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Physics-informed deep-learning parameterization of ocean vertical mixing improves climate simulations

National Science Review 2022年第8期9卷 167-174页

作者： Yuchao Zhu rong-hua zhang James N.Moum Fan Wang Xiaofeng Li Delei Li CAS Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves Institute of Oceanology and Center for Ocean Mega-Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change Chinese Academy of Sciences College of Earth Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences Oregon State University

Uncertainties in ocean-mixing parameterizations are primary sources for ocean and climate modeling biases. Due to lack of process understanding, traditional physics-driven parameterizations perform unsatisfactorily in the tropics. Recent advances in the deep-learning method and the new availability of long-term turbulence measurements provide an opportunity to explore data-driven approaches to parameterizing oceanic vertical-mixing processes. Here, we describe a novel parameterization based on an artificial neural network trained using a decadal-long time record of hydrographic and turbulence observations in the tropical Pacific. This data-driven parameterization achieves higher accuracy than current parameterizations, demonstrating good generalization ability under physical constraints. When integrated into an ocean model, our parameterization facilitates improved simulations in both ocean-only and coupled modeling. As a novel application of machine learning to the geophysical fluid, these results show the feasibility of using limited observations and well-understood physical constraints to construct a physics-informed deep-learning parameterization for improved climate simulations.

关键词： physics-informed deep learning climate model biases ocean vertical-mixing parameterizations long-term turbulence data artificial neural networks under physics constraint

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On the Second-Year Warming in Late 2019 over the Tropical Pacific and Its Attribution to an Indian Ocean Dipole Event

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2021年第12期38卷 2153-2166页

作者： Licheng FENG Fei LIU rong-hua zhang Xue HAN Bo YU Chuan GAO National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center Ministry of Natural ResourcesBeijing 100081China Key Laboratory of Marine Hazards Forecasting National Marine Environmental Forecasting CenterMinistry of Natural ResourcesBeijing 100081China School of Atmospheric Sciences and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies Sun Yat-sen UniversityZhuhai 519082China Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhuhai) Zhuhai 519082China Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves Institute of Oceanology and Center for Ocean Mega-ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology Qingdao 266237China Beijing Weather Forecast Center Beijing 100091China

After its maturity,El Niño usually decays rapidly in the following summer and evolves into a La Niña ***,this was not the case for the 2018/19 El Niño *** on multiple reanalysis data sets,the space-time evolution and triggering mechanism for the unusual second-year warming in late 2019,after the 2018/19 El Niño event,are investigated in the tropical *** a short decaying period associated with the 2018/19 El Niño condition,positive sea surface temperature anomalies(SSTAs)re-intensified in the eastern equatorial Pacific in late *** with the composite pattern of El Niño in the following year,two key differences are evident in the evolution of SSTAs in ***,is the persistence of the surface warming over the central equatorial Pacific in May,and second,is the re-intensification of the positive SSTAs over the eastern equatorial Pacific in *** results suggest that the re-intensification of anomalous westerly winds over the western and central Pacific,induced remotely by an extreme Indian Ocean Dipole(IOD)event,acted as a triggering mechanism for the second-year warming in late *** is,the IOD-related cold SSTAs in the eastern Indian Ocean established and sustained anomalous surface westerly winds over the western equatorial Pacific,which induced downwelling Kelvin waves propagating eastward along the *** the same time,the subsurface ocean provided plenty of warm water in the western and central equatorial ***-layer heat budget analyses further confirm that positive zonal advection,induced by the anomalous westerly winds,and thermocline feedback played important roles in leading to the second-year warming in late *** study provides new insights into the processes responsible for the diversity of El Niño evolution,which is important for improving the physical understanding and seasonal prediction of El Niño events.

关键词： second-year warming IOD wind stress anomalies zonal advection feedback thermocline feedback

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Assessment of Interannual Sea Surface Salinity Variability and Its Effects on the Barrier Layer in the Equatorial Pacific Using BNU-ESM

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2016年第3期33卷 339-351页

作者： Hai ZHI rong-hua zhang Fei ZHENG Pengfei LIN Lanning WANG Peng YU Earth System Modeling Center and College of Atmospheric Sciences Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of Sciences International Center for Climate and Environment Science Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences College of Global Change and Earth System Science Beijing Normal University Cooperative Institute for Climate and Satellites University of MarylandCollege Park

