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Survival of Antiretroviral Therapy Patients at the Outpatient Treatment Centre of the Community University Hospital of Bangui from 2015 to 2020

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Advances in Infectious Diseases 2023年第3期13卷 389-406页

作者： Sylvain Honore Woromogo Paulette rose Josephat Mbay Yamotende Jesse Saint Saba Antaon Derguedbé Nebardoum Hermann Ngouakam Pierre marie Tebeu Inter-State Centre for Higher Education in Public Health of Central Africa Brazzaville Republic of Congo Unit for Research and Intervention in Public Health Department of Public Health Faculty of Health Sciences Bangui Central African Republic Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences University of Yaounde 1 Yaounde Cameroon

Background: The advent of antiretroviral treatment has considerably increased the life expectancy of people living with HIV in recent years. The Central African Republic, despite challenges related to the socio-political context, is committed to achieving the UNAIDS 90-90-90 targets and to the elimination of AIDS by 2030 advocated by the WHO. Objective: To analyze survival among HIV-positive adult patients on antiretroviral therapy from 2015 to 2020. Methods: This was a history-based cohort study of patients started on ART. The main variable was survival. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to describe the survival curve since inclusion in the cohort and a multivariate Cox model was used to investigate factors associated with mortality on ART. Results: A total of 145 naive patients started ART at the Outpatient Treatment Centre (OTC) in 2015. A female predominance was observed in our study with 78.08% of cases. The analysis of the patients’ fate at the time of point of treatment showed that 58.62% of them were still in active care and 13.10% died. The probability of survival at 5 years was 0.82 and mortality was significantly associated with very advanced disease (WHO stage IV) (p = 0.047) and anemia (p = 0.039). Conclusion: The majority of patients were still in care at the endpoint and mortality was significantly related to advanced disease and anemia. Early management of people living with HIV combined with better quality of care would improve their survival.

关键词： Survival Patients Antiretroviral Treatment Bangui

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Graphene oxide/multi-walled carbon nanotubes/gold nanoparticle hybridfunctionalized disposable screen-printed carbon electrode to determine Cd(II)and Pb(II)in soil

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International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering 2019年第3期12卷 194-200页

作者： Hui Wang Yuan Yin Guo Zhao Fernando Bienvenido Isabel M.flores-Parrad Zhiqiang Wang Gang Liu Key Laboratory of Modern Precision Agriculture System Integration Research Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Acquisition TechnologyMinistry of AgricultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing 100083China Department of Informatics University of AlmeriaAlmeriaSpain College of Computer Science and Technology Shandong University of TechnologyZibo 255049China Research Institute of Wood Industry Chinese Academy of ForestryBeijing 100091China

Cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)in soil or water environment cause the ecological destruction and environmental deterioration when their contents exceed the natural background *** trace the concentrations of Cd(II)and Pb(II),a sensitive and selective electrode was developed using disposable screen-printed carbon electrode(SPE)immobilized with a composite film of reduced graphene oxide/carboxylation multi-walled carbon nanotubes/gold nanoparticle hybrid(RGO-MWNT-AuNP)throughπ-π*** highly conductive nano-composite layer,“RGO-MWNT-AuNP,”was characterized by scanning electron microscopy,UV-visible spectrometer,cyclic voltammetry,and electrochemical impedance *** wave stripping voltammetry was applied to RGO-MWNT-AuNP/SPE to electroplate bismuth film and monitor the Cd(II)and Pb(II)*** obtain high current responses,the detecting parameters were *** optimized conditions,the current responses showed a linear relationship with the concentrations of Cd(II)and Pb(II)in the range from 1.0 to 80.0μg/L with a lower detection limit of 0.7μg/L and 0.3μg/L(S/N=3),***,the prepared electrode was further employed to detect Cd(II)and Pb(II)in soil samples with good results.

