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C_4 Plants as Biofuel Feedstocks: Optimising Biomass Production and Feedstock Quality from a lignocellulosic Perspective

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2011年第2期53卷 120-135页

作者： Caitlin S.Byrt Christopher P.l.Grof robert T.Furbank School of Environmental and life Sciences University of NewcastleUniversity Drive CSIRO Plant Industry and High Resolution Plant Phenomics Centre

The main feedstocks for bioethanol are sugarcane （Saccharum offic- inarum） and maize （Zea mays）, both of which are C4 grasses, highly efficient at converting solar energy into chemical energy, and both are food crops. As the systems for lignocellulosic bioethanol production become more efficient and cost effective, plant biomass from any source may be used as a feedstock for bioethanol production. Thus, a move away from using food plants to make fuel is possible, and sources of biomass such as wood from forestry and plant waste from cropping may be used. However, the bioethanol industry will need a continuous and reliable supply of biomass that can be produced at a low cost and with minimal use of water, fertilizer and arable land. As many C4 plants have high light, water and nitrogen use efficiency, as compared with C3 species, they are ideal as feedstock crops. We consider the productivity and resource use of a number of candidate plant species, and discuss biomass ＇quality＇, that is, the composition of the plant cell wall.

关键词： C4 Plants as Biofuel Feedstocks Optimising Biomass Production and Feedstock Quality from a lignocellulosic Perspective

Amino acid fortified diets for weanling pigs replacing fish meal and whey protein concentrate:Effects on growth,immune status,and gut health

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2015年第3期6卷 330-339页

作者： Yan Zhao Alexandra C Weaver Vivek Fellner robert l Payne Sung Woo Kim Department of Animal Science North Carolina State University Evonik Corp

Background： limited availability of fish meal and whey protein concentrate increases overall feed costs. Availability of increased number of supplemental amino acids including lys, Met, Thr, Trp, Val, and lie allows replacing expensive protein supplements to reduce feed costs. This study was to evaluate the effect of replacing fish meal and/or whey protein concentrate in nursery diets with 6 supplemental amino acids on growth performance and gut health of post-weaning pigs. Treatments were 1） FM-WPC： diet with fish meal （FM） and whey protein concentrate （WPC）; 2） FM-AA： diet with FM and crystalline amino acids （l-lys, l-Thr, l-Trp, Dl-Met, l-Val, and l-lie）; 3） WPC-AA： diet with WPC and crystalline amino acid; and 4） AA： diet with crystalline amino acid. Results： Pigs in FM-AA, WPC-AA, and AA had greater （P 〈 0.0.5） ADG and gain：feed than pigs in FM-WPC during wk ] （phase 1）. Plasma insulin concentration of pigs in AA tended to be greater （P = 0.064） than that of FM-WPC at the end of wk 1 （phase 1）. Plasma concentrations of IgG in AA was lower （P 〈 0.05） compared with WPC-AA and FW, and FM-AA had lower （P 〈 0.05） IgG concentration than WPC-AA at the end of wk 1 （phase 1）. Concentration of acetate in cecum digesta in FM-AA tended to be greater （P = 0.054） than that of FM-WPC and WPC-AA. Concentration of isovalerate in cecum digesta of pigs in FM-AA was greater （P 〈 0.05） than that of FW and WPC-AA. Conclusions： This study indicates that use of 6 supplemental amino acids can replace fish meal and/or whey protein concentrate without adverse effects on growth performance, immune status, and gut health of pigs at d 21 to 49 of age. Positive response with the use of 6 supplemental amino acids in growth during the first week of post-weaning may due to increased plasma insulin potentially improving uptake of nutrients for protein synthesis and energy utilization. The replacement of fish meal and/or whey protein concentrate with 6 supplemental amino acids could decrease the

关键词： Amino acid Fish meal Growth performance Pig Whey protein concentrate

Primary feather vane asymmetry should not be used to predict the flight capabilities of feathered fossils

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Science Bulletin 2017年第18期62卷 1227-1228页

作者： Xia Wang robert l.Nudds Colin Palmer Gareth J.Dyke School of Biological Science and Technology University of Jinan Faculty of life Sciences University of Manchester Department of Earth Sciences University of Bristol Evolutionary Zoology University of Debrecen

Reconstructing flight abilities of fossil birds from preserved wings and feathers is an important goal if we are to understand the evolution of ***-shape is known to correlate well with bird flight style[1],but functional wing-shape is almost impossible to reconstruct from fossils with a high degree of *** contrast,however,individual primary feathers are often

