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Characteristics of Anthropogenic Sulfate and Carbonaceous Aerosols over East Asia: Regional Modeling and Observation

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2008年第6期25卷 946-959页

作者： Yan HUANG William l. CHAMEIDES Qian TAN robert E. DICKINSON School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332 Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences Duke University Durham NC 27708 Goddard Earth Sciences and Technology Center University of Maryland Baltimore MD 21228

The authors present spatial and temporal characteristics of anthropogenic sulfate and carbonaceous aerosols over East Asia using a 3-D coupled regional climate-chemistry-aerosol model, and compare the simulation with the limited aerosol observations over the region. The aerosol module consists of SO2, SO4^2-, hydrophobic and hydrophilic black carbon （BC） and organic carbon compounds （OC）, including emission, advections, dry and wet deposition, and chemical production and conversion. The simulated patterns of SO2 are closely tied to its emission rate, with sharp gradients between the highly polluted regions and more rural areas. Chemical conversion （especially in the aqueous phase） and dry deposition remove 60% and 30% of the total SO2 emission, respectively. The SO4^2- shows less horizontal gradient and seasonality than SO2, with wet deposition （60%） and export （27%） being two major sinks. Carbonaceous aerosols are spatially smoother than sulfur species. The aging process transforms more than 80% of hydrophobic BC and OC to hydrophilic components, which are removed by wet deposition （60%） and export （30%）. The simulated spatial and seasonal SO4^2-, BC and OC aerosol concentrations and total aerosol optical depth are generally consistent with the observations in rural areas over East Asia, with lower bias in simulated OC aerosols, likely due to the underestimation of anthropogenic OC emissions and missing treatment of secondary organic carbon. The results suggest that our model is a useful tool for characterizing the anthropogenic aerosol cycle and for assessing its potential climatic and environmental effects in future studies.

关键词： regional climate modeling anthropogenic emission sulfate aerosol black carbon and organic carbon East Asia

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Bone morphogenetic protein signaling：a promising target for white matter protection in perinatal brain injury

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Neural Regeneration Research 2018年第7期13卷 1183-1184页

作者： Jill Chang robert W.Dettman Maria l.V.Dizon Department of Pediatrics Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University Chicago IL USA Stanley Manne Research Institute Chicago IL USA

Prematurely born newborns,as well as those born at term,may suffer from several types of brain injury including hypoxic-ischemic injury,intracranial hemorrhage,both intraventricular and parenchymal,and injury that is the consequence of intrauterine growth restriction（IUGR）.Injury of all types can impact the motor and cognitive abilities of *** mechanisms leading to disability are not completely understood.

关键词： In Bone morphogenetic protein signaling:a promising target for white matter protection in perinatal brain injury

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Changes in forest structure, species diversity and spatial pattern following hurricane disturbance in a Piedmont North Carolina forest, USA

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2008年第1期1卷 43-57页

作者： Weimin Xi robert K.Peet Dean l.Urban Department of Biology University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC 29599-3280USA The Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences Duke UniversityDurhamNC 27708USA

Aims large hurricanes have profound impacts on temperate forests,but owing to their infrequent nature these effects have rarely been examined in *** 1996,Hurricane Fran significantly damaged many long-term tree census plots in the Duke Forest on the North Carolina Piedmont,thereby providing an exceptional opportunity to examine pre-and post-hurricane forest compositional *** goal was to examine immediate,short-term(0–4 years)and longer term(;5 year)hurricane-induced structural,spatial and compositional changes in the tree population(stem d.b.h>1 cm)in the context of our detailed,long-term knowledge of the dynamics of these *** We surveyed stem damage and tree mortality in 34 long-term permanent plots(ca.70-year record;404–1012 m^(2))and 7 large mapped tree stands(ca.20-year record;5250–65000 m^(2))representing both transition-phase,even-aged pine stands and uneven-aged upland hardwood *** employed three types of damage measures to quantify stand-level damage severity:percentage of stems damaged,percentage of basal area lost and a‘stand-level damage index’.Second-order spatial analysis(Ripley’s K-function)was used to investigate patterns in tree *** findings Our study found hurricane effects on the structural attributes of Piedmont forests to be variable and *** in tree species composition,however,were *** was the major damage type for the overstory trees[diameter at breast height(d.b.h.)>10 cm]apparently due to the exposure of the crowns to high wind combined with heavy rainfall prior to and during the ***,juvenile trees and small trees(1–10 cm d.b.h.)of the understory and midstory were mainly damaged by being pinned or bent by their damaged large ***-induced tree mortality varied weakly among species,was positively correlated with pre-hurricane tree size and remained up to 2-fold higher than pre-hurricane background mortality 5 years after the ***

关键词： delayed tree mortality disturbance ecology hurricane damage d Hurricane Fran spatial point pattern analysis stand dynamics structural heterogeneity

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COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC GUIDANCE STEREOTAXIS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF INTRACRANIAl MASS lESIONS

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中华神经外科杂志 1993年第6期 50-51页

作者： Athanasio J.Spanos,robert l.Martuza Neurosurgenon Research Fellow in Surgery Harvard Medical School Boston U.S.A. Associate Visiting Neurosurgeon Harvard Medical School Boston U.S.A.