关键词： electrochemical electrode heavy metal contamination screen-printed carbon electrode graphene gold nanoparticle lead cadmium multi-walled carbon nanotube

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Density and Strength of Mortar Made with the Mixture of Wood Ash, Crushed Gneiss and River Sand as Fine Aggregate

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Journal of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering 2018年第4期6卷 109-120页

作者： Mambou Ngueyep Luc Leroy Keyangue Tchouata Jules Hermann Atangana Nkene Elise rose Ndop Joseph Fotseu Miyo Christian Dupont Ndjaka Jean-marie Bienvenu Laboratory of Material Sciences Department of Physics Faculty of Sciences University of Yaoundé 1 Yaoundé Cameroon School of Geology and Mining Engineering University of Ngaoundéré Meiganga Cameroon Douala Institute of Technology Douala Cameroon Department of Physics Faculty of Sciences University of Douala Douala Cameroon

The main purpose of this paper is to study the feasibility of using wood bottom ash to partially replace natural fine aggregate or crushed gneiss sand in the manufacturing of mortars. The experiment uses wood ash as fine aggregates, which passes through 5 mm sieve, in proportions of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% by weight to replace partially river sand and crushed gneiss, and the both sand of the same size as the aggregate respectively. Experimental results show that density of mortar and the compressive strength of mortar decrease globally with the increase in wood ash content. At 56 days, and for all replacements with wood ash, compressive strengths values of mortar obtained with the mixture of wood ash and river sand is greater than 20 MPa, which is not the case for mortar made with crushed gneiss and wood ash. Moreover, for 5% of replacement with wood ash, compressive strengths of mortar obtained with the mixture of wood ash and river sand and the mixture of wood ash and crushed gneiss are respectively 37 MPa and 32 MPa at 56 days. These values satisfied the strength requirements. Hence, 5% replacement of crushed gneiss with wood ash is suggested and could be benefit for mortar. In addition, the replacement of sand by wood ash is preferable with river sand which contains fewer fines than crushed gneiss. The compressive strength of mortar with 25% wood ash + river sand could be suitable.

关键词： Wood Bottom Ash River Sand Crushed Gneiss Mortar Compressive Strength Density

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Physical Profile of Calbiga River, Samar, Central Philippines

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2022年第11期10卷 236-241页

作者： Ma Natalia A. Ciasico Maricar T. Obina Florence Edna A. Ciasico Ruel B. Delantar Lucelle marie A. Abulencia Tiffany rose B. Apelado Ronelie C. Salvador College of Science Eastern Samar State University Borongan City Philippines College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences Eastern Samar State University Borongan City Philippines Eastern Samar State University Borongan City Philippines University of Eastern Philippines Catarman Philippines

Physical profile is significant reference to in addressing areas at risk due to fluvial processes and in establishing the physiographic maps especially in protected areas. Calbiga is one of the major rivers inside the Samar Island Natural Park (SINP). The source of Calbiga river was traced at the foot of Mt. Huraw of San Jose de Buan, Samar. The area is at the center of the Samar Island with an elevation of 850 meter above sea level (MASL). The river stretches 36.4 kilometers, with an average span of 44.57 meters, and average depth of 2.6 meters. The average height of the river bank is 7.67 meters, with rage of 5 - 10 meters. Generally, the substrate was sand. On fluvial dynamics, the average water velocity is 0.20 mps with the average water flow of 18.64 m3/sec. The floodplain ranged from 10 - 15 meters and 5 to 7 meters high. The river control measures are making a positive impact, though it could be reviewed to address the low elevation of the midstream. Rehabilitation measures at the watershed should be considered, parallel to the policy implementation of Disaster Risk Reduction Management (DRRM) measures.

关键词： Calbiga River Samar Island Natural Park (SINP) Physical Profile of Rivers DRRM Planning

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The Twin Bambili Maars (Bamenda Mountains, Cameroon Volcanic Line): Simulative Model of Formation

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Open Journal of Geology 2017年第4期7卷 443-456页

作者： Wotchoko Pierre Takojio Nguemo rose Eugenie Kouankap Nono Gus Djibril Guedjeo Christian Suh Nkouathio David Guimollaire Bobga Stanley Babila Chenyi marie-Louise Vohnyui Tchokona Seuwi dieudonne Suh Emmanuel Cheo Department of Geology Higher Teacher Training College University of Bamenda Bambili Cameroon Institut de Recherche Géologique et Minière Laboratoire de Traitement des Minerais Yaoundé Cameroon Department of Earth Sciences Faculty of Sciences University of Dschang Dschang Cameroon Department of Earth Sciences Faculty of Sciences University of Yaoundé 1 Yaoundé Cameroon Economic Geology Unit Department of Geology and Environmental Science University of Buea Buea Cameroon

