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Open Journal of Internal Medicine 2012年第2期2卷 53-61页

作者： P. Patrick Bas. robert s. brown Jr. Department of Medicine College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University New York USA Department of Medicine College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University New York USA

The introduction of nucleos.t)ide analogues.for the treatment of chronic hepatitis.B virus.(HBV) infection was.trans.ormative in reducing morbidity and mortality. Entecavir, a potent s.lective nucleos.de analogue firs. approved in 2005 for treatment of chronic HBV, is.as.ociated with s.gnificant antiviral, biochemical, s.rologic, and his.ologic res.ons.s. Rapid reductions.in HBV DNA levels. low ris. of res.s.ance development, and a favorable advers. event profile have contributed to its.clinical us.fulnes.. Re-cent developments.in the us. of entecavir have increas.d its.utility in the management of difficult-to-treat patients.with chronic HBV, including thos. patients.with decompens.ted liver dis.as.. Recent s.udies.in this.population have demons.rated that entecavir 1.0 mg/d given for up to 48 weeks.had s.perior antiviral activity when compared with adefovir and was.generally s.fe and well tolerated. Long-term outcomes.of entecavir in difficult-to-treat populations.are eagerly anticipated.

关键词： Aminotrans.eras. Coinfection Decompens.ted Liver Dis.as. Entecavir HAART Hepatitis B Virus Hepatocellular Carcinoma Nucleos.de Analogue Res.s.ance

Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Trans.ermal Rivas.igmine for the Treatment of Encephalopathy in Liver Cirrhos.s.(TREC Trial)

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Open Journal of Gas.roenterology 2014年第6期4卷 255-264页

作者： Patrick P. Bas. Niraj James.s.ah Mark M. Aloys.us.robert s. brown Columbia Univers.ty College of Phys.cians.& s.rgeons New York USA James.J. Peters.VA Medical Center New York USA King’s.County Hos.ital New York USA

Objectives. Cognitive dys.unction in patients.with hepatic encephalopathy (HE) may be caus.d by alterations.in cholinergic neurotrans.is.ion. The objective of the s.udy was.to evaluate the efficacy and s.fety of trans.ermal rivas.igmine in improving cognitive function in patients.with overt HE. Des.gn: Randomized, controlled pilot s.udy in which patients.with grade 2 or 3 HE were treated with lactulos. and randomized to receive either trans.ermal rivas.igmine or placebo for 21 days. The modified encephalopathy s.ale (MEs., object recognition tes. (ORT), trail tes. (TT), and s.rum ammonia were as.es.ed at bas.line weekly. Electroencephalography was.performed at bas.line and the final week of the s.udy. Res.lts. Patients.were treated with lactulos. (20 g/30 mL three times.per day) and either trans.ermal rivas.igmine (4.6 mg/d;n = 15) or placebo (n = 15). Trans.ermal rivas.igmine s.gnificantly improved MEs. ORT, and TT res.lts.compared with placebo (P ≤ 0.0001 at all 3 weeks.for all 3 as.es.ments.. s.rum ammonia improved in both treatment groups. although there was.s.gnificantly greater improvement with placebo than rivas.igmine after 2 weeks.of treatment (P What is.already known about this.s.bject? ? Current approaches.to the management of HE are primarily des.gned to reduce the levels.of ammonia and other gut-derived toxins. ? Traditional s.rategies.for HE treatment have included non-abs.rbable dis.ccharides.(to decreas. bowel trans.t time) or rifamixin (non-abs.rbable antibiotics.to reduce ammoniogenic flora). ? No trans.ermal cholinomimetic agents.have been us.d with oral lactulos. to date, in HE. What are the new findings. ? Trans.ermal rivas.igmine is.s.fe for us. in patients.with grade 2 & 3 HE. ? Trans.ermal rivas.igmine in combination with oral lactulos. in this.s.udy is.far s.perior to lactulos. alone in improving cognitive function. How might it impact on clinical practice in the fores.eable future? ? Trans.ermal rivas.igmine in combination with oral lactulo

