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Update on obesity surgery

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2006年第20期12卷 3196-3203页

作者： Dan Eisenberg Andrew J Duffy robert l Bell Department of Surgery Yale University School of Medicine 40 Temple St. Suite 3A New HavenCT 06510United States

The prevalence of obesity in the United States has reached epidemic proportions. With more than 30 million Americans clinically obese, the younger population has also been affected. Surgical therapy should be offered to the severely obese patient who is refractory to nonsurgical therapy, as established by the 1991 NIH Consensus Conference on Gastrointestinal Surgery for Severe Obesity. Surgery is currently the most effective therapy for weight loss. It is far more effective than any other treatment modality, both in terms of the amount of weight loss and in terms of durability in maintaining weight loss.

关键词： Obesity Gastrointestinal surgery Roux-Y gastric bypass

Different characteristics of chronic dibutyltin dichloride-induced pancreatitis and cholangitis in mouse and rat

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Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases International 2020年第2期19卷 169-174页

作者： Friederike lütt luise Ehlers Horst Nizze robert Jaster Department of Medicine II Division of GastroenterologyRostock University Medical CenterE.-Heydemann-Str.618057 RostockGermany Institute of Pathology Rostock University Medical CenterStrempelstraβ1418057 RostockGermany

Background:Current animal models of chronic pancreatitis(CP)often provide only limited pathophysio-logical insights since they incompletely reflect the human *** induced by injection of dibutyltin dichloride(DBTC-pancreatitis)shares with human CP the important feature of extended fibrosis and would be an even more attractive model if it could be transferred from rats to mice,as recently sug-gested in the context of combined ethanol and DBTC *** study aimed to evaluate the effects of DBTC in pancreas and liver of C57Bl/6 mice,a strain commonly used to engineer genetic mouse ***:C57Bl/6 mice and lewis rats were exposed to variable doses of *** an investigation period of up to 4 weeks,laboratory findings and histopathological changes of pancreas and liver were ***:Chronic DBTC-pancreatitis in rats was characterized by acinar cell damage,ductal changes,fi-brosis,and inflammatory cell *** treated with DBTC at 6–8 mg/kg body weight,the standard doses in rats,showed transient increases of lipase activities but no morphological signs of chronic DBTC-pancreatitis 4 weeks after injection of the *** doses of 10–12 mg/kg DBTC were intolerable due to their high *** contrast,mice and rats presented with a similar histopathology of the liver that can be characterized as a chronic-proliferative DBTC-cholangitis with predominating damage and proliferation of the small bile ducts as well as secondary portal inflammatory cell infiltrates and a begin-ning portal ***:The DBTC-model cannot be transferred from rats to C57Bl/6 mice with respect to chronic DBTC-pancreatitis,but might be of interest to study DBTC-cholangitis in both species.

关键词： Animal models Cholangitis Pancreatitis

Adding Value to Crop Production Systems by Integrating Forage Cover Crop Grazing

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2024年第3期15卷 180-192页

作者： robert B. Mitchell Daren D. Redfearn Kenneth P. Vogel Terry J. Klopfenstein Galen Erickson P. Stephen Baenziger Bruce E. Anderson Mary E. Drewnoski Jay Parsons Steven D. Masterson Marty R. Schmer Virginia l. Jin USDA-ARS Wheat Sorghum and Forage Research Unit University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln NE USA Department of Agronomy and Horticulture University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln NE USA Department of Animal Science University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln NE USA Department of Agricultural Economics University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln NE USA USDA-ARS Agroecosystem Management Research Unit University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln NE USA

