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语用学论题之二:会话含义

当代语言学 1986年第2期 68-75页

作者： s.c.levinson 沈家煊

1.会话含义的特征 Grice认为会话含义的基本特征大致可以预言。他分析出五个特征。第一个特征也许最重要:会话含义是可以取消的。如果在原有前提上附加某些前提就能使一个推理消除,那末该报理就是“可取消的”。例如(1)具有“量”含义(2... 详细信息

1.会话含义的特征 Grice认为会话含义的基本特征大致可以预言。他分析出五个特征。第一个特征也许最重要:会话含义是可以取消的。如果在原有前提上附加某些前提就能使一个推理消除,那末该报理就是“可取消的”。例如(1)具有“量”含义(2)和蕴含(3):(1)John has three cows(约翰有三条奶牛)(2)约翰只有三条奶牛(3)约翰有两条奶牛

关键词：会话含义可分离性译者约翰对话含义会话准则真值条件

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语用学论题之三:言语行为

当代语言学 1986年第4期 166-172+175页

作者： s.c.levinson 沈家煊

1.哲学背景本世纪三十年代,逻辑实证主义的学说盛行,这个学说的中心信条是:除非一个句子至少在原则上可以征实(即验证它的真假),严格地说它是没有意义的。针对这种思潮,***-stein在他的晚期著作《哲学探讨》中发起积极的攻击,提出了“... 详细信息

1.哲学背景本世纪三十年代,逻辑实证主义的学说盛行,这个学说的中心信条是:除非一个句子至少在原则上可以征实(即验证它的真假),严格地说它是没有意义的。针对这种思潮,***-stein在他的晚期著作《哲学探讨》中发起积极的攻击,提出了“意义就是使用”的口号,并且坚持认为只有联系各项活动或语言博弈(language-games)才能解释所说的话。在同一时期,***提出了言语行为的理论。Austin坚持认为“在全体言语环境里的全体言语行为是我们作为最后一着试图阐明的唯一实际现象”。这跟Wittgenstein强调语言使用和语言博弈非常相似。

关键词：言语行为副词规约句子形式行为句言外之力语用理论

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语用学论题之五:指示现象(上)

当代语言学 1987年第2期 81-85+78页

作者： s.c.levinson 沈家煊

语言结构本身反映语言和语境之间的关系,最明显的就是指示(deixs)现象。这个术语借自希腊语,原意就是“指向、指明”。最典型的例子是使用指示词、第一和第二人称代词、时态、表示具体时间地点的副词如now(现在)和here(这儿)以及其他各... 详细信息

语言结构本身反映语言和语境之间的关系,最明显的就是指示(deixs)现象。这个术语借自希腊语,原意就是“指向、指明”。最典型的例子是使用指示词、第一和第二人称代词、时态、表示具体时间地点的副词如now(现在)和here(这儿)以及其他各种跟语境直接联系的语法特征。从本质上讲,指示现象牵涉到语言如何用语法表示出语境的特征,因此它也涉及如何依靠语境分析来理解说的话。例如指代词this(这)在不同的使用场合指不同的对象,它是一个变项,所指对象由语境(例如手势)确定。指示信息对理解说的话很重要,如果缺少这种信息,例如看到某办公室门上贴着这样的字条:

关键词：指示现象指示词语身势用法象征用法称呼语

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语用学论题之一:预设

当代语言学 1986年第1期 29-36页

作者： s.c.levinson 沈家煊

1.历史背景对语用学里这个论题的关注起源于哲学上的争议,特别是关于所指和指别词语的争议。近代第一个探讨这类问题的哲学家是***。他提出的许多问题后来成为预设讨论的中心。例如,他说:“在任何命题中总是有一个明显的预设——使用的... 详细信息

1.历史背景对语用学里这个论题的关注起源于哲学上的争议,特别是关于所指和指别词语的争议。近代第一个探讨这类问题的哲学家是***。他提出的许多问题后来成为预设讨论的中心。例如,他说:“在任何命题中总是有一个明显的预设——使用的简单或复合专名是有所指的。因此如果断言‘凯普勒死得很惨’,存在一个预设即名称‘凯普勒’有所指。”他还说:“名称‘凯普

关键词：复句可取消性句子表达式真假否定句语义关系法国国王论题

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语用学论题之五:指示现象(下)

当代语言学 1987年第3期 120-123页

作者： s.c.levinson 沈家煊

2.3地点指地点指就是指明言语事件中相对于指示中枢的方位。一个事物的方位可以根据它相对于其他事物的处所或者固定的参照点来确定,例如(35)The station is two hundred yards from the cathedral(车站离大教堂两百码远)(36)Kabul lies... 详细信息

2.3地点指地点指就是指明言语事件中相对于指示中枢的方位。一个事物的方位可以根据它相对于其他事物的处所或者固定的参照点来确定,例如(35)The station is two hundred yards from the cathedral(车站离大教堂两百码远)(36)Kabul lies at latitude 34 dpgrees,longitude 70 degrees(喀布尔位于北纬34度,东经70度)

关键词：指示词意思近指近称指称对象说话者代词实词话题标记语法形式

convergence,scalarization and continuity of Minimal solutions in set Optimization

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Journal of the Operations Research society of china 2024年第3期12卷 773-793页

作者： Karuna c.s.Lalitha Department of Mathematics University of DelhiDelhiDelhi110007India Department of Mathematics University of Delhi South CampusNew DelhiDelhi110021India

The paper deals with the study of two different aspects of stability in the given space as well as the image space,where the solution concepts are based on a partial order relation on the family of bounded subsets of a real normed linear *** first aspect of stability deals with the topological set convergence of families of solution sets of perturbed problems in the image space and Painlevé–Kuratowski set convergence of solution sets of the perturbed problems in the given *** convergence in the given space is also established in terms of solution sets of scalarized perturbed *** second aspect of stability deals with semicontinuity of the solution set maps of parametric perturbed problems in both the spaces.