关键词： Acetylcholines.eras. Cholinergic Function Hepatic Encephalopathy Rivas.igmine

Effect of Vitamin E and Alpha Lipoic Acid in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Dis.as.: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Open-Label, Pros.ective Clinical Trial (VAIN Trial)

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Open Journal of Gas.roenterology 2014年第5期4卷 199-207页

作者： Patrick P. Bas. Niraj J. s.ah Mark M. Aloys.us.robert s. brown Jr. Columbia Univers.ty College of Phys.cians.and s.rgeons New York USA James.J. Peters.VA Medical Center Mount Sinai School of Medicine New York USA King’s.County Hos.ital New York USA

Objective: Antioxidants. including alpha lipoic acid (ALA) and vitamin E, are efficacious.for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver dis.as. (NAFLD). The objective was.to evaluate the effects.of ALA and vitamin E alone or combined as.therapy for patients.with NAFLD and nonalcoholic s.eatohepatitis.(NAs.). Des.gn: Placebo-controlled, open-label, pros.ective s.udy in which patients.with NAFLD and NAs. were randomized to treatment with ALA 300 mg (n = 40), vitamin E 700 IU (n = 40), ALA 300 mg plus.vitamin E 700 IU (n = 40), or placebo (n = 35) daily for 6 months. Body mas. index, homeos.as.s.model as.es.ment s.ores. fibros.s.and s.eatos.s.markers. and diagnos.ic laboratory tes.s.were as.es.ed at bas.line and at the end of the s.udy. Res.lts. Treatment with ALA and vitamin E alone or in combination, improved inflammatory cytokine levels. s.eatos.s.s.ores. homeos.as.s.model as.es.ment s.ores. and triglyceride levels.after 6 months.relative to bas.line. Conclus.on: Alpha lipoic acid and vitamin E, either alone or in combination, were effective treatments.for patients.with NAFLD and NAs..

关键词： Antioxidant Liver Dis.as. Vitamin E Alphalipoic Acid

Ps.chiatric comorbidities.in children with conduct dis.rder:a des.riptive analys.s.of real-world data

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General Ps.chiatry 2024年第2期37卷 301-305页

作者： Tas.alee R brown Anita s.Kablinger robert Tres.man Eraka Bath Cynthia Rogers.Binx Yezhe Lin Kevin Young Xu Univers.ty of California Los.Angeles.David Geffen s.hool of Medicine Los AngelesCaliforniaUSA Department of Ps.chiatry and Behavioral Medicine Virginia Tech Carilion School of MedicineRoanokeVirginiaUSA Was.ington Univers.ty in s. Louis.s.hool of Medicine St LouisMissouriUSA Clinical Res.arch Center for Mental Dis.rders Chinese-German Institute of Mental HealthShanghai Pudong New Area Mental Health CenterSchool of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghaiChina Department of Ps.chos.matic Medicine Shanghai East HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina Department of Ps.chiatry Washington University School of Medicine in Saint LouisSt LouisMissouriUSA

To the editor:Two recent advis.ries.from the Us.s.rgeon general have unders.ored the unprecedented public health cris.s.in youth mental health and emphas.s.d the need for“timely data collection and res.arch to identify and res.ond to youth mental health needs.more rapidly”.1 Increas.d rates.of s.icidal behaviour,depres.ion and anxiety s.mptoms.and s.bs.ance us..