In addition to their value as cereal grains, wheat (Triticum aestivum l.) and triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack) are important cool-season annual forages and cover crops. Yearling steer (Bos taurus) performance was compared in the spring following autumn establishment as for age cover crops after soybean [Glycine max (l.) Merr.] grain harvest. Replicated pastures (0.4 ha) were no-till seeded in three consecutive years into soybean stubble in autumn, fertilized, and grazed the following spring near Ithaca, NE, USA. Each pasture (n = 3) was continuously stocked in spring with four yearling steers (380 ± 38 kg) for 17, 32, and 28 d in 2005, 2006, and 2007, respectively. In 2005, average daily gain (ADG) for steers grazing triticale exceeded the ADG for wheat by 0.31 kghd-1d-1. In 2006, wheat ADG exceeded that for triticale by 0.12 kghd-1d-1. In 2007, steers grazing wheat lost weight, while steers grazing triticale gained 0.20 kghd-1d-1. Based on the 3-year average animal gains valued at $1.32 kg-1, mean net return ($ ha-1 yr-1) was $62.15 for triticale and $22.55 for wheat. Since these grazed cover crops provide ecosystem services in addition to forage, grazing could be viewed as a mechanism for recovering costs and adds additional value to the system. Based on this 3-year grazing trial, triticale was superior to wheat and likely will provide the most stable beef yearling performance across years with variable weather for the western Cornbelt USA.

关键词： Cover crops Soybean Triticale Wheat

Fjord-Type AIEgens Based on Inherent Through-Space Conjugation

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CCS Chemistry 2024年第7期6卷 1739-1747页

作者： Ye-Qiang Han Yuan Xie Jianyu Zhang Shiyu Tan Haoke Zhang Ben Zhong Tang Jonathan l.Sessler Feihe Huang Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science Department of ChemistryZhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310058 Zhejiang-Israel Joint laboratory of Self-Assembling Functional Materials ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation CenterZhejiang UniversityHangzhou 311215 MOE Key laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization Department of Polymer Science and EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310058 Center for AIE Research College of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518061 Department of Chemistry Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and ReconstructionThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyKowloonHong Kong 999077 School of Science and Engineering Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and TechnologyThe Chinese University of Hong KongShenzhen(CUHK-Shenzhen)Guangzhou 518172 Department of Chemistry The University of Texas at AustinAustinTexas 78712-1224 Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450001

Through-space conjugation(TSC)is a noncovalently electronic interaction that is emerging as a potential complement to through-bond conjugation(TBC)-based strategies for constructing luminescent ***,the design of efficient luminogens based on TSC is currently challenging due to a lack of established structure-property *** is particularly true in the case of luminogens displaying aggregation-induced emission(AIE)*** this work,three terphenyl derivatives were prepared,and their photophysical properties were systemically *** was found that relative to the corresponding m-and p-linked analogues,the electronic interaction of TBC is weakened while the strength of TSC is commensurately enhanced in the constitutional isomer containing an o-linked fjordtype *** this set of luminogens,the presence of a fjord-type arrangement promotes a transformation from aggregation-caused quenching to *** investigations involving congeneric quaterphenyl and pentphenyl isomers support the universality of the fjord-type unit as a framework for synthesizing AIE-active luminogens(AIEgens)with inherent *** work not only provides a novel set of AIEgens but also establishes the utility of TSC in controlling the photophysical properties of nonconventional and twisted luminogens.

关键词： fjord-type through-space conjugation through-bond conjugation aggregation-induced emission luminescence twisted conformation

Evolution of surgical skills training

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2006年第20期12卷 3219-3224页

作者： Kurt E roberts robert l Bell Andrew J Duffy Department of Surgery Yale University School of Medicine 40 Temple StreetSuite 3ANew HavenCT 06510United Staets

Surgical training is changing： one hundred years of tradition is being challenged by legal and ethical concerns for patient safety, work hours restrictions, the cost of operating room time, and complications. Surgical simulation and skills training offers an opportunity to teach and practice advanced skills outside of the operating room environment before attempting them on living patients. Simulation training can be as straight forward as using real instruments and video equipment to manipulate simulated ＂tissue＂ in a box trainer. More advanced, virtual reality simulators are now available and ready for widespread use. Early systems have demonstrated their effectiveness and discriminative ability. Newer systems enable the development of comprehensive curricula and full procedural simulations. The Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education＇s （ACGME） has mandated the development of novel methods of training and evaluation. Surgical organizations are calling for methods to ensure the maintenance of skills, advance surgical training, and to credential surgeons as technically competent. Simulators in their current form have been demonstrated to improve the operating room performance of surgical residents. Development of standardized training curricula remains an urgent and important agenda, particularly for minimal invasive surgery. An innovative and progressive approach, borrowing experiences from the field of aviation, can provide the foundation for the next century of surgical training, ensuring the quality of the product. As the technology develops, the way we practice will continue to evolve, to the benefit of physicians and patients.