The Bambili maars are twin contemporaneous maars embedded in trachytic rocks. The two maars are separated by a low lying inter-Maar dome whose inner walls dip towards the Southern Maar. The Bambili Northern Maar (BNM) contains water and its floor is found at an altitude lower than the Bambili Southern Maar (BSM) (50 m) which is swampy and drains into the BNM. Both maars have very steep vertical walls. Three different units are identified in the area. Unit 1 is 1 m thick sequence, characterize by the presence of matrix supported fine-grained fallouts (ash and lapilli size) with stratified diffused bedding planes. This unit is further subdivided into three different layers: L1, L2 and L3 from bottom to top with increasing sizes of particles respectively. This layer shows reverser grading and its grain sizes rarely exceed 2 cm and this unit shows no depositional structures. Unit 2 is an unstratified unit predominantly made up of tephra deposits. Within these deposits are found blocks of sizes ranging between 2 and 10 cm of different petrographic types. They include scoria, basalts, trachyte, and granite cognate. The last unit, Unit 3 is distinctly stratified characterized by well sorted, heterolithologic, graded bedding layers which are matrix supported. Base on the composition and grain sizes, this unit was subdivided into 7 horizons: h1 - h7. Within this unit, two sequences of deposits are distinguished: U1 and U2. Both sequences are characterized by alternation of lapilli and tuff beds. The clast comprises of juvenile materials, mudstone which are highly vesicular and altered rock fragments. Other products identified within the area are ferolithic volcanic bombs (5 - 20 cm), xenocrystals (2 - 4 cm) within finer deposits. They are elongated and show visible twinned planes. Explosion breccias are equally identified occurring as bolders. Along the inner walls of the maars are also found large basaltic and trachytic blocks which are remnants of pre-maar unit within maar

关键词： Maar Bambili Dynamisms Model

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Cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor transfection in dopamine neurons using neurotensin-polyplex nanoparticles reverses 6-hydroxydopamine-induced nigrostriatal neurodegeneration

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Neural Regeneration Research 2022年第4期17卷 854-866页

作者： Manuel A.Fernandez-Parrilla David Reyes-Corona Yazmin M.flores-Martinez Rasajna Nadella Michael J.Bannon Lourdes Escobedo Minerva Maldonado-Berny Jaime Santoyo-Salazar Luis O.Soto-Rojas Claudia Luna-Herrera Jose Ayala-Davila Juan A.Gonzalez-Barrios Gonzalo flores Maria E.Gutierrez-Castillo Armando JEspadas-Alvarez Irma A.Martínez-Dávila Porfirio Nava Daniel Martinez-Fong Departamento de Fisiología Biofísica y NeurocienciasCentro de Investigación y de Estudios AvanzadosCiudad de MéxicoMéxico Programa Institucional de Biomedicina Molecular Escuela Nacional de Medicina y HomeopatíaInstituto Politécnico NacionalCiudad de MéxicoMéxico Department of Biosciences IIIT-SrikakulamRajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies(RGUKT)Andhra PradeshIndia Department of Pharmacology Wayne State University School of MedicineDetroitMIUSA Departamento de Física Centro de Investigación y de Estudios AvanzadosCiudad de MéxicoMéxico Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoTlalnepantla de BazEdo.de MéxicoMéxico Departamento de Fisiología Escuela Nacional de Ciencias BiológicasCiudad de MéxicoMéxico Laboratorio de Medicina Genómica Hospital Regional“1°de Octubre”ISSSTECiudad de MéxicoMéxico Laboratorio de Neuropsiquiatría Instituto de FisiologíaBenemérita Universidad Autónoma de PueblaPueblaPueblaMéxico Departamento de Biociencias e Ingeniería Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones y Estudios sobre Medio Ambiente y DesarrolloInstituto Politécnico NacionalCiudad de MéxicoMéxico Programa de Nanociencias y nanotecnología Centro de Investigación y de Estudios AvanzadosCiudad de MéxicoMéxico

