon Department of Physics Faculty of Science University of Bamenda Bambili Cameroon

Aeromagnetic data for center-east Cameroon between the latitudes 3.5° to 4.5°N and longitudes 12° to 12.5°E are used to further study the subsurface area of this part of the geological Province of Central Africa and the Congo Craton. The GIs and GEOsOFT v6.5 softwares are used to treat the data. This analysis enabled us to explore our study area from surface right to the base. The Tilt Angle method is used to delineate geological structures and to estimate the depth. The Euler’s deconvolution method is used to estimate the specific depth of structural contacts. We estimate the northern boundary of the Congo Craton and southern boundary of the Pan-African starting from 3°7'N of West to 3°75'N of East. Its depth is estimated around 2.6 km for deep and 0.1 km for shallow while the direction is WsW-ENE and the NW slope varies from 30° to 60°. We obtain that main and minor lineaments exist throughout, from the surface to the base of the area with their principal direction being sW-NE. We also obtain the vertical gradient contact and the quasihorizontal contact. This is proof of the subduction of the Pan-African belt under the Congo Craton due to the intense collision which caused the rejuvenation of the crust. The main consequence of this collision is the formation of pudding and fold structures, beginning from the superficial part right to the base and which caused the intrusion of schistose, chlorite-schist, quartzite in the micaschist and the intrusions of gneiss and garnetiferous schist in the migmatite. In our study, we highlight the presence of 37 major and 523 minor lineaments that localize the circulation of minerals. The probable slope of the lineaments in the northern part of the region varies from 30° to 60° in a sE direction while in the southern part, and it varies from 30° to 60° in a NW direction.

关键词： Tilt-Angle Euler Deconvolution Lineaments Fault Gradient Akonolinga-Loum

Epidemiology, the Main Reasons and Maternal-Fetal Complications of Unassisted Childbirth in the Health District of V Bamako Commune, Mali

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Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2020年第10期10卷 1381-1395页

作者： soumana Oumar Traoré Cheickna sylla saleck Doumbia alou s.maké Amadou Bocoum seydou Fané Rokiatou Torian sangaré Fatoumata Keita Ibrahima Tegueté Youssouf Traoré Niani Mounkoro Mamadou Traoré Amadou Ingré Dolo Obstetric Gynecology Department The Reference Health Centre of Commune V Bamako Mali Obstetric Gynecology Department The Koutiala Reference Health Centre Koutiala Mali Obstetric Gynecology Department The Commune VI Reference Health Centre Bamako Mali Obstetric Gynecology Department The Gabriel Touré University Hospital Centre Bamako Mali

Objective: To describe the epidemiological aspects, to determine the reasons leading women to give birth outside of health facilities and to determine the maternal prognosis. Patients and Methods: This was a cross-sec... 详细信息

strong>Objective:strong> To describe the epidemiological aspects, to determine the reasons leading women to give birth outside of health facilities and to determine the maternal prognosis. Patients and Methods: This was a cross-sectional, analytical, quantitative and qualitative descriptive study over a period from 1 June to 31 December 2016 (7 months) on unassisted childbirth in the health district of commune V of Bamako. Results: We recorded 70 unsured deliveries, a frequency of 1.04% out of a total of 6719 deliveries. The extreme ages were 15 years and 41 years with an average age of 28 years. 90% of the birth attendants were married and 10% were single. The women's profession: 48% were housewives, 11% saleswomen, 13% hairdressers, 4% female teachers. Education level: 71% were uneducated and 29% educated. Among those who are educated, their level was primary in 50%, secondary in 32% and higher in 18%. 42% had done antenatal consultation. The main reasons: ignorance of work 44.3%;religious beliefs and societal burdens 10.0%;fear of caesarean section 4.3%;late-night birth labour 5.7%;lack of financial and/or transport means 17.1%;span style="font-family:Verdana;"> distance from the locality 2.9%;insecurity 2.9%. Maternal and perinatal prognosis: complications were mostly hemorrhagic and concerned 27 (39%) patients. These included uterine atony (13 cases), placental retention (8 cases), soft pa

关键词： Childbirth Unsured Reasons