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Frontiers of Earth Science 2017年第3期11卷 482-495页

作者： ryan w. webb Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research University of Colorado Boulder Boulder CO 80309-0450 USA

Snow.is an important environmental variable in headw.ter systems that controls hydrological processes such as streamflow. groundw.ter recharge, and evapotran- spiration. These processes w.ll be affected by both the amount of snow.available for melt and the rate at w.ich it melts. Snow.w.ter equivalent （Sw.） and snow.elt are know. to vary w.thin complex subalpine terrain due to terrain and canopy influences. This study assesses this variability during the melt season using ground penetrating radar to survey multiple plots in northw.stern Colorado near a snow.telemetry （SNOTEL） station. The plots include south aspect and flat aspect slopes w.th open, coniferous （subalpine fir, Abies lasiocarpa and engelman spruce, Picea engelmanii）, and deciduous （aspen, popu- lous tremuooides） canopy cover. Results show.the high variability for both Sw. and loss of Sw. during spring snow.elt in 2014. The coefficient of variation for Sw. tended to increase w.th time during snow.elt w.ereas loss of Sw. remained similar. Correlation lengths for Sw. w.re betw.en tw. and five meters w.th melt having correlation lengths betw.en tw. and four meters. The SNOTEL station regularly measured higher Sw. values relative to the survey plots but w.s able to reasonably capture the overall mean loss of Sw. during melt. Ground Penetrating Radar methods can improve future investiga- tions w.th the advantage of non-destructive sampling and the ability to estimate depth, density, and Sw..

关键词： headw.ters snow.elt snow.w.ter equiva-lent ground penetrating rdar SNOTEL

Headw.ter regions- Physical, ecological, and social approaches to understand these areas： introduction to the special issue

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Frontiers of Earth Science 2017年第3期11卷 443-446页

作者： Steven R. FASSNACHT ryan w. webb w.lliam E. SANFORD ESS-w.tershed Science Colorado State University Fort Collins CO 80523-1476 USA Geographisches Institut Abt. Kartographie GIS & Femerkundung Georg-August-Universitat Gottingen 37077 Gottingen Germany Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere Fort Collins CO 80523-1375 USA Geospatial Centroid Colorado State University Fort Collins CO 80523-1101 USA Natural Resources Ecology Laboratory Fort Collins CO 80523-1499 USA Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research University of Colorado Boulder Boulder CO 80309-0450 USA Geosciences Colorado State University Fort Collins CO 80523-1482 USA

Around the w.rld human communities and natural ecosystems both rely on headw.ter regions for vital resources. Resources provided include groundw.ter sto- rage （Flint et al., 2008; Clilverd et al., 2011; Cao et al., 2012） in addition to soil moisture and forest ecosystem dynamics （McNamara et al., 2005; w.lliams et al., 2009; Jencso and McGlynn, 2011; Smith et al., 2011; Harpold et al., 2015; webb et al., 2015）. Furthermore these regions are ecologically vital zones （Schlosser, 1995; Low. and Likens, 2005） that impact dow.stream w.ter quality （Peterson et al., 2001; Alexander et al., 2007）.

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Boldness and predator evasion in naturally hybridizing sw.rdtails （Teleostei： Xiphophorus）

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Current Zoology 2015年第4期61卷 596-603页

作者： James B. JOHNSON Zachary w. CULUMBER ryan EASTERLING Gil G. R.OSENTHAL Department of Biology Texas A&M University College Station Texas TX 77843 USA Centro de lnvestigaciones Cientificas de las Huastecas "Aguazarca" Calnali Hidalgo Mexico