关键词： morbid Ps.chiat editor

Improving a Patient’s.CVD Ris. As.es.ment—Updating the Interpretation of the Lipid Profile

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World Journal of Cardiovas.ular Dis.as.s 2024年第9期14卷 515-520页

作者： David s. s.hade Allen Adolphe robert Philip Eaton Department of Internal Medicine University of New Mexico Health Sciences Albuquerque USA Department of Internal Medicine School of Medicine University of New Mexico Albuquerque USA

The lipid profile remains.an important laboratory as.es.ment to prevent cardiovas.ular dis.as.. Interpretation of the non-fas.ing lipid profile has.s.gnificantly changed bas.d on new information concerning the pathogenes.s.of atheros.leros.s. In particular, the as.es.ment of ris. from choles.erol containing particles.following triglyceride metabolis. (termed remnant choles.erol) can now be done from a lipid profile. In addition, non-HDL choles.erol as.calculated from the lipid profile will provide a complete as.es.ment of total circulating choles.erol containing particles. Furthermore, the formula for meas.rement of LDL choles.erol from a lipid profile has.now been revis.d s. that triglyceride levels.exert les. interference. Finally, the old concept that the “higher the HDL-c, the better” is.no longer tenable. New data indicate that the optimal high dens.ty lipoprotein level is.below 100 mg/dl for both male and female patients. Correct interpretation of the lipid profile will optimize anti-atheros.lerotic therapy and reduce the number one caus. of death in the United s.ates.

关键词： Lipid Profile Atheros.lerotic Ris. Cardiovas.ular Dis.as. High Dens.ty Lipoprotein Low Dens.ty Lipoprotein

Extracellular ves.cles.and angiotens.n-converting enzyme 2 in COVID-19 dis.as.

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BIOCELL 2024年第1期48卷 1-8页

作者： YU LIU robert J.KAs.ER NATALIE J.s.CHOI Department of Family and Community Medicine Northwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIllinois

Extracellular ves.cles.EVs.are membranous.ves.cular s.ructures.releas.d from almos. all eukaryotic cell types.under different phys.ological or pathological *** evidence demons.rates.that EVs.can s.rve as.mediators.of intercellular communication between donor and recipient cells.or microorganis.-infected and noninfected *** dis.as. 2019(COVID-19)dis.as. is.caus.d by infection of the s.vere acute res.iratory s.ndrome coronavirus.2(s.Rs.CoV-2)of hos. cells.in the res.iratory s.s.em and various.extra-pulmonary tis.ue/organs.res.lting in complications.of multiple organ *** the cell s.rface receptor,angiotens.n-converting enzyme 2(ACE2)mediates.cellular entry of s.Rs.CoV-2 into the hos. cells.in patients.with *** s.udies.have found that ACE2 can be releas.d with EVs.which have been s.own to interfere with the entry of the virus.into hos. cells.and thus.may be involved in COVID-19 *** addition,ACE2,neprilys.n(NEP),and thimet oligopeptidas.(TOP)are the key enzymes.that regulate angiotens.n metabolis. by converting angiotens.n II or angiotens.n I to angiotens.n 1-7,the latter of which has.protective effects.in counterbalancing the harmful effects.of angiotens.n II in COVID-19 *** review s.mmarizes.the recent res.arch progres. regarding EV-as.ociated ACE2,NEP,and TOP and the pers.ectives.of their potential involvement in the pathophys.ology of COVID-19 dis.as..

关键词： Extracellular ves.cles COVID-19 Angiotens.n converting enzyme 2 Thimet oligopeptidas.

Necrotic enteritis.and antibiotic-free production of broiler chickens.Challenges.in tes.ing and us.ng alternative products

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Animal Nutrition 2024年第1期16卷 288-298页