Overexpression of neurotrophic factors in nigral dopamine neurons is a promising approach to reverse neurodegeneration of the nigrostriatal dopamine system,a hallmark in Parkinson's *** human cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor(h CDNF)has recently emerged as a strong candidate for Parkinson's disease *** study shows that h CDNF expression in dopamine neurons using the neurotensinpolyplex nanoparticle system reverses 6-hydroxydopamine-induced morphological,biochemical,and behavioral *** independent electron microscopy techniques showed that the neurotensin-polyplex nanoparticles containing the h CDNF gene,ranging in size from 20 to 150 nm,enabled the expression of a secretable h CDNF in *** injection in the substantia nigra compacta on day 21 after the 6-hydroxydopamine lesion resulted in detectable h CDNF in dopamine neurons,whose levels remained constant throughout the study in the substantia nigra compacta and *** with the lesioned group,tyrosine hydroxylase-positive(TH^(+))nigral cell population and TH+fiber density rose in the substantia nigra compacta and striatum after h CDNF *** increase inβIII-tubulin and growth-associated protein 43 phospho-S41(GAP43 p)followed TH^(+)cell recovery,as well as dopamine and its catabolite *** reversal(80%)of drugactivated circling behavior and full recovery of spontaneous motor and non-motor behavior were ***-derived neurotrophic factor recovery in dopamine neurons that also occurred suggests its participation in the neurotrophic *** findings support the potential of nanoparticle-mediated h CDNF gene delivery to develop a disease-modifying treatment against Parkinson's *** Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados approved our experimental procedures for animal use(authorization No.162-15)on June 9,2019.

关键词： axonal growth brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene delivery nanoparticles neuritogenesis neuronal cytoskeleton neuroregeneration neurorestoration neurotrophic therapy Parkinson's disease reinnervation substantia nigra

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Early Detection of Mild Alzheimer’s Disease in Filipino Elderly: Validation of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Philippines (MoCA-P)

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Advances in Alzheimer's Disease 2014年第4期3卷 160-167页

作者： Jacqueline C. Dominguez Jennifer rose Soriano Cely D. Magpantay Mary Grace S. Orquiza Wynette marie Solis Macario F. Reandelar Jr. Ma. Lourdes C. Joson Memory Center Institute for Neurosciences St. Luke’s Medical Center Quezon City Philippines

Background: The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is a useful instrument employed by clinicians to detect cognitive impairment and diagnose probable Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) while in its early stages. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the diagnostic validity of the Philippine version of the MoCA (MoCA-P) among 1385 community-dwelling Filipino elderly from Marikina City, Metro Manila. Results: 509 controls and 97 elderly with probable AD and a Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) global score of 0.5 were included in the analysis. Analysis of variance showed that the AD group was older (p < 0.05) and had fewer years of education (p < 0.05). The optimal cut-off score to differentiate controls from those with probable AD was 20/21, with a sensitivity of 0.835 and a specificity of 0.723, and area under the curve (AUC) of 0.89 (p < 0.001). The positive and negative likelihood ratios were 3.01 and 0.23, respectively;and pre- and post-test odds were 0.0951 and 0.2224, respectively. Logistic regression showed that the odds of scoring < 20 on the MoCA-P increased with advancing age and with education at ≤7 years (p < 0.05). Two points are added to the MoCA-P score for those with ≤7 years of education. Conclusion: The MoCA-P is a valid instrument for the early detection of mild AD among the Filipino elderly.