The stereotactic neurosurgical resection,which was named by the greek word(?),began with the pioneering publica-tion of Horsley and Clarke in *** ad-vent of computed axial tomography has notonly provided new insights ... 详细信息

关键词： COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC GUIDANCE STEREOTAXIS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF INTRACRANIAl MASS lESIONS

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Generation and Propagation of an Urban Flash Flood and Our Collective Responsibilities

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Journal of Earth Science 2022年第6期33卷 1624-1628页

作者： robert E.Criss Eric M.Stein David l.Nelson Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences Washington UniversitySt.LouisMO 63130USA 7427 Chamberlain Ave. University CitySt.LouisMO 63130USA 470 Columbia Circle PasadenaCA 91105USA

0 INTRODUCTION Destructive flash flooding is a growing global problem,with dangers being particularly acute in densely populated urban areas. The intensity of rainfall events is increasing, creating high runoff rates ... 详细信息

关键词： Flash flash Generation

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Error Estimates for Finite-Element Navier-Stokes Solvers without Standard Inf-Sup Conditions

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Chinese Annals of Mathematics,Series B 2009年第6期30卷 743-768页

作者： robert l.PEGO Department of Mathematical Sciences and Center for Nonlinear Analysis Carnegie Mellon University PittsburghPA 15213USA

The authors establish error estimates for recently developed finite-element methods for incompressible viscous flow in domains with no-slip boundary *** methods arise by discretization of a well-posed extended Navier-Stokes dynamics for which pressure is determined from current velocity and force *** methods use C1 elements for velocity and C0 elements for pressure.A stability estimate is proved for a related finite-element projection method close to classical time-splitting methods of Orszag,Israeli,DeVille and Karniadakis.

关键词： Time-dependent incompressible flow Projection method Backward facing step Driven cavity Stokes pressure leray projection Obtuse corner Recycling

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A comparison of animal color measurements using a commercially available digital color sensor and photograph analysis

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Current Zoology 2020年第6期66卷 601-606页

作者： Alex D.Potash Daniel U.Greene Gabrielle A.Foursa Verity l.Mathis l.Mike Conner robert A.McCleery Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural ScienceGainesvilleFL 32611USA Weyerhaeuser Company Environmental Research SouthColumbusMS 39701USA Department of Biology University of FloridaGainesvilleFL 32611USA Florida Museum of Natural History University of FloridaGainesvilleFL 32611USA The Jones Center at Ichauway NewtonGA 39870USA

An animal's pelage,feather,or skin color can serve a variety of functions,so it is important to have multiple standardized methods for measuring *** of the most common and reliable methods for measuring animal coloration is the use of standardized digital photographs of *** tech no logy in the form of a commercially available handheld digital color sensor could provide an alter native to photography-based animal color *** determine whether a digital color sensor could be used to measure animal coloration,we tested the ability of a digital color sensor to measure coloration of mammalian,avian,and lepidopteran museums *** compared results from the sensor to measurements taken using traditional photography *** study yielded significant differences between photography-based and digital color sensor measurements of brightness(light to dark)and colors along the green to red *** was no difference between photographs and the digital color sensor measurements for colors along the blue to yellow *** average difference in recorded color(AE)by the 2 methods was above the threshold at which humans can perceive a *** were sign讦icant correlations between the sensor and photographs for all measurements indicating that the sensor is an effective animal coloration measuring ***,the sensor's small aperture and narrow light spectrum range designed for human-vision limit its value for ecological *** discuss the conditions in which a digital color sensor can be an effective tool for measuring animal coloration in both laboratory settings and in the field.

关键词： animal coloration color measurement comparative method digital photography museum specimens Nix color sensor

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Context-free Grammars for Triangular Arrays

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Acta Mathematica Sinica,English Series 2015年第3期31卷 445-455页

作者： robert X.J.HAO larry X.W.WANG Harold R.l.YANG Center for Combinatorics LPMC-TJKLC Nankai University

We consider context-free grammars of the form G = {f → f^b1＋b2＋1g^a1＋a2, g → f^b1 g^a1＋1},where ai and bi are integers sub ject to certain positivity conditions. Such a grammar G gives rise to triangular arrays {T（n, k）}0≤k≤n satisfying a three-term recurrence relation. Many combinatorial sequences can be generated in this way. let Tn （x） =∑k=0^n T（n, k）x^k. Based on the differential operator with respect to G, we define a sequence of linear operators Pn such that Tn＋1（x） = Pn（Tn（x））. Applying the characterization of real stability preserving linear operators on the multivariate polynomials due to Borcea and Br？ndén, we obtain a necessary and sufficient condition for the operator Pn to be real stability preserving for any n. As a consequence, we are led to a sufficient condition for the real-rootedness of the polynomials defined by certain triangular arrays, obtained by Wang and ***, as special cases we obtain grammars that lead to identities involving the Whitney numbers and the Bessel numbers.