As salinity stratification is necessary to form the barrier layer （BL）, the quantification of its role in BL interannual variability is crucial. This study assessed salinity variability and its effect on the BL in the equatorial Pacific using outputs from Beijing Normal University Earth System Model （BNU-ESM） simulations. A comparison between observations and the BNU-ESM simulations demonstrated that BNU-ESM has good capability in reproducing most of the interannual features observed in nature. Despite some discrepancies in both magnitude and location of the interannual variability centers, the displacements of sea surface salinity （SSS）, barrier layer thickness （BLT）, and SST simulated by BNU-ESM in the equatorial Pacific are realistic. During E1 Nifio, for example, the modeled interannual anomalies of BLT, mixed layer depth, and isothermal layer depth, exhibit good correspondence with observations, including the development and decay of E1 Nifio in the central Pacific, whereas the intensity of the interannual variabilities is weaker relative to observations. Due to the bias in salinity simulations, the SSS front extends farther west along the equator, whereas BLT variability is weaker in the central Pacific than in observations. Further, the BNU-ESM simulations were examined to assess the relative effects of salinity and temperature variability on BLT. Consistent with previous observation-based analyses, the interannual salinity variability can make a significant contribution to BLT relative to temperature in the western-central equatorial Pacific.

关键词： feedback interannual variability sea surface salinity barrier layer thickness

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The Optimal Precursors for ENSO Events Depicted Using the Gradientdefinition-based Method in an Intermediate Coupled Model

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2019年第12期36卷 1381-1392页

作者： Bin MU Juhui REN Shijin YUAN rong-hua zhang Lei CHEN Chuan GAO School of Software Engineering Tongji UniversityShanghai 201804China Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology Qingdao 266237China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029China Shanghai Central Meteorological Observatory Shanghai 200030China

The predictability of El Ni-o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has been an important area of study for years. Searching for the optimal precursor (OPR) of ENSO occurrence is an effective way to understand its predictability. The CNOP (conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation), one of the most effective ways to depict the predictability of ENSO, is adopted to study the optimal sea surface temperature (SST) precursors (SST-OPRs) of ENSO in the IOCAS ICM (intermediate coupled model developed at the Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences). To seek the SST-OPRs of ENSO in the ICM, non-ENSO events simulated by the ICM are chosen as the basic state. Then, the gradient-definition-based method (GD method) is employed to solve the CNOP for different initial months of the basic years to obtain the SSTOPRs. The experimental results show that the obtained SST-OPRs present a positive anomaly signal in the western-central equatorial Pacific, and obvious differences exist in the patterns between the different seasonal SST-OPRs along the equatorial western-central Pacific, showing seasonal dependence to some extent. Furthermore, the non-El Ni-o events can eventually evolve into El Ni-o events when the SST-OPRs are superimposed on the corresponding seasons;the peaks of the Ni-o3.4 index occur at the ends of the years, which is consistent with the evolution of the real El Ni-o. These results show that the GD method is an effective way to obtain SST-OPRs for ENSO events in the ICM. Moreover, the OPRs for ENSO depicted using the GD method provide useful information for finding the early signal of ENSO in the ICM.

关键词： optimal precursor ENSO gradient-definition-based method conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation intermediate coupled model

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Neuroprotective effects of flavonoids extracted from licorice on kainate-induced seizure in mice through their antioxidant properties

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Journal of Zhejiang University-Science B(Biomedicine & Biotechnology) 2013年第11期14卷 1004-1012页

作者： Ling-hui ZENG hua-dan zhang Cai-ju XU Yu-jia BIAN Xue-jiao XU Qiang-min XIE rong-hua zhang Department of Pharmacy Zhejiang University City College Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention Department of Pharmacology School of MedicineZhejiang University

A relationship between status epilepticus(SE)and oxidative stress has recently begun to be *** explore whether the flavonoids extracted from licorice(LFs)have any protective effect on kainate(KA)-induced seizure in mice,we treated mice with LFs before and after KA *** KA-treated mice,we found that superoxide dismutase(SOD)activity decreased immediately after the onset of seizure at 1 h and then increased at 6 *** returned to baseline 1 d after seizure and then increased again at 3,7,and 28 d,while malondialdehyde(MDA)content remained at a high level at 1 h,6 h,3 d,7 d,and 28 d,indicating a more oxidized status related to the presence of more reactive oxygen species(ROS).Treatment with LFs before KA injection reversed the seizure-induced change in SOD activity and MDA content at 1 h,6 h,3 d,7 d,and 28 *** with LFs after seizure decreased KA-induced SOD activity and MDA content at 7 and 28 ***,LF pre-and post-KA treatments decreased seizure-induced neuronal cell ***,Morris water maze tests revealed that the escape latency was significantly decreased and the number of target quadrant crossings was markedly increased in the LF-treated ***,our data indicate that LFs have protective effects on seizure-induced neuronal cell death and cognitive impairment through their anti-oxidative effects.