关键词： Alzheimer Disease Filipino MoCA-P Validation

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甘蔗渣的常压甘油预处理及其纤维素乙醇浓醪糖化发酵

甘蔗渣的常压甘油预处理及其纤维素乙醇浓醪糖化发酵

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中国化学会第一届全国纤维素学术研讨会

作者：孙付保孟超然赵晓琴 marie rose Mukasekuru 江南大学生物工程学院糖化学与生物技术教育部重点实验室

生物燃料乙醇具有可再生性、碳中性(carbon—neutral)等优势,已成为最具潜力的绿色能源之一,受到中外研究者的广泛关注。但是,就目前发展水平来说,纤维素乙醇产量还难以接近淀粉质乙醇发酵的"三高"(高浓度、高转化率和高效率)水平。实... 详细信息

生物燃料乙醇具有可再生性、碳中性(carbon—neutral)等优势,已成为最具潜力的绿色能源之一,受到中外研究者的广泛关注。但是,就目前发展水平来说,纤维素乙醇产量还难以接近淀粉质乙醇发酵的"三高"(高浓度、高转化率和高效率)水平。实现纤维素乙醇发酵工业化的指标之一是通过预处理提高基质的可酶解性和纤维纯度来促进水解产糖,以及利用分批补料策略实现其浓醪发酵过程是目前常用手段。基于此,本论文尝试:1)以酸/碱催化的常压甘油有机溶剂预处理进一步提高预处理后基质的纤维素纯度和可酶解性;2)以添加剂和辅助酶实现基质在低酶载量条件下浓醪水解糖化;3)纤维素乙醇浓醪发酵。具体研究结果如下:依据"高温短时"理念,构建出碱催化的常压甘油有机溶剂预处理方法:Na OH添加量0.2%(w/w)、蒸煮温度240oC、蒸煮时间10 min时预处理后甘蔗渣基质纤维素、半纤维素和木质素含量分别为57%、28%和10%,纤维素和半纤维素保留分别达到88%和80%,木质素脱除率为75%。有趣的是,常压甘油有机溶剂预处理过程几乎不生成发酵抑制物。利用现代分析技术(SEM, AFM,CLSM,FTIR和XRD)表征甘蔗渣物料预处理前后的组成结构变化,初步明晰了常压甘油有机溶剂预处理有效提高基质可酶解性的原因。在低酶载量(3 FPU/g)条件下利用添加剂和辅助酶,采用补料分批模式实现上述基质的浓醪(20%和35%)糖化水解。实验采用8%为基质浓度,然后在6 h, 12 h和18 h依次补加4%基质,最终基质浓度为20%。在酶载量3 FPU/g条件下,初始一次性加入最优浓度的添加剂(吐温80、牛白蛋白和茶皂素)和辅酶(内切木聚糖酶和辅酶AA9)在水解72小时纤维素酶解率达到83%,并生成105 g/L葡萄糖和51 g/L木糖,即可发酵性糖达160 g/L;进一步采用机械搅拌湿基浓醪(35%基质浓度)酶解时,72 hr酶解率接近80%,葡萄糖和木糖分别达160 g/L和70 g/L,即可发酵性糖高达230 g/L,达到历史新高水平。以碱催化预处理甘蔗渣为底物,遵循"高基质浓度、低酶载量"原则开展纤维素乙醇的浓醪发酵研究。为了有效运行分批补料式半同步糖化发酵工艺,对分批补料的关键参数(初始基质浓度、补料时间点、补料量和补料次数等)进行优化。最终确定初始基质浓度为18%,在酶解第12 hr、18 hr、24 hr、30 hr分别补加相当于总基质浓度4%、5%、4%、4%的干基。在前期优化得到的条件基础上添加内切木聚糖酶蛋白0.7 mg·g干基、牛血清白蛋白15 mg·g干基和溶解性多糖单加氧酶家族中的Auxiliary Activity 9 (AA9)蛋白0.1 mg·g干基,采用机械搅拌代替摇床震荡。在该条件下进行总基质浓度为35%的分批补料式半同步糖化发酵,预酶解48 hr葡萄糖和木糖浓度分别达到153.5 g·L和56.1 g·L,此时接种发酵72 hr时乙醇浓度高达75.1 g·L,纤维素—乙醇转化率为68.5%,发酵强度1.0 g·L·hr。通过本论文工作,实现了低纤维素酶载量条件下的纤维素乙醇发酵,为当前纤维素乙醇工业化提供借鉴。

