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Petroleum Science 2019年第2期16卷 285-297页

作者： Jing-Wei Cui ru-kai zhu Zhong Luo Sen Li Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChina Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Depositional Mineralization and Sedimentary Minerals Shandong University of Science and Technology

The Ordos Basin is the largest petroliferous basin in China, where the Chang 7 Member shale serves as the major source rock in the basin, with an area of more than 100,000 km^2 So far, sedimentary and geochemical characterizations have rarely been conducted on the shale in shallow( 10%) contains mainly sapropelite and liptinite, with Type Ⅱ kerogen. It is generally characterized by a hydrocarbon potential of more than 70 mg/g, low maturity, and shallow-semideep lacustrine facies. In the western sections, the shale, still in a low maturity stage, has a higher hydrocarbon potential and is optional for shale oil recovery. However, the Chang 7 Member shale in the study area is highly heterogeneous and its shale oil recovery is practical only in the organic-rich intervals.

关键词： Ordos Basin Chang 7 Member oil Organic-rich shale Sedimentary characteristics Geochemical characteristics

The evolution of clay mineral and its indication of hydrocarbons under overpressure: An example from the shale of the Qingshankou formation in the Gulong Sag

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Petroleum Science 2024年第6期21卷 3867-3883页

作者： Yuan Kang Kou-Qi Liu ru-kai zhu Ge-Ge Yin Jing-Ya Zhang Su-Rong Zhang Institute of Energy School of Earth and Space Sciences Peking University Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development(RIPED) China National Petroleum Corporation(CNPC)

The enrichment and development of shale oil are significantly influenced by the evolution of clay minerals. In this paper, the mineralogy and clay mineral crystallinity of shale samples from Wells X1, X2 and X3 in the Gulong Sag are characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis（XRD） and field emission scanning electron microscopy（FE-SEM）. Geochemical parameters, including total organic carbon（TOC）and rock-eval pyrolysis, were also evaluated. The results reveal that illite in the shale primarily exists in the matrix, originating mainly from the transformation of smectite and I/S mixed layer. Chlorite in pores is predominantly formed through fluid precipitation and crystallization. The study area exhibits abnormal evolution of illite and I/S mixed layers, as well as the phenomenon of rapid chlorite growth under overpressure condition. The abnormal evolution of illite and I/S mixed layer may attribute to the inhibition of the conversion reaction from I/S mixed layer to illite. Chlorite's rapid growth occurs through the nucleation mechanism. Furthermore, through the analysis of clay and organic matter correlation,coupled with overpressure and hydrocarbon-rich section considerations, it is observed that chlorite may play a significant role in the storage and generation of S1. This study contributes to a better understanding of the relationship between clay mineral evolution and shale reservoir overpressure, offering valuable insights for the accurate assessment of shale oil.

关键词： Gulong sag Qingshankou Clay minerals Overpressure Shale oil

The petrological characteristics and signif icance of organic-rich shale in the Chang 7 member of the Yanchang Formation,south margin of the Ordos basin,central China

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Petroleum Science 2019年第6期16卷 1255-1269页

作者： Sen Li ru-kai zhu Jing-Wei Cui Zhong Luo Jing-Gang Cui Han Liu Wei-Qiang Li Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development Beijing 100083China Tight Oil and Gas Research Center of National Energy Beijing 100083China Key Lab of Oil and Gas Reservoir of PetroChina Beijing 100083China

The organic-rich shale of the Chang 7 member is the most important source rock in the Ordos *** sedimentary environment and the controlling factors of organic matter enrichment,however,are still in *** this investigation,the Yishicun outcrop,located on the south margin of the Ordos basin,has been considered for the study.X-ray diffraction,polarizing microscopy,field emission scanning electron microscopy and cathodoluminescence(CL)were used to investigate the petrological features of the organic-rich *** content of volcanic ash and the diameter of pyrite framboid pseudocrystals were measured to illustrate the relationship between oxygen level,ash content and the enrichment of organic *** has been found that the diameter of pyrite framboid pseudocrystals has a strong correlation with the total organic carbon,demonstrating that the redox status degree of the water column has a positive impact on the enrichment of organic ***,with an increase in the ash content,the content of organic matter increased at first and then decreased,and reached a maximum when the ash content was about 6%,illustrating that the ash input has a double effect on the enrichment of organic matter.