关键词： Seizure Kainate Flavonoid Licorice Antioxidant Malondialdehyde(MDA) Superoxide dismutase(SOD

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A transformer-based coupled ocean-atmosphere model for ENSO studies

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Science Bulletin 2024年第15期69卷 2323-2327页

作者： rong-hua zhang Lu Zhou Chuan Gao Lingjiang Tao School of Marine Sciences Nanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyNanjing 210044China Key Laboratory of Ocean Observation and Forecasting and Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 101408China Laoshan Laboratory Qingdao 266237China

The El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the strongest interannual anomalies affecting weather and climate worldwide. As has been well recognized, ENSO originates from the coupling between the ocean and atmosphere in the tropical Pacific, characterized by a coherent evolution of subsurface temperature anomalies that profoundly impact sea surface temperature (SST) and surface wind fields.

关键词： ocean atmosphere interannual

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Asymmetry of Salinity Variability in the Tropical Pacific during Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation Phases

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2023年第7期40卷 1269-1284页

作者： Hai ZHI Zihui YANG rong-hua zhang Pengfei LIN Jifeng QI Yu huaNG Meng DONG College of Atmospheric Sciences Nanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyNanjing 210044China School of Marine Sciences Nanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyNanjing 210044China Laoshan Laboratory Qingdao 266237China State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics(LASG) Institute of Atmospheric Physics(IAP)Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves Institute of Oceanologyand Center for Ocean Mega-ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China

It has been recognized that salinity variability in the tropical Pacific is closely related to the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation(IPO).Here,we use model simulations from 1900 to 2017 to illustrate obvious asymmetries of salinity variability in the tropical Pacific during positive and negative IPO *** amplitude of salinity variability in the tropical Pacific during positive IPO phases is larger than that during negative IPO phases,with a more westward shift of a large Sea Surface Salinity(SSS)anomaly along the *** budget analyses show that the asymmetry of salinity variability during positive and negative IPO phases is dominated by the difference in the surface forcing associated with the freshwater flux[FWF,precipitation(P)minus evaporation(E)],with a contribution of 40%–50%near the dateline on the ***,the relationships between the salinity variability and its budget terms also show differences in their leadlag correlations during positive and negative IPO *** differences in salinity variability during different IPO phases produce asymmetric effects on seawater density which can reduce or enhance upper-ocean ***,the salinity effects may modulate the intensity of El Nino-Southern Oscillation(ENSO),resulting in an enhanced(reduced)El Nino but a reduced(enhanced)La Ni?a during positive(negative)IPO phases by 1.6℃psu^(-1)(1.3℃psu^(-1)),*** is suggested that the asymmetry of salinity variability may be related to the recent change in ENSO amplitude associated with the IPO,which can help elucidate ENSO diversity.

关键词： salinity variability asymmetry upper-ocean stratification Interdecadal Pacfic Oscillation tropical Pacific

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A multi-model prediction system for ENSO

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Science China Earth Sciences 2023年第6期66卷 1231-1240页

作者： Ting LIU Yanqiu GAO Xunshu SONG Chuan GAO Lingjiang TAO Youmin TANG Wansuo DUAN rong-hua zhang Dake CHEN State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics Second Institute of OceanographyMinistry of Natural ResourcesHangzhou 300012China Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhuhai) Zhuhai 519000China Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves Institute of Oceanologyand Center for Ocean Mega-ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and Institute of Atmospheric Sciences Fudan UniversityShanghai 200438China College of Oceanography Hohai UniversityNanjing 210098China Environmental Science and Engineering University of Northern British ColumbiaPrince GeorgeBritish Columbia V2N 4Z9Canada State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China School of Marine Sciences Nanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyNanjing 210044China Laoshan Laboratory Qingdao 266237China

The El Niño and Southern Oscillation(ENSO)is the primary source of predictability for seasonal climate *** improve the ENSO prediction skill,we established a multi-model ensemble(MME)prediction system,which consists of 5 dynamical coupled models with various complexities,parameterizations,resolutions,initializations and ensemble strategies,to account for the uncertainties as sufficiently as *** results demonstrated the superiority of the MME over individual models,with dramatically reduced the root mean square error and improved the anomaly correlation skill,which can compete with,or even exceed the skill of the North American Multi-Model *** addition,the MME suffered less from the spring predictability barrier and offered more reliable probabilistic *** real-time MME prediction adequately captured the latest successive La Niña events and the secondary cooling trend six months *** MME prediction has,since April 2022,forecasted the possible occurrence of a third-year La Niña ***,our MME prediction system offers better skill for both deterministic and probabilistic ENSO prediction than all participating *** improvements are probably due to the complementary contributions of multiple models to provide additive predictive information,as well as the large ensemble size that covers a more reasonable uncertainty distribution.