关键词： Surgery Training Certification Skills Simulation Curriculum

Controversies in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux and achalasia

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2006年第20期12卷 3155-3161页

作者： Kurt E roberts Andrew J Duffy robert l Bell Department of Surgery Yale University School of Medicine 40 Temple St. Suite 3 ANew HavenCT 06510United States

The immense success of laparoscopic surgery as an effective treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease （GERD） and achalasia has established minimal invasive surgery as the gold standard for these two conditions with lower morbidity and mortality, shorter hospital stay, faster convalescence, and less postoperative pain. One controversy in the treatment of GERD evolves around laparoscopic antireflux surgery （lAP, S） as the preferred treatmerit for Barrett＇s esophagus and the procedure＇s potential to reduce the risk of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. GERD has also been associated with respiratory symptoms, asthma and laryngeal injury, and a second controversy prompts discussions about whether total or partial fundoplication is the more appropriate treatment for GERD. A new and promising alternative in the treatment of GERD is endoluminal therapy. Three types of this new treatment option will be discussed： radiofrequency energy delivered to the lower esophageal sphincter, the creation of a mechanical barrier at the gastroesophageal junction, and the direct endoscopic tightening of the lower esophageal sphincter. laparoscopic surgery is discussed not only as a very effective treatment for GERD but also as permanent cure for achalasia. This review analyzes the three most important treatment options for achalasia： medications, pneumatic dilatation, and surgical therapy. Medications as the only true non-invasive option in the treatment of achalasia are not as effective as lAPS because of their short half-life and variable absorption due to the poor esophageal emptying. The second treatment option, pneumatic dilatation, involves the stretching of the lower esophagus and is still considered the most effective nonsurgical treatment for achalasia. Finally, surgical therapy for achalasia and the two major controversies concerning this laparoscopic treatment are discussed. The first involves the extent to which the myotomy is extended onto the stomach, and the second concer

关键词： Gastroesophageal reflux disease Nissen Toupet Fundoplication Achalasia Heller myotomy

Developmental ecology of the American horseshoe crab limulus polyphemus

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Current Zoology 2010年第5期56卷 550-562页

作者： Mark l.BOTTON Richard A.TANKERSlEY robert E.lOVElAND Department of Natural Sciences Fordham University Department of Biological Sciences Florida Institute of Technology Department of Ecology Evolution and Natural Resources Rutgers University

During spawning events, horseshoe crab eggs are released from the female＇s oviducts, and fertilized by one or more males. Eggs are shaped by the female into discrete clutches deposited in nests at depths of 10-20 cm on intertidal estuarine beaches. Distinguishing between fxesh eggs and the early developmental stages is obfuscated by the large amount of dense, opaque yolk. The first unambiguous confirmation of development is the formation of the rudimentary prosomatie appendages at the ＂limb bud＂ stage. Several days thereafter, the outer chorion is shed and the developing embryo expands and undergoes a series of molts within the clear inner egg membrane. The trilobite （first iustar） stage thus attained may remain within the beach sedi- ments for several more weeks, until hatching is facilitated by environmental factors such as hydration, agitation, and osmotic shock that accompany the infiltration of seawater into the nests. Trilobites exhibit endogenous eirgatidal swimming rhythms that are entrained by mechanical agitation, suggesting that peaks in larval swimming are timed to coincide with periods of high water and the inundation of the nests. larval swimming is limited and does not appear to result in long-distance dispersal. The limited dispersal of the larvae