关键词：常压甘油有机溶剂预处理甘蔗渣浓醪酶解糖化纤维素乙醇浓醪发酵辅助酶和添加剂

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Towards a downstream passage solution for out-migrating American eel (Anguilla rostrata) on the St. Lawrence River

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Aquaculture and Fisheries 2021年第2期6卷 151-168页

作者： Thomas C.Pratt David R.Stanley Scott Schlueter Jake K.L.La rose Andrew Weinstock Paul T.Jacobson Fisheries and Oceans Canada Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences1219 Queen Street EastSault Ste.MarieOntarioP6A 2E5Canada Ontario Power Generation Inc. Environment Division14000 Niagara ParkwayNiagara on the LakeOntarioL0S 1J0Canada United States Fish and Wildlife Service New York Field Office3817 Luker RoadCortlandNY13045USA Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry Lake Ontario Management Unit41 Hatchery LanePictonOntarioK0K 2T0Canada New York Power Authority Environment Division123 Main StWhite PlainsNY10601USA Electric Power Research Institute 3420 Hillview AvenuePalo AltoCA94304USA

There is a need to develop safe and effective downstream passage for diadromous anguillid eels on large rivers,where the combination of physical screening and bypass structures that is used to protect eel on smaller rivers is *** Eel Passage Research Center was established in 2013 to address the challenge of providing safe passage for out-migrating silver-stage American eel(Anguilla rostrata)on the *** River,the outflow of the Laurentian Great Lakes,which is spanned by two large,mainstem hydroelectric generating *** Center’s goal is to develop the technology to behaviorally guide eel to a collection point for capture and transfer around the two generating *** achieve this goal,three parallel initiatives were undertaken;1)research into behavioral guidance techniques suitable for guiding out-migrating eel on large,high flow rivers,2)the evaluation of sonar technologies for detection of eel,necessary for assessing in situ guidance,and 3)the commissioning of literature reviews for the most promising guidance technologies.A number of behavioral guidance stimuli,including electricity,flow,sound and electromagnetic fields were examined in laboratory and flume settings for their utility in guiding out-migrating silver-stage *** the techniques examined,only sound showed any promise for *** sonar technologies(Simrad 120 kHz EK60 echosounder,Sound Metrics ARIS Explorer 1800 sonar,and the Kongsberg Mesotech 500 kHz M3 multi-mode multibeam sonar)were evaluated to determine if existing acoustic technologies could be used to estimate the relative abundance and distribution of out-migrating silver-phase American eel in the *** *** the ARIS unit could successfully identify eel targets,and only over a short(<15 m)*** immense volume of sonar data accumulated over a portion of a single outmigration season contributed to the successful development of machine learning tools to automate the identification of American e

关键词： American eel Downstream passage Behavioral guidance Light diversion

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Single-entity electrochemistry at confined sensing interfaces

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Science China Chemistry 2020年第5期63卷 589-618页

作者： Yi-Lun Ying Jiajun Wang Anna rose Leach Ying Jiang Rui Gao Cong Xu Martin A.Edwards Andrew D.Pendergast Hang Ren Connor K.Terry Weatherly Wei Wang Paolo Actis Lanqun Mao Henry S.White Yi-Tao Long State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing UniversityNanjing 210023China School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering University of LeedsWoodhouse LaneLS29JTLeedsUK Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living BiosystemsInstitute of Chemistrythe Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)Beijing 100190China College of Chemistry Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Department of Chemistry University of UtahSalt Lake CityUT 84112United States Department of Chemistry The University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth Carolina 27599United States Department of Chemistry&Biochemistry Miami UniversityOxfordOH 45056United States

Measurements at the single-entity level provide more precise diagnosis and understanding of basic biological and chemical *** advances in the chemical measurement provide a means for ultra-sensitive *** the single analyte and electrons near the sensing interface can greatly enhance the sensitivity and *** this review,we summarize the recent progress in single-entity electrochemistry of single molecules,single particles,single cells and even brain *** benefits of confining these entities to a compatible size sensing interface are ***,the opportunities and challenges of single entity electrochemistry are addressed.

关键词： single entity electrochemistry confining effect sensors nanopores nanoparticles single cell brain

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