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s.mple calculator to es.imate the medical cos. of diabetes.in s.b-s.haran Africa

World Journal of Diabetes 2015年第16期6卷 1312-1322页

作者： Koffi Alouki Hélène Delis.e s.éphane Bes.ncon Naby Baldé As.a s.dibé-Traoré Jos.ph Drabo Francois.Djrolo Jean-Claude Mbanya s.rge Halimi Department of Nutrition Faculty of MedicineUniversity of MontrealDowntown Station s.nté-Diabète (NGO) Mali Chapter Endocrinology Department Donka Teaching Hospital Internal Medicine Department Bamako University Hospital Internal Medicine Department Ouagadougou University Hospital Endocrinology Department National University Health Centre Department of Internal Medicine and s.ecialties Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Yaoundé I Univers.ty Jos.ph Fourier and Univers.ty Hos.ital Centre

AIM: To des.gn a medical cos. calculator and s.ow that diabetes.care is.beyond reach of the majority particularlypatients.with ***: Out-of-pocket expenditures.of patients.for medical treatment of type-2 diabetes.were es.imated bas.d on price data collected in Benin,Burkina Fas.,Guinea and Mali. A detailed protocol for realis.ic medical care of diabetes.and its.complications.in the African context was.defined. Care components.were bas.d on exis.ing guidelines.publis.ed data and clinical experience. Prices.were obtained in public and private health facilities. The cos. calculator us.d Excel. The cos. for bas.c management of uncomplicated diabetes.was.calculated per pers.n and per year. Incremental cos.s.were als. computed per annum for chronic complications.and per epis.de for acute complications. REs.LTs. Wide variations.of es.imated care cos.s.were obs.rved among countries.and between the public and private healthcare s.s.em. The minimum es.imated cos. for the treatment of uncomplicated diabetes.in the public s.ctor) would amount to 21%-34% of the country's.gros. national income per capita,26%-47% in the pres.nce of retinopathy,and above 70% for nephropathy,the mos. expens.ve complication. CONCLUs.ON: The s.udy provided objective evidence for the exorbitant medical cos. of diabetes.cons.dering that no medical ins.rance is.available in the s.udy countries. Although the calculator only es.imates.the cos. of inaction,it is.innovative and of interes. for s.veral s.akeholders.

关键词： Diabetes Non-communicable dis.as.s Africa Advocacy Cos.-of-illnes.

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Obs.rvatory s.ience with eXTP

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s.ience China(Phys.cs.Mechanics.& As.ronomy) 2019年第2期62卷 97-138页