关键词： Context-free grammar stable polynomials real-rootedness Bessel numbers Whitneynumbers

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Characterization of energy and performance of swine fed a novel corn-soybean extruded product

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2015年第3期6卷 322-329页

作者： Katherine M Koch robert C Thaler Sam K Baidoo Crystal l levesque Rebecca C Bott South Dakota State University University of Minnesota Southern Research and Outreach Center

Background： A novel extruded product was characterized with a metabolism and lactation trial to establish the product＇s energy content, and its effects on lactating sow performance. The product was composed of a 60：40 corn-soybean blend, which was then extruded. This product containing the co-extruded 60：40 corn-soybean blend was commercially developed and is used extensively in swine diets in southwest Minnesota. GE of dietary treatments were determined by isoperibol bomb calorimetry. Twelve barrows （59.9 ± 1.4 kg）, were used to determine the digestible and metabolizable energy of the extruded product. DE of treatments was determined by subtracting fecal energy from GE provided to barrows by each respective treatment. ME was determined by subtracting urinary energy from calculated digestible energy. Sixty-three sows were used for the lactation trial. Three dietary treatments were utilized： CONTROl （an industry standard diet）; PRODUCT （contained the product, vitamins and minerals）; OIl （matched the lysine：ME ratio of PRODUCT by addition of soy oil）. Sow weight, backfat thickness at the right and left last ribs, body condition score, number of piglets, and litter weights were recorded on the date of farrowing （d 0）, （d 9）, and at weaning. Blood and milk samples were obtained at weaning, and blood was analyzed for plasma urea nitrogen （PUN）, milk was analyzed for total protein and fat content. Results： On a dry-matter basis, the test diet provided 3,908 kcal/kg DE and 3,833 kcal/kg ME, which was significantly greater than the basal diet, which provided 3,633 kcal/kg DE and 3,567 kcal/kg ME （P 〈 0.0001）. These data were used to establish the DE and ME of the product, which were 3,882 kcal/kg and 3,798 kcal/kg, respectively, on an as-fed basis. No effect of diet was observed for changes in sow backfat （RBF P = 0.24; lBF P = 0.07） or body condition score （P = 0.12） during lactation. Milk total protein （P = 0.69）, fat （P = 0.66）, PUN, average piglet gain （P = 0.55） and pi

关键词： Corn Extruded lactation ME Soybean Swine

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Biotechnological preparation of chicken skin gelatine using factorial design of experiments

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Food Bioscience 2022年第3期47卷 898-907页

作者： Petr Mrázek robert Gál Pavel Mokrejš Jana Orsavová Dagmar Janáčová Tomas Bata University in Zlín Department of Polymer EngineeringVavrečkova 275760 01ZlínCzech Republic Tomas Bata University in Zlín Department of Food TechnologyMostní 5139760 01ZlínCzech Republic Tomas Bata University in Zlín Language CentreŠtefánikova 5670760 01ZlínCzech Republic Tomas Bata University in Zlín Department of Automation and Control EngineeringNad Stráněmi 4511760 01ZlínCzech Republic

Poultry meat production steadily increases and its by-products including legs or skins may be further utilized to prepare gelatine,generally by using alkali or acid *** they are toxic,different methods are desirable,*** proteolytic *** enzymes is beneficial as they shorten processing time and reduce the required water *** conditions(the enzyme amount during the pre-treatment,first and second extraction temperature and time)of the process may influence gelatine quality and its *** this study,gelatines were prepared from chicken skin at different conditions in the series of combined factorial design of *** significance of the influence of the conditions on the quality(gel strength,viscosity,melting and gelling point)and yield of chicken skin gelatine(CSG)was *** highest yield(31.5%)was obtained at the conditions of the enzyme amount of 0.8%,first extraction temperature 80℃ and time 30 min,second extraction temperature 90℃ and time 60 ***,the highest CSG quality of gel strength(190 Bloom),viscosity(4.06 mPas),melting point(38.3℃)and gelling point(20.5℃)was obtained at the conditions of 0.2%/50℃/30 min in the first extraction.

关键词： Collagen Chicken skin Enzyme pre-treatment Gelatine Gelling properties

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