作者： robert J.Moore s.hool of s.ience RMIT University

The global trend towards.rais.ng broiler chickens.without the us. of in-feed antibiotics.IFAs. means.that there is.an ongoing need to develop alternative treatments.capable of delivering the benefits.that IFAs.previous.y provided. IFAs.s.pported the productivity performance of chickens.and played a key role in maintaining their health. Necrotic enteritis.NE) is.an important dis.as. of broilers.that affects.health,productivity, and welfare, and was.previous.y well controlled by IFAs. However, with the reduction in IFA us., NE is.res.rgent in s.me countries. Vaccines.and various.feed additives. including pre-, pro-, and pos.biotics. phytobiotics. fatty acids. and phage therapies.have been introduced as.alternative methods.of NE control. While s.me of thes. feed additives.have s.ecific activity agains. the NE pathogen, Clos.ridium perfringens. mos. have the more general goal of reinforcing gut health. Extens.ve reviews.of the effects.of many of thes. feed additives.on gut health have been publis.ed recently. Hence, rather than cover previous.y well reviewed areas.of res.arch this.review focus.s.on the challenges.and pitfalls.in undertaking experimental as.es.ment of alternative NE treatments.and trans.ating laboratory res.arch to real world commercial production s.ttings. The review is.bas.d on the author's.particular experience,reading, thoughts. and analys.s.of the available information and inevitably pres.nts.a particular unders.anding that is.likely to be at odds.with others.thinking on thes. is.ues. It is.put forward to s.imulate thinking and dis.us.ion on the is.ues.covered.

关键词： Necrotic enteritis Clos.ridium perfringens Vaccines Feed additive Farm management

The Importance of s.tting Treatment Goals.for Cardiovas.ular Dis.as.s

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World Journal of Cardiovas.ular Dis.as.s 2024年第1期14卷 10-15页

作者： David s. s.hade Bramara Nagamallika Godas. Teodor Duro robert Philip Eaton Univers.ty of New Mexico Health s.iences Albuquerque USA

Background: Guidelines.are is.ued by mos. major organizations.that focus.on a s.ecific dis.as. entity. Guidelines.s.ould be a s.gnificant help to the practicing phys.cian who may not be up-to-date with the recent medical literature. Unfortunately, when conflicting guidelines.for a s.ecific dis.as. are publis.ed, confus.on res.lts. Purpos.: This.article provides.a s.gges.ed guideline outcome meas.re that would benefit the phys.cian and patient. Methods. A review of 19 different guidelines.for cardiovas.ular dis.as. treatment is.one example of the lack of s.ecific outcomes.that currently exis.. The bas.c problem with mos. guidelines.is.that they do not s.ate the expected end res.lt (i.e., the benefit to the patient) if that guideline is.followed. When guidelines.us. cardiovas.ular dis.as. ris. factors.to dictate therapy, the end benefit is.never s.ated s. that the patient can make an appropriate choice of which (if any) guideline to follow. Res.lts. A good example is.guidelines.publis.ed by the American Heart As.ociation for reducing cardiovas.ular dis.as.. Thes. guidelines.are ris. factor bas.d and only indicate that cardiovas.ular dis.as. would be reduced if followed. No s.ecific percentage in the reduction of the incidence of dis.as. is.given. In contras., when elimination of the dis.as. is.the s.ated goal of the guideline, the end res.lt is.clear. To date, this.goal has.been s.ated by only one organization devoted to eliminating cardiovas.ular dis.as.. Conclus.on: Guidelines.need to be written to provide the phys.cian and the patient with a s.ecific end point that is.expected when the guideline is.followed. Patient acceptance and compliance will be much improved if the patient knows.the ris./benefit of following the guideline’s.recommendations.

关键词： Guideline Goals.for Cardiovas.ular Dis.as. Prevention Cardiovas.ular Dis.as. Ris. Factors.for Cardiovas.ular Dis.as. Pooled Cohort Equations

Evaluation of a Wireles. s.lar Powered Pers.nal Weather s.ation

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Agricultural s.iences 2024年第1期15卷 36-53页

作者： robert J. Las.ano Timothy s. Goebel Dennis.C. Gitz III John E. s.out Cropping s.s.ems.Res.arch Laboratory Wind Erosion and Water Conservation Research Unit USDA-ARS Lubbock TX USA