关键词： Topological convergence Painlevé-Kuratowski convergence Upper semicontinuity Lower semicontinuity stability scalarization

Geochemistry and depositional environment of fuchsite quartzites from sargur Group,western Dharwar craton,India

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Acta Geochimica 2024年第3期43卷 555-570页

作者： c.s.sindhuja G.Harshitha c.Manikyamba K.s.V.subramanyam csIR(council of scientific and Industrial Research)-National Geophysical Research Institute(NGRI) Uppal RoadHyderabad 500007India

Meso-Neoarchean fuchsite quartzites are present in different stratigraphic positions of Dharwar craton including the oldest(~3.3 Ga)sargur Group of western Dharwar *** present study deals with the petro-graphic and geochemical characteristics of the fuchsite quartzites from the Ghattihosahalli belt to evaluate their genesis,depositional setting and the enigma involved in the ancient sedimentation *** major mineral assemblages include quartz,fuchsite,and feldspars along with accessory kyanite and *** geochemical com-positions are characterized by high siO_(2),Al_(2)O_(3),low MgO,caO,strongly enriched cr(1326–6899 ppm),Ba(1165–3653 ppm),sr(46–210 ppm),V(107–868 ppm)and Zn(11–158 ppm)contents compared to the upper continental crust(Ucc).The Ucc normalized rare earth element(REE)patterns are characterized by depleted light REE[(La/sm)Ucc=0.33–0.95]compared to heavy REE[(Gd/Yb)_(Ucc)=0.42–1.65]with conspicuous positive Eu-anomalies(Eu/Eu^(*)=1.35–18.27)characteristic of hydrothermal solutions evidenced through the interlayered *** overall major and trace element systematics reflect a combined mafic-felsic provenance and suggest their deposition at a passive continental margin *** comprehensivefield,petrographic,and geo-chemical studies indicate that these quartzites are infiltrated by cr-richfluids released during high-grade metamorphism of associated ultramafic *** sargur and the subse-quent Dharwar orogeny amalgamated diverse lithounits from different tectonic settings,possibly leading to the release of cr-richfluids and the formation of fuchsite quartzite during or after the *** sug-gest a pre-existing stable crust prior to the sargur Group and the link between orogenic events and various mineral deposits in the Dharwar craton.

关键词： Dharwar craton Ghattihosahalli Fuchsite quartzite Provenance Depositional setting

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Early Phases of star Formation: Testing chemical Tools

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Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics 2024年第1期24卷 96-118页

作者： N.c.Martinez s.Paron cONIcET-Universidad de Buenos Aires.Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio Ciudad Universitaria(C1428EGA)Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos AiresArgentina

star-forming processes strongly influence the IsM ***,many high-quality databases are available at millimeter *** them,it is possible to carry out studies that review and deepen previous *** these studies involve large samples of sources,it is preferred to use direct tools to study the molecular *** the aim of testing these tools such as the use of the HcN/HNc ratio as a thermometer,and the use of H^(13)cO^(+),Hc_(3)N,N_(2)H^(+) and c_(2)H as "chemical clocks," we present a molecular line study toward 55 sources representing massive young stellar objects at different evolutionary stages:infrared dark clouds(IRDcs),highmass protostellar objects(HMPOs),hot molecular cores(HMcs) and ultracompact H II *** found that the use of the HcN/HNc ratio as a universal thermometer in the IsM should be taken with care because the HcN optical depth is a big issue that can affect the ***,this tool should be utilized only after a careful analysis of the HcN spectrum,checking that no line,neither the main nor the hyperfine ones,presents absorption *** point out that the analysis of the emission of H^(13)cO^(+),Hc_(3)N,N_(2)H^(+) and c_(2)H could be useful to trace and distinguish regions among IRDcs,HMPOs and *** molecular line widths of these four species increase from the IRDc to the HMc stage,which can be a consequence of the gas dynamics related to the starforming processes taking place in the molecular *** results not only contribute with more statistics,acting as a probe of such chemical tools,useful to obtain information in large samples of sources,but also complement previous works through the analysis of other types of sources.

关键词： stars:formation IsM:molecules IsM:clouds

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Local MFs Matrix Decomposition Algorithms for Elliptic BVPs in Annuli

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Numerical Mathematics(Theory,Methods and Applications) 2024年第1期17卷 93-120页

作者： c.s.chen Andreas Karageorghis Min Lei school of Mathematics and Natural sciences University of Southern MississippiHattiesburgMS 39406USA Department of Mathematics and statistics University of CyprusP.O.Box 20537Nicosia 1678Cyprus college of Mathematics Taiyuan University of TechnologyTaiyuan 030024P.R.China

We apply the local method of fundamental solutions(LMFs)to boundary value problems(BVPs)for the Laplace and homogeneous biharmonic equations in *** appropriately choosing the collocation points,the LMFs discretization yields sparse block circulant system *** a result,matrix decomposition algorithms(MDAs)and fast Fourier transforms(FFTs)can be used for the solution of the systems resulting in considerable savings in both computational time and storage *** accuracy of the method and its ability to solve large scale problems are demonstrated by applying it to several numerical experiments.

关键词： Local method of fundamental solutions Poisson equation biharmonic equation matrix decomposition algorithms fast Fourier transforms