关键词：飞行能力不对称性羽毛化石预测应用高度确定诊断工具

Fine-tuning the response of growth cones to guidance cues: a perspective on the role of microRNAs

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Neural Regeneration Research 2019年第10期14卷 1719-1720页

作者： Sarah E.Walker Gaynor E.Spencer robert l.Carlone Department of Biological Sciences Brock University

In the development and regeneration of the nervous system, neurons face the complex task of establishing and/or repairing neuronal connections and contacts. The formation of these neuronal circuits is largely coordinated by tightly regulated temporal and spatial changes in mRNA translation, which enables incredibly precise control over protein expression and localization (Jung and Holt, 2011). local mRNA translation in specific cellular compartments appears to play a role in many processes that are important to nervous system development and regeneration, including: cell survival, migration, growth cone guidance, and synaptogenesis (Jung and Holt, 2011).

关键词： In the development nervous system synaptogenesis

Visualization of atomic scale reaction dynamics of supported nanocatalysts during oxidation and ammonia synthesis using in-situ environmental(scanning) transmission electron microscopy

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Journal of Energy Chemistry 2021年第6期30卷 281-290,I0007页

作者： Michael R.Ward robert W.Mitchell Edward D.Boyes Pratibha l.Gai The York Nanocentre University of YorkYork YO105DDUK Department of Physics University of YorkYork YO105DDUK Department of Electronic Engineering University of YorkYork YO105DDUK Department of Chemistry University of YorkYork YO105DDUK

Reaction dynamics in gases at operating temperatures at the atomic level are the basis of heterogeneous gas-solid catalyst reactions and are crucial to the catalyst *** noble metal nanocatalysts such as platinum are of interest in fuel cells and as diesel oxidation catalysts for pollution control,and practical ruthenium nanocatalysts are explored for ammonia *** and graphitic carbons are of interest as supports for the *** considerable literature on the catalytic processes on graphite and graphitic supports,reaction dynamics of the nanocatalysts on the supports in different reactive gas environments and operating temperatures at the single atom level are not well *** we present real time in-situ observations and analyses of reaction dynamics of Pt in oxidation,and practical Ru nanocatalysts in ammonia synthesis,on graphite and related supports under controlled reaction environments using a novel in-situ environmental(scanning) transmission electron microscope with single atom *** recording snapshots of the reaction dynamics,the behaviour of the catalysts is *** images reveal single metal atoms,clusters of a few atoms on the graphitic supports and the support *** all play key roles in the mobility,sintering and growth of the *** experimental findings provide new structural insights into atomic scale reaction dynamics,morphology and stability of the nanocatalysts.

关键词： In-situ visualization Atomic scale reaction dynamics In-situ environmental scanning transmission electron microscopy with single atom resolution Supported nanoparticles Ammonia synthesis Oxidation reactions

采用T1 mapping和T2 mapping早期识别系统性结节病累及心脏

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国际医学放射学杂志 2017年第6期 720-721页

作者： V.O.Puntmann A.Isted R.Hinojar l.foote G.Carr-White E.Nagel 刘莹 Department of Cardiology Guy ’s and St Thomas’ NHS Trust

摘要目的研究T1mapping和T2mapping的组织表征定量是否有助于提高识别系统性结节病病人累及心肌。材料与方法 53例经活检证实为全身结节病病人(21例男性;平

关键词：系统性结节病 T2 mapping T1 mapping

Testing allometric scaling relationships in plant roots

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Forest Ecosystems 2020年第4期7卷 770-780页

作者： Qiang Deng Zhiyou Yuan Xinrong Shi T.Ryan lock robert l.Kallenbach State Key laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the loess Plateau Institute of Soil and Water ConservationChinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water ResourcesYangling 712100ShaanxiChina. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China. Institute of Soil and Water Conservation Northwest A&F UniversityYangling 712100ShaanxiChina Division of Plant Sciences College of AgricultureFoodand Natural ResourcesUniversity of Missouri108 Waters HallColumbiaMO 65211USA.

Background:Metabolic scaling theory predicts that plant productivity and biomass are both ***,this theory has not yet been tested in plant ***:In this study,we tested how metabolic scaling occurs in plants using a comprehensive plant root dataset made up of 1016 observations from natural *** generated metabolic scaling exponents by logtransformation of root productivity versus ***:Results showed that the metabolic scaling exponents of fine root(lose to 1.0 for all ecosystem types and functional *** exponents decreased in coarse roots(>2mm in diameter).Conclusions:We found isometric metabolic scaling in fine roots,a metabolically active organ similar to seedlings or *** findings also indicate a shift in metabolic scaling during plant ***,our study supports the absence of any unified single constant scaling exponent for metabolism-biomass relationships in terrestrial plants,especially for forests with woody species.