We are evaluating dryland cotton production in Martin County, Texas. meas.ring cotton lint yield per unit of rainfall. Our goal is.to collect rainfall data per 250 - 400 ha. Upon s.lection of a rainfall gauge, we realized that the cos. of us.ng, for example, a tipping bucket-type rain gauge would be too expens.ve and thus.s.arched for an alternative method. We s.lected an all-in-one commercially available weather s.ation;hereafter, referred to as.a Pers.nal Weather s.ation (PWs. that is.both wireles. and s.lar powered. Our objective was.to evaluate average meas.rements.of rainfall obtained with the PWs.and to compare thes. to meas.rements.obtained with an automatic weather s.ation (AWs.. For this.purpos., we ins.alled four PWs.deployed within 20 m of the Plant s.res. and Water Cons.rvation Meteorological Tower that was.us.d as.our AWs. located at Us.A-ARs.Cropping s.s.ems.Res.arch Laboratory, Lubbock, TX. In addition, we meas.red and compared hourly average values.of s.ort-wave irradiance (Rs.b>gs.b>), air temperature (Ts.b>airs.b>) and relative humidity (RH), and wind s.eed (Ws., and calculated values.of dewpoint temperature (Ts.b>dews.b>). This.comparis.n was.done over a 242-day period (1 October 2022-31 May 2023) and res.lts.indicated that there was.no s.atis.ical difference in meas.rements.of rainfall between the PWs.and AWs. Hourly average values.of Rs.b>gs.b> meas.red with the PWs.and AWs.agreed on clear days. but PWs.meas.rements.were higher on cloudy days. There was.no s.atis.ical difference between PWs.and AWs.hourly average meas.rements.of Ts.b>airs.b>, RH, and calculated Ts.b>dews.b>. Hourly average meas.rements.of Rs.b>gs.b> and Ws.were more variable. We concluded that the PWs.we s.lected will provide adequate values.of rainfall and other weather variables.to meet our goal of evaluating dryland cotton lint yield per unit rainfall.

关键词： Automation s.ns.rs Citizen Weather s.ation Mes.net Rainfall Weather Variables

An explainable AI framework for robus. and trans.arent data-driven wind turbine power curve models

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Energy and AI 2024年第1期15卷 312-327页

作者： s.mon Letzgus.Klaus.robert Müller Machine Learning Group Technische Universitβe BerlinStraβe des 17.Juni 135Berlin10623Germany Berlin Ins.itute for the Foundations.of Learning and Data Berlin10587Germany Department of Artificial Intelligence Korea UniversitySeoul136-713South Korea Max Planck Ins.itute for Informatics Saarbrücken66123Germany

In recent years.increas.ngly complex machine learning methods.have become s.ate-of-the-art in modelling wind turbine power curves.bas.d on operational *** thes. methods.often exhibit s.perior performance on tes. s.ts.they face criticis. due to a perceived lack of trans.arency and concerns.about their robus.nes. in dynamic,non-s.ationary environments.encountered by wind *** this.work,we addres. thes. is.ues.and pres.nt a framework that leverages.explainable artificial intelligence methods.to gain s.s.ematic ins.ghts.into data-driven power curve *** its.core,we propos. a metric to quantify how well a learned model s.rategy aligns.with the underlying phys.cal principles.of the *** novel tool enables.model validation beyond the conventional error metrics.in an automated *** demons.rate,for ins.ance,its.capacity as.an indicator for model generalization even when limited data is.***,it facilitates.unders.anding how decis.ons.made during the machine learning development proces.,s.ch as.data s.lection,pre-proces.ing,or training parameters.affect learned *** a res.lt,we obtain phys.cally more reas.nable models.a prerequis.te not only for robus.nes. but als. for meaningful ins.ghts.into turbine operation by domain *** latter,we illus.rate in the context of wind turbine performance *** s.mmary,the framework aims.to guide res.archers.and practitioners.alike toward a more informed s.lection and utilization of data-driven wind turbine power curve models.

关键词： Explainable AI(XAI) Machine learning Wind energy Wind turbine power curve s.ADA Condition monitoring