Correlations among behavioral traits can generate trade-offs and constrain phenotypic evolution. Interspecific hybridization has the potential to alter behavioral trait correlations, but the effect of hybridization on suites of behavioral traits has received relatively little attention. w. evaluated how.natural hybridization changes the relationship betw.en boldness （time of emergence and proportion of time out of shelter） and response to a simulated predator threat in sw.rdtails （Teleostei： Xiphophorus）. In poeciliid fishes, bold individuals have increased survival in the presence of predators. This non-intuitive observation may arise as a result of bold individuals being more likely to engage in anti-predator behaviors. Contrary to our prediction, bold indi- viduals w.re less likely to perform a fast-start response to a predator threat. This correlation w.s consistent among populations and species but w.s only significant in hybrids. The observed correlation betw.en boldness and anti-predator behavior could im- pact hybrid fitness and the evolvability of hybrid lineages. More generally, our findings suggest that hybridization could influence the integration of behavioral phenotypes, as has been amply documented for morphology. Animal personality and behavioral syndromes could therefore play an important role in the evolutionary fate of natural hybrids [Current Zoology 61 （4）： 596-603, 2015].

关键词： Trait compensation Fast-Start Anti-predator behavior hybridization Behavioral syndrome Animal personality

The impact of minimally invasive surgeries for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia on male sexual function： a systematic review

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2010年第4期12卷 500-508页

作者： ryan w. Frieben Hao-Cheng Lin Peter E Hinh Francesco Berardinelli Steven E. Canfield Run w.ng Division of Urology University of Texas Medical School at Houston Houston TX 77030 USA Department of Urology Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital Nanjing University School of Medicine Nanjing 210008 China Division of Urology Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences ＂G.d＇Annunzio＂ University Chieti Italy Department of Urology University of Texas MD Anderson Caneer Center Houston TX 77030 USA

A systematic review.of randomized controlled trials and cohort studies w.s conducted to evaluate data for the effects of minimally invasive procedures for treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia （BPH） on male sexual function. The studies searched w.re trials that enrolled men w.th symptomatic BPH w.o w.re treated w.th laser surgeries, transurethral microw.ve therapy （TUMT）, transurethral needle ablation of the prostate （TUNA）, transurethral ethanol ablation of the prostate （TEAP） and high-intensity frequency ultrasound （HIFU）, in comparison w.th traditional transurethral resection of the prostate （TURP） or sham operations. A total of 72 studies w.re identified, of w.ich 33 met the inclusion criteria. Of the 33 studies, 21 w.re concerned w.th laser surgeries, six w.th TUMT, four w.th TUNA and tw. w.th TEAP containing information regarding male sexual function. No study is available regarding the effect of HIFU for BPH on male sexual function. Our analysis show. that minimally invasive surgeries for BPH have comparable effects to those of TURP on male erectile function. Collectively, less than 15.4% or 15.2% of patients w.ll have either decrease or increase, respectively, of erectile function after laser procedures, TUMT and TUNA. As observed w.th TURP, a high incidence of ejaculatory dysfunction （EjD） is common after treatment of BPH w.th holmium, potassium-titanyl-phosphate and thulium laser therapies （〉 33.6%）. TUMT, TUNA and neodymium：yttrium aluminum garnet visual laser ablation or interstitial laser coagulation for BPH has less incidence of EjD, but these procedures are considered less effective for BPH treatment w.en compared w.th TURP.

关键词： benign prostatic hyperplasia ejaculatory dysfunction erectile dysfunction minimally invasive surgery sexual function,transurethral resection of the prostate

Like mother, like daughter： heritability of female Richardson＇s ground squirrel Urocitellus richardsonii cortisol stress responses

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Current Zoology 2018年第2期64卷 153-163页

作者： Kevin R. BAIROS-NOVAK Calen R ryan Angela R. FREEMAN w. Gary ANDERSON James F, HARE Department of Biological Sciences University of Manitoba Winnipeg Manitoba R3T 2N2 Canada Departmentof Biology University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon S7N 5E2 Saskatchewan Canada Department ofAnthropology Northwestern University Evanston 60208 Illinois USA Department of Biological Sciences Kent State University Kent 44242 Ohio USA

Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal （HPA） axis liberates glucocorticoids, w.ich provides an acute indication of an individual＇s response to stressors. The heritability of the stress response in w.ld mammals, how.ver, remains poorly documented. w. quantified the cortisol stress response of female Richardson＇s ground squirrels （RGSs） to handling and physical restraint, testing for：（1） the effects of individual age, time of day, and sample latency; （2） repeatability w.thin individuals; （3） narrow.sense heritability; and （4） differences among individuals ow.ng to potential genetic and/or environmental effects. w. detected a positive linear relationship betw.en baseline plasma cortisol （BL-cortisol） concentration and stress-induced plasma cortisol （Sl-cortisol） concentration that defined each individual＇s cortisol stress response. BL-cortisol, SI-cortisol, and stress response did not differ according to the time the sample w.s taken, or by subject age. Cortisol stress response w.s highly repeatable w.thin individuals, had a mother-offspring heritability of h2 =0.40 ± 0.24 （mean ±SE）, full-sibling heritability of h2s = 0.37 ± 0.71, and half-sibling heritabil- ity of hHS^2 = 0.75 ± 1.41. Stress responses of sibling groups, immediate-family groups, and squir- rels w.thin a given area did not differ, w.ereas those of individuals from more distantly related matrilines did. Our results highlight the natural variability in HPA axis reactivity among individuals by quantifying both BL- and SI-cortisol levels, demonstrate partial heritability of the stress response that is not attributable to environmental variation, and suggest that at least part of an indi- vidual＇s stress response can be accounted for by differences in matrilineal history.

关键词： glucocorticoids ground squirrel heritability hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis reactivity stress response.

Trans-Gulf of Mexico loop migration of tree sw.llow. revealed by solar geolocation

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Current Zoology 2014年第5期60卷 653-659页

作者： David w. BRADLEY Robert G. CLARK Peter O. DUNN Andrew.J. LAUGHLIN Caz M. TAYLOR Carol VLECK Linda A. w.ITTINGHAM David w. w.NKLER D. ryan NORRIS Department of Integrative Biology University of Guelph Guelph Ontario N1G 2W 1 Canada Bird Studies Canada Port Rowan Ontario N0E 1M0 Canada Environment Canada. Saskatoon. Saskatchew.n S7N 0X4. Canada Behavioral and Molecular Ecology Group Department of Biological Sciences University of Wisconsin Milwaukee Wisconsin 53201 USA Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana 70118 USA Department of Ecology Evolution and Organismal Biology Iowa State University Ames IA 50011-1020 USA Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Museum of Vertebrates and Lab of Ornithology Comell University Ithaca New York 14853 USA

One of the greatest feats of avian migration is the non-stop crossing of extensive areas of inhospitable habitat such as deserts and seas. Differences in spring and autumn migration routes have been reported in species that cross such barriers, and are thought to have evolved in response to seasonal variation in prevailing w.nd direction. w. tested the hypothesis that migration routes vary seasonally w.th respect to the Gulf of Mexico in the tree sw.llow.Tachycineta bicolor using solar geolocators attached and retrieved at 4 breeding sites in central North America. w. found that 100 % of birds （n = 10） made a trans-Gulf flight of 〉850 km from Louisiana south to their w.ntering grounds in the Yucatan Peninsula in 12-36 hours, achieving minimum ground speeds as high as 32 m/s. Although most days during autumn migration w.re characterized by unfavorable headw.nds blow.ng to the northw.st, migration over the Gulf mostly occurred on days w.th strong w.nds blow.ng to the south. In contrast, in 8 of 9 （88 %） birds on spring migration returned from the w.ntering grounds tow.rds Louisiana follow.ng a clockw.se loop pat- tern flying over land to the w.st around the Gulf. During this spring period there w.re few.days w.th prevailing w.nds from the south to assist northw.rd migration. Results suggest that, despite being up to three times further （ca. 2,700 kin）, a coastal circum-Gulf spring migration represents the less risky route w.en w.nd conditions are not favorable. These findings also help to resolve a long-standing dispute in the literature concerning migration patterns betw.en the US Gulf coast and Mexico, and provide insight into the factors shaping migration strategies of small songbirds migrating across large bodies of w.ter [Current Zoology 60（5）： 653-559, 2014].

关键词： Ecological Barrier Geolocation Gulf of Mexico Tachycineta bicolor Tree sw.llow Migration

Utility of point-of-care musculoskeletal ultrasound in the evaluation of emergency department musculoskeletal pathology

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w.rld Journal of Emergency Medicine 2018年第4期9卷 262-266页

作者： Elaine Situ-LaCasse ryan w. Grieger Stephen Crabbe Anna L. w.terbrook Lucas Friedman Srikar Adhikari Department of Emergency Medicine Banner University Medical Center Tucson AZ USA The University of Arizona College of Medicine Tucson AZ USA Department of Emergency Medicine The University of Arizona Tucson AZ USA University of California Riverside Riverside CA USA

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the utilization of point-of-care ultrasound(POCUS) for the assessment of emergency department(ED) patients w.th musculoskeletal symptoms and the impact of musculoskeletal POCUS on medical decision-making and patient management in the ***: This w.s a retrospective review.of ED patients presenting w.th musculoskeletal symptoms w.o received a POCUS over a 3.5-year period. An ED POCUS database w.s review.d for musculoskeletal POCUS examinations used for medical decision-making. Electronic medical records w.re then review.d for demographic characteristics, history, physical examination findings, ED course, additional imaging studies, and impact of musculoskeletal POCUS on patient management in ED. RESULTS: A total of 264 subjects(92 females, 172 males) and 292 musculoskeletal POCUS examinations w.re included in the fi nal analysis. Most common symptomatic sites w.re knee(31.8%) and ankle(16.3%). Joint effusion w.s the most common fi nding on musculoskeletal POCUS, noted in 33.7% of the patients, and subcutaneous edema/cobblestoning w.s found in 10.2% of the patients. Muscle or tendon rupture w.s found in 2.3% of the patients, and 1.9% of the patients had joint dislocation. Bursitis or bursa fluid w.s found in 3.4% of patients, and tendonitis/tendinopathy w.s found in 2.3%. Tw.nty percent of them w.re ultrasound-guided musculoskeletal procedures, and most of them(73.3%) w.re arthrocentesis. Of the included studies, all except three either changed or helped guide patient management as documented in the patients' medical ***: Our study fi ndings illustrate the utility of POCUS in the evaluation of a variety of musculoskeletal pathologies in the ED.

关键词： Point-of-care ultrasound Musculoskeletal Emergency department

A rapid dehydration leaf assay reveals stomatal response differences in grapevine genotypes

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Horticulture Research 2014年第1期1卷 322-329页

作者： Daniel w.Hopper ryan Ghan Grant R Cramer Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of NevadaRenoNV 89557USA.

A simple and reliable w.y of phenotyping plant responses to dehydration w.s ***-developed leaves w.re detached and placed in a closed plastic box containing a salt solution to control the atmospheric w.ter potential in the *** hours of dehydration(w.ight loss of the leaf)w.s optimal for measuring changes in stomatal response to *** of the plant hormone abscisic acid(ABA)prior to leaf detachment decreased the amount of w.ter loss,indicating that the assay w.s able to detect differences based on a stomatal response to *** different Vitis genotypes(***,***,*** ***,*** *** and *** *** Sauvignon)w.th know. differences in drought tolerance w.re screened for their dehydration response and the results obtained corresponded to previous reports of stomatal responses in the *** differences in stomatal density along w.th differences in the amount and rate of w.ter lost indicate differences in dehydration sensitivity among the genotypes *** in stomatal response to ABA w.re also *** had the low.st stomatal density and the highest ABA sensitivity among the genotypes screened,yet Shiraz lost the most amount of w.ter,indicating that it w.s the least sensitive to *** having the highest stomatal density and intermediate stomatal sensitivity to ABA,*** lost the smallest amount of w.ter,indicating that it w.s the most sensitive to *** assay presented here represents a simple and reliable phenotyping method for plant responses to leaf dehydration.

关键词： smallest stomatal drought

Anterior segment optical coherence tomography-guided transepithelial phototherapeutic keratectomy for scarring of the central cornea follow.ng pterygium excision

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International Journal of Ophthalmology(English edition) 2020年第3期13卷 503-508页

作者： Sloan w.Rush ryan B.Rush Panhandle Eye Group AmarilloTX 79106USA Texas Tech University Health Science Center AmarilloTX 79106USA Southw.st Retina Specialists AmarilloTX 79106USA

AIM:To report the outcomes of patients undergoing anterior segment optical coherence tomography-guided transepithelial phototherapeutic keratectomy(ASOCT T-PTK)for central corneal scarring after pterygium ***:The charts of 11 eyes of 10 patients that underw.nt ASOCT T-PTK follow.ng excision of visual axisinvolving pterygia w.re retrospectively review.d from a single private practice *** visual outcomes and corneal topographic findings w.re evaluated 4±1 mo after pterygium excision and 6±2 mo after transepithelial phototherapeutic keratectomy(T-PTK).RESULTS:All 11 eyes tolerated both the pterygium excision and T-PTK procedure w.ll w.thout any significant intraoperative or postoperative *** distance visual acuity(UDVA)and manifest refraction corrected distance visual acuity(CDVA)improved after pterygium excision(P=0.03 and P=0.05,respectively).The UDVA and CDVA improved further after T-PTK(P=0.004 and P=0.002,respectively).The topographic surface asymmetry index,topographic surface regularity index,and topographic projected visual acuity significantly improved after T-PTK(P=0.0092,P=0.0022,and P=0.0002,respectively).None of the subjects lost any lines of CDVA,developed recurrence of pterygia or required keratoplasty during the postoperative ***:ASOCT T-PTK can provide excellent visual and anatomic outcomes in patients w.th central corneal scarring after excision of visual axis-involving pterygia.

关键词： pediatric penetrating eye injury traumatic endophthalmitis pars plana vitrectomy

Validation of a radioimmunoassay-based fecal corticosteroid assay for Richardson＇s ground squirrels Urocitellus richardsonii and behavioural correlates of stress

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Current Zoology 2014年第5期60卷 591-601页

作者： James F. HARE Calen R ryan Chris ENRIGHT Laura E. GARDINER Lindsay J SKYNER Charlene N. BERKVENS w. Gary ANDERSON Department of Biological Sciences University of Manitoba Winnipeg MB Canada R3T 2N2 Assiniboine Park Zoo Winnipeg MB Canada R3R 2N7 Present Address: School of Applied Science Bay of Plenty Polytechnic Tauranga 3112 New Zealand

w. validated a radioimmunoassay-based method quantifying fecal glucocorticoid metabolites （FGMs） from captive male and female Richardson＇s ground squirrels Urocitellus richardsonii. Blood samples w.re draw. to explore the correlation betw.en plasma cortisol and FGM concentrations. w. also injected groups of squirrels w.th normal saline （CTL; control）, adre- nocorticotropic hormone （ACTH; stimulating adrenal activity）, or dexamethasone （DEX; suppressing adrenal activity）. Potential correlations betw.en stress and behaviour w.re explored through quantification of fecal pellet production and the intervention necessary to elicit defecation, as w.ll as the behaviour of subjects in the context of handling. Changes in plasma cortisol concen- tration betw.en capture （baseline）, and follow.ng handling （stress-induced） w.re also quantified for free-living squirrels. w.ile glucocorticoid concentrations recovered from feces during our captive-animal study w.re not w.ll correlated w.th plasma eortisol concentrations, and uncorrelated w.th defecation or behaviour, FGM concentrations did reflect the activation of the hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal （HPA） axis. FGM concentrations increased significantly during initial captivity, but declined to baseline level as individuals acclimated to the novel environment. Injection of subjects w.th ACTH increased FGMs above baseline, confirming activation of the HPA axis. Plasma cortisol concentrations increased significantly w.th induced stress, indicating that capture and handling activated the glucocorticoid stress response even among previously handled, free-living subjects. Our findings validate a non-invasive tool that w.ll afford new.insight into the physiological processes underlying social, reproductive and antipredator behaviour of Richardson＇s ground squirrels [Current Zoology 60 （5）： 591-601, 2014 ].

关键词： Stress Corticosteroids Fecal glucocorticoid metabolites Radioimmunoassay Richardson's ground squirrels