关键词： MME ENSO Prediction

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Microbial Activity in a Temperate Forest Soil as Affected by Elevated Atmospheric CO_2

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Pedosphere 2010年第4期20卷 427-435页

作者： ZHENG Jun-Qiang HAN Shi-Jie ZHOU Yu-Mei REN Fei-rong XIN Li-hua zhang Yan Forestry Center Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences 72 Wenhua Road Shenyang 110016 （China）

Microorganisms play a key role in the response of soil ecosystems to the rising atmospheric carbon dioxide （CO2） as they mineralize organic matter and drive nutrient cycling. To assess the effects of elevated CO2 on soil microbial C and N immobilization and on soil enzyme activities, in years 8 （2006） and 9 （2007） of an open-top chamber experiment that begun in spring of 1999, soil was sampled in summer, and microbial biomass and enzyme activity related to the carbon （C）, nitrogen （N） and phosphorus （P） cycling were measured. Although no effects on microbial biomass C were detected, changes in microbial biomass N and metabolic activity involving C, N and P were observed under elevated CO2. Invertase and .dehydrogenase activities were significantly enhanced by different degrees of elevated CO2. Nitrifying enzyme activity was significantly （P 〈 0.01） increased in the August 2006 samples that received the elevated COs treatment, as compared to the samples that received the ambient treatment. Denitrifying enzyme activity was significantly （P 〈 0.04） decreased by elevated COs treatments in the August 2006 and June 2007 （P 〈 0.09） samples, β-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity was increased under elevated CO2 by 7% and 25% in June and August 2006, respectively, compared to those under ambient CO2. The results of June 2006 samples showed that acid phosphatase activity was significantly enhanced under elevated CO2. Overall, these results suggested that elevated CO2 might cause changes in the belowground C, N and P cycling in temperate forest soils.

关键词： CO2 enrichment microbial biomass soil carbon cycling soil nitrogen cycling

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Immunoregulatory Effects of Ethyl-acetate Fraction of Extracts from Tetrastigma Hemsleyanum Diels et. Gilg on Immune Functions of ICR Mice

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Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 2008年第4期21卷 325-331页

作者： CAI-JU XU GANG-QIANG DING JIAN-YUN FU JIA MENG rong-hua zhang XIAO-MING LOU Department of Toxicology Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention Hangzhou 310009 Zhejiang China

Objective To evaluate the effects of ethyl-acetate fraction （EAF） of extracts from Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et. Gilg （TDG） on immune functions of ICR mice. Methods ICR mice were exposed to different doses of EAF for 15 or 30 days and then their immune functions were analyzed, including ConA-induced splenic lymphocyte transformation, SRBC- induced delayed type hypersensitivity response, serum hemolysin analysis, antibody-producing cells, peritoneal macrophage phagocytized chicken red blood cells, natural killer cell activity, and serum level of cytoldnes. Results EAF of extracts from TDG at different doses had various effects on immune functions of ICR mice. As compared with the controls, it increased the mouse spleen lymphocyte transformation induced by ConA, the left-hind voix pedis thickness and the number of plague forming cells （PFCs） at the dose of 1.82 mg/mL, 5.48 mg/mL, and 9.12 mg/mL, respectively; increased the ink clearance ability at the dose of 0.91 mg/mL, 1.82 mg/mL, 5.48 mg/mL, and 9.12 mg/mL, respectively; increased the phagocytosis index of mononuclear-macrophages and production of serum interferon-gamma （IFN-？） at the dose of 5.48 mg/mL; and could promote the production of serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha （TNF-α） at the dose of 9.12 mg/mL. Conclusion EAF of extracts from TDG can regulate mouse immune functions in vivo.

关键词： EAF of extracts from TDG Immuno-regulation Cellular immunity Humoral immunity Macrophage phagocytosis NK cytoactivity Serum cytokines

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