关键词： Organic-rich shale Volcanic ash Framboidal pyrite pseudocrystal Chang 7 member Ordos basin

Microscopic oil occurrence in high-maturity lacustrine shales:Qingshankou Formation,Gulong Sag,Songliao Basin

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Petroleum Science 2023年第5期20卷 2726-2746页

作者： Jing-Ya Zhang ru-kai zhu Song-Tao Wu Xiao-Hua Jiang Chang Liu Yi Cai Su-Rong Zhang Tian-Shu Zhang Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChinaBeijing100083China

Occurrence and mobility of shale oil are prerequisites for evaluating shale oil reserves and prioritizing exploration targets,particularly for heterogeneous lacustrine *** Qingshankou Formation in the Gulong Sag,Songliao Basin is a classic lacustrine pure shale reservoir that contains abundant shale oil *** predicted geological reserves of the shale are 1.268×10^(9) *** this study,field emission scanning electron microscope(FE-SEM),the modular automated processing system(MAPS),pyrolysisgas chromatography(Py-GC),low-pressure nitrogen gas adsorption(LPNA),Soxhlet extraction,pyrolysis,and 2-D nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)were integrated to describe the shale oil components,microscopic occurrence,mobility,and the effective pore size ***,the related controlling factors are *** shale oil in the Qingshankou Fm exists dominantly in the matrix pores of the clay minerals,with small amounts distributed in the intergranular pores of terrigenous clastic grains,intercrystalline pores of pyrite,intragranular pores of ostracod shells,and *** oil is distributed in the pore spaces of variable sizes in different *** clay mineral-laminated shales are characterized by the broadest range of pore size and largest volume of pore spaces with shale oil distribution,while the ostracod-laminated shales have limited pore spaces retaining ***,the proposed integrated analysis evaluates the shale oil molecules existing in two states:movable,and adsorbed oil,*** result illustrates that movable oil takes up 30.6%e79.4%of the total residual ***,mineral composition,and pore structures of the shale joint together to control the states and mobility of the shale *** values are positively correlated with the quantities of shale oil regardless of the state of *** mineral components significantly impact the state of shale *** differences in the states of oil were observed following

关键词： Shale oil content Occurrence states Micro-oil distribution Effective pore spaces Controlling factors Gulong sag

Reservoir characteristics,formation mechanisms and petroleum exploration potential of volcanic rocks in China

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Petroleum Science 2015年第1期12卷 54-66页

作者： Zhi-Guo Mao ru-kai zhu Jing-Lan Luo Jing-Hong Wang Zhan-Hai Du Ling Su Shao-Min Zhang Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development Petro China State Key Laboratory of Enhanced Oil Recovery Northwest University Xi’an 710069 State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics International Iraq FZE Petro China China University of Petroleum

Characterized by complex lithology and strong heterogeneity, volcanic reservoirs in China developed three reservoir space types： primary pores, secondary pores and fractures. The formation of reservoir space went through the cooling and solidification stage （including blast fragmentation, crystallization differentiation and solidification） and the epidiagenesis stage （including metasomatism, filling, weathering and leaching, formation fluid dissolution and tectonism）. Primary pores were formed at the solidification stage, which laid the foundation for the development and transformation of effective reservoirs. Secondary pores were formed at the epidiagenesis stage, with key factors as weathering and leaching, formation fluid dissolution and tectonism. In China, Mesozoic-Cenozoic volcanic rocks developed in the Songliao Basin and Bohai Bay Basin in the east and Late Paleozoic volcanic rocks developed in the Junggar Basin, Santanghu Basin and Ta- rim Basin in the west. There are primary volcanic reser- voirs and secondary volcanic reservoirs in these volcanic rocks, which have good accumulation conditions and great exploration potential.

关键词： Volcanic reservoirs Diagenesis Formation mechanism Hydrocarbon exploration

Factors influencing physical property evolution in sandstone mechanical compaction:the evidence from diagenetic simulation experiments

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Petroleum Science 2015年第3期12卷 391-405页

作者： Ke-Lai Xi Ying-Chang Cao Yan-Zhong Wang Qing-Qing Zhang Jie-Hua Jin ru-kai zhu Shao-Min Zhang Jian Wang Tian Yang Liang-Hui Du School of Geosciences China University of Petroleum Department of Geosciences University of Oslo Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development CNPC