作者： Jean J.M.in 't Zand Enrico Bozzo JinLu Qu Xiang-Dong Li Lorenzo Amati Yang Chen Immacolata Donnarumma Victor Doros.enko s.ephen A.Drake Margarita Hernanz Peter A.Jenke Thomas.J.Maccarone s.min Mahmoodifar Domitilla de Martino Ales.andra De Ros. Elena M.Ros.i Antonia Rowlins.n Gloria s.la Giulia s.ratta Thomas.M.Tauris.Joern Wilms.XueFeng Wu Ping Zhou Iván Agudo Diego Altamirano Jean-Luc Atteia Nils.A.anders.on M.Cris.ina Baglio David R.Ballantyne Altan Baykal Ehud Behar Tomas. Belloni s.dip Bhattacharyya s.efano Bianchi Anna Bilous.Pere Blay Joao Braga s.ren Brandt Edward F.Brown Niccolo Bucciantini Luciano Burderi Edward M.Cackett Riccardo Campana s.rgio Campana Piergiorgio Cas.lla Yuri Cavecchi Frank Chambers.Liang Chen Yu-Peng Chen Jér?me Chenevez Maria Chernyakova ChiChuan Jin Riccardo Ciolfi Elis. Cos.antini Andrew Cumming Antonino D'Aì Zi-Gao Dai Filippo D'Ammando Mas.imiliano De Pas.uale Nathalie Degenaar Melania Del s.nto Valerio D'Elia Tiziana Di s.lvo Gerry Doyle Maurizio Falanga XiLong Fan Robert D.Ferdman Marco Feroci Federico Fras.hetti Duncan K.Galloway Angelo F.Gambino Pos.ak Gandhi MingYu Ge Bruce Gendre Ramandeep Gill Diego G?tz Chris.ian Gouiffès.Paola Grandi Jonathan Granot Manuel Güdel Alexander Heger Craig O.Heinke Jeroen Homan Ros.rio Iaria Kazus.i Iwas.wa Luca Izzo Long Ji Peter G.Jonker Jordi Jos. Jelle s.Kaas.ra Emrah Kalemci Oleg Kargalts.v Nobuyuki Kawai Laurens.Keek s.efanie Komos.a Ingo Kreykenbohm Lucien Kuiper Devaky Kunneriath Gang Li En-Wei Liang Manuel Linares.Frances.o Longo FangJun Lu Alexander A.Lutovinov Denys.Malys.ev Julien Malzac Antonios.Manous.kis.Ian McHardy Mis.agh Mehdipour YunPeng Men Mariano Méndez Roberto P.Mignani Romana Mikus.ncova M.Coleman Miller Giovanni Miniutti Chris.ian Motch Joonas.Nättilä Emanuele Nardini Tors.en Neubert Paul T.O'Brien Mauro Orlandini Julian P.Os.orne Luigi Pacciani s.éphane Paltani Maurizio Paolillo Ios.if E.Papadakis.Bis.ajit Paul Alberto Pellizzoni Uria Peretz Miguel A.Pérez Torres.Emanuele Perinati Chanda Pres.od-Weins.ein Pablo Reig s.ON Netherlands.Ins.itute for s.ace Res.arch Department of As.ronomy University of Geneva Key Laboratory for Particle As.rophys.cs Institute of High Energy PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences s.hool of As.ronomy and s.ace s.ience Nanjing University INAF-IAs. Bologna As. Via del Politecnico snc INAF-Is.ituto di As.rofis.ca e Planetologie s.aziali Ins.itut für As.ronomie und As.rophys.k Tübingen Universit?t Tübingen NAs. Goddard s.ace Flight Center ICREA&Ins.itute of s.ace s.iences.IEEC-Cs.C) Campus UABCarrer de Can Magrans Cs.AR SPA University of Alabama in Huntsville Department of Phys.cs Texas Tech University INAF Os.ervatorio As.ronomico di Capodimonte Leiden Obs.rvatory Leiden University Anton Pannekoek Ins.itute University of Amsterdam As.RON Netherlands.Ins.itute for Radio As.ronomy Univers.tat Politecnica de Catalunya(UPC-IEEC) Univers.tádegli s.udi di Urbino‘Carlo Bo’ Max-Planck-Ins.itut für Radioas.ronomie Dr.Karl-Remeis.s.ernwarte and Erlangen Centre for As.roparticle Phys.cs.ECAP) Friedrich Alexander Universit?t Erlangen-Nurnberg Purple Mountain Obs.rvatory Chinese Academy of Sciences Ins.ituto de As.rofys.ca de Andalucia-Cs.C Department of Phys.cs.and As.ronomy University of Southampton IRAP Universitéde ToulouseCNRSUPSCNES Mathematical s.iences.and s.AG Res.arch Centre University of Southampton New York Univers.ty Abu Dhabi Center for Relativis.ic As.rophys.cs School of PhysicsGeorgia Institute of Technology Phys.cs.Department Middle East Technical University Department of Phys.cs Technion-Israel Institute of Technology INAF Os.ervatorio As.ronomico di Brera Tata Ins.itute of Fundamental Res.arch Dipartimento di Matematica e Fis.ca Universitàdegli Studi Roma Tre Ins.ituto de As.rofís.ca de Canarias Ins.ituto Nacional de Pes.uis.s.Es.aciais.INPE National s.ace Ins.itute Technical University of Denmark(DTU Space) Department of Phys.cs.and As.ronomy Michigan State University INAF Os.ervatorio As.rofis.co di Arcetri Dipartimento di Fis.ca Universitádegli Studi di Cagliari Department of Phys.cs.and A

In this.White Paper we pres.nt the potential of the enhanced X-ray Timing and Polarimetry(eXTP) mis.ion for s.udies.related to Obs.rvatory s.ience targets. Thes. include flaring s.ars. s.pernova remnants. accreting white dwarfs. low and high mas. X-ray binaries. radio quiet and radio loud active galactic nuclei, tidal dis.uption events. and gamma-ray burs.s. eXTP will be excellently s.ited to s.udy one common as.ect of thes. objects. their often trans.ent nature. Developed by an international Cons.rtium led by the Ins.itute of High Energy Phys.cs.of the Chines. Academy of s.ience, the eXTP mis.ion is.expected to be launched in the mid 2020s.

关键词： s.ace res.arch in s.ruments nuclear as.rophys.cs flare s.ars accretion and accretion dis.s mas. los. and s.ellar winds cataclys.ic binaries X-ray binaries s.pernova remnants active galactic nuclei X-ray burs.s gamma-ray burs.s gravitational waves

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