关键词： Allometry Biomass Metabolic scaling Plant roots Productivity

Nickel oxide thin films grown by chemical deposition techniques: Potential and challenges in next-generation rigid and flexible device applications

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InfoMat 2021年第5期3卷 536-576页

作者： Mari Napari Tahmida N.Huq robert l.Z.Hoye Judith l.MacManus-Driscoll Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy University of CambridgeCambridgeUK Centre for Electronics Frontiers Zepler Institute for Photonics and NanoelectronicsUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK Department of Materials Imperial College LondonLondonUK

Nickel oxide(NiOx),a p-type oxide semiconductor,has gained significant attention due to its versatile and tunable *** has become one of the critical materials in wide range of electronics applications,including resistive switching random access memory devices and highly sensitive and selective sensor *** addition,the wide band gap and high work function,coupled with the low electron affinity,have made NiOx widely used in emerging optoelectronics and p-n *** properties of NiOx thin films depend strongly on the deposition method and *** implementation of NiOx in next-generation devices will require controllable growth and processing methods that can tailor the morphological and electronic properties of the material,but which are also compatible with flexible *** this review,we link together the fundamental properties of NiOx with the chemical processing methods that have been developed to grow the material as thin films,and with its application in electronic *** focus solely on thin films,rather than NiOx incorporated with one-dimensional or two-dimensional *** review starts by discussing how the p-type nature of NiOx arises and how its stoichiometry affects its electronic and magnetic *** discuss the chemical deposition techniques for growing NiOx thin films,including chemical vapor deposition,atomic layer deposition,and a selection of solution processing approaches,and present examples of recent progress made in the implementation of NiOx thin films in devices,both on rigid and flexible ***,we discuss the remaining challenges and limitations in the deposition of device-quality NiOx thin films with chemical growth methods.

关键词： atomic layer deposition chemical vapor deposition electronics nickel oxide solution processing thin films

Changes in free amino acids and polyamine levels in Satsuma leaves in response to Asian citrus psyllid infestation and water stress

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Insect Science 2014年第6期21卷 707-716页

作者： Nasir S. A. Malik Jose l. Perez Madhurababu Kunta Joseph M. Patt robert l. Mangan USDA-ARS ERRC 600 E Mermaid lane Wyndmoor PA 19038-8598 USDA-ARS SPARC 2881 F&B Road College Station TX 77845 Texas A&M University-Kingsville Citrus Center 312 North International Blvd Weslaeo TX 78596 U. S. Horticultural Research laboratory 2001 South Rock Road Fort Pierce FL 34945 Subtropical Horticultural Research Station 13601 Old Coulter Road Miami FL 33158 USDA-ARS 2413 E. Hwy 83 Weslaco TX 78596 USA

The effects of biotic and abiotic stresses on changes in amino acids and polyamine levels in Satsuma orange （Citrus unshiu; cultivar Owari） leaves were inves- tigated. Asian citrus psyllids Diaphorina citri （Kuwayama）（ACP） infestation was used to induce biotic stress while a water deficit was imposed to induce abiotic stress. Potted trees were infested by placing 50 psyllids on 3 citrus leaves enclosed in nylon mesh bags for 5 d. A parallel set of plants were kept water stressed by maintaining the soil at 20% water holding capacity for 5 d. levels of total free amino acids were higher in water stressed and ACP infested leaves. Polyamine putrescine increased in infested leaves but not in water stressed leaves. Proline was the most abundant amino acid and its levels significantly increased by both biotic and abiotic stresses. Proline levels in infested leaves were significantly higher than the water stressed leaves. Histidine, methionine, asparagine, arginine, serine, and leucine levels also increased significantly in infested leaves, but in water stressed leaves only leucine, methionine, and threonine increased. levels of amino acids, such as tyrosine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, glutamic acid, and alanine, declined in infested leaves. Under water stress asparagine, phenylalanine, serine, and histidine also declined compared to controls. This indicates that while proteolysis occurred under both stresses, metabolic conversion of amino acids was different under the two stresses. In ACP infested leaves some amino acids may be used as feeding material and/or converted into secondary metabolites for defense.

关键词： amino acids citrus Diaphorina citri polyamines