In order to analyze the factors influencing sandstone mechanical compaction and its physical property evolution during compaction processes, simulation exper- iments on sandstone mechanical compaction were carried out with a self-designed diagenetic simulation system. The experimental materials were modem sediments from dif- ferent sources, and the experiments were conducted under high temperature and high pressure. Results of the exper- iments show a binary function relation between primary porosity and mean size as well as sorting. With increasing overburden pressure during mechanical compaction, the evolution of porosity and permeability can be divided into rapid compaction at an early stage and slow compaction at a late stage, and the dividing pressure value of the two stages is about 12 MPa and the corresponding depth is about 600 m. In the slow compaction stage, there is a good exponential relationship between porosity and overburden pressure, while a good power function relationship exists between permeability and overburden pressure. There is also a good exponential relationship between porosity and permeability. The influence of particle size on sandstone mechanical compaction is mainly reflected in the slowcompaction stage, and the influence of sorting is mainly reflected in the rapid compaction stage. Abnormally high pressure effectively inhibits sandstone mechanical com- paction, and its control on sandstone mechanical com- paction is stronger than that of particle size and sorting. The influence of burial time on sandstone mechanical compaction is mainly in the slow compaction stage, and the porosity reduction caused by compaction is mainly con- trolled by average particle size.

关键词： Primary porosity Mechanical compaction Unconsolidated sand Diagenetic simulation experiment

Geological characteristics and ‘‘sweet area'' evaluation for tight oil

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Petroleum Science 2015年第4期12卷 606-617页

作者： Cai-Neng Zou Zhi Yang Lian-Hua Hou ru-kai zhu Jing-Wei Cui Song-Tao Wu Sen-Hu Lin Qiu-Lin Guo She-Jiao Wang Deng-Hua Li Petro China Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development

Tight oil has become the focus in exploration and development of unconventional oil in the world, especially in North America and China. In North America, there has been intensive exploration for tight oil in marine. In China, commercial exploration for tight oil in conti- nental sediments is now steadily underway. With the dis- covery of China＇s first tight oil field--Xin＇anbian Oilfield in the Ordos Basin, tight oil has been integrated officially into the category for reserves evaluation. Geologically, tight oil is characterized by distribution in depressions and slopes of basins, extensive, mature, and high-quality source rocks, large-scale reservoir space with micro- and nanopore throat systems, source rocks and reservoirs in close contact and with continuous distribution, and local ＂sweet area.＂ The evaluation of the distribution of tight oil ＂sweet area＂ should focus on relationships between ＂six features.＂ These are source properties, lithology, physical properties, brittleness, hydrocarbon potential, and stress anisotropy. In North America, tight oil prospects are distributed in lamellar shale or marl, where natural fractures are fre- quently present, with TOC 〉 4 %, porosity 〉 7 %, brittle mineral content 〉 50 %, oil saturation of 50 %-80 %, API 〉 35~, and pressure coefficient 〉 1.30. In China, tight oil prospects are distributed in lamellar shale, tight sand- stone, or tight carbonate rocks, with TOC 〉 2 %, poros- ity 〉 8 %, brittle mineral content 〉 40 %, oil saturation of 60 %-90 %, low crude oil viscosity, or high formation pressure. Continental tight oil is pervasive in China and its preliminary estimated technically recoverable resources are about （20-25） × lO8^ t.

关键词： Tight oil Geological features "Sweet area"evaluation Tight reservoirs Unconventional oil and gas Shale oil

Depositional process of hyperpycnal flow deposits:A case study on Lower Cretaceous Sangyuan outcrop in the Luanping Basin,Northeast China

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China Geology 2024年第3期7卷 505-516页

作者： De-zhi Yan ru-kai zhu Hao Shou Zhao-hui Xu Wei-hong Liu Si-cheng zhu Zhi-cheng Lei Jing-ya Zhang Chang Liu Yi Cai Huai-min Xu Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChinaBeijing 100083China National Energy Tight Oil and Gas R&D Center Beijing 100083China PetroChina Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Beijing 100083China State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting China University of Petroleum(Beijing)Beijing 102249China College of Geosciences China University of Petroleum(Beijing)Beijing 102249China Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory on Radioactive Geoscience and Big Data Technology Department of Information and EngineeringEast China University of TechnologyNanchang 330013China

Sedimentary process research is of great significance for understanding the distribution and characteristics of *** the detailed observation and measurement of the Sangyuan outcrop in Luanping Basin,this paper studies the depositional process of the hyperpycnal flow deposits,and divides their depositional process into three phases,namely,acceleration,erosion and *** the acceleration phase,hyperpycnal flow begins to enter the basin nearby,and then speeds up *** developed in the acceleration phase are *** addition,the original deposits become unstable and are taken away by hyperpycnal flows under the eroding *** a result,there are a lot of mixture of red mud pebbles outside the basin and gray mud pebbles within the *** the erosion phase,the reverse deposits are eroded and become thinner or even ***,no reverse grading characteristic is found in the proximal major channel that is closer to the source,but it is still preserved in the middle branch channel that is far from the *** entering the deceleration phase,normally grading deposits appear and cover previous *** final deposits in the basin are *** are reverse,and others are *** are superimposed with each other under the action of hyperpycnal *** analysis of the Sangyuan outcrop demonstrates the sedimentary process and distribution of hyperpycnites,and reasonably explain the sedimentary characteristics of *** is helpful to the prediction of oil and gas exploration targets in gravity flow deposits.

关键词： Hyperpycnal flow Sedimentary characteristics Depositional process Gravity flow deposit Hyperpycnite Red mud pebble Gray mud pebble Oil and gas exploration engineering Luanping Basin

Spatial confinement:An effective strategy to improve H_(2)O and SO_(2) resistance of the expandable graphite-modified TiO_(2)-supported Pt nanocatalysts for CO oxidation

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2025年第2期148卷 57-68页

作者： Hongtai zhu Wenge Qiu ruiWu kai Li Hong He Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and SeparationBeijing University of TechnologyBeijing 100124China Advanced E-Catal.Corporation Ltd.Beijing 100025China

The expandable graphite(EG)modified TiO_(2) nanocomposites were prepared by the high shearmethod using the TiO_(2) nanoparticles(NPs)and EG as precursors,in which the amount of EG doped in TiO_(2) was 10 wt.%.Followed by the impregnation method,adjusting the pH of the solution to 10,and using the electrostatic adsorption to achieve spatial confinement,the Pt elementswere mainly distributed on the exposed TiO_(2),thus generating the Pt/10EG-TiO_(2)-10 *** best CO oxidation activity with the excellent resistance to H_(2)O and SO_(2) was obtained over the Pt/10EG-TiO_(2)-10 catalyst:CO conversion after 36 hr of the reaction was ca.85%under the harsh condition of 10 vol.%H_(2)O and 100 ppm SO_(2) at a high gaseous hourly space velocity(GHSV)of 400,000 hr−*** properties of the catalystswere characterized by various *** results showed that the electrostatic adsorption,which riveted the Pt elements mainly on the exposed TiO_(2) of the support surface,reduced the dispersion of Pt NPs on EG and achieved the effective dispersion of Pt NPs,hence significantly improving CO oxidation activity over the Pt/10EG-TiO_(2)-10 *** 10 wt.%EG doped in TiO_(2) caused the TiO_(2) support to form a more hydrophobic surface,which reduced the adsorption of H_(2)O and SO_(2) on the catalyst,greatly inhibited deposition of the TiOSO4 and formation of the PtSO4 species as well as suppressed the oxidation of SO_(2),thus resulting in an improvement in the resistance to H_(2)O and SO_(2) of the Pt/10EG-TiO_(2)-10 catalyst.

关键词： Expandable graphite Electrostatic adsorption Titania supported platinum CO oxidation Resistance to H_(2)O and SO_(2)

Secure beamforming and deployment design for rate-splitting multiple access-based UAV communications

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Science China(Information Sciences) 2025年第1期68卷 342-356页

作者： Bing WANG Xiaofeng TAO Shujun HAN Huici WU kai YANG zhu HAN National Engineering Research Center of Mobile Network Technologies Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications Peng Cheng Laboratory Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Houston

Rate-splitting multiple access(RSMA) has recently gained attention as a potential robust multiple access(MA)scheme for upcoming wireless networks. Given its ability to efficiently utilize wireless resources and design interference management strategies, it can be applied to unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV) networks to provide convenient services for large-scale access ground users. However, due to the line-of-sight(LoS) broadcast nature of UAV transmission, information is susceptible to eavesdropping in RSMA-based UAV networks. Moreover, the superposition of signals at the receiver in such networks becomes complicated. To cope with the challenge, we propose a two-user multi-input single-output(MISO) RSMA-based UAV secure transmission framework in downlink communication networks. In a passive eavesdropping scenario, our goal is to maximize the sum secrecy rate by optimizing the transmit beamforming and deployment location of the UAV-base station(UAV-BS),while considering quality-of-service(QoS) constraints, maximum transmit power, and flight space limitations. To address the non-convexity of the proposed problem, the optimization problem is first decoupled into two subproblems. Then, the successive convex approximation(SCA) method is employed to solve each subproblem using different propositions. In addition, an alternating optimization(AO)-based location RSMA(L-RSMA) beamforming algorithm is developed to implement joint optimization to obtain the suboptimal solution. Numerical results demonstrate that(1) the proposed L-RSMA scheme yields a28.97% higher sum secrecy rate than the baseline L-space division multiple access(SDMA) scheme;(2) the proposed L-RSMA scheme improves the security performance by 42.61% compared to the L-non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA) scheme.

关键词： rate-splitting multiple access UAV communication precoding optimization deployment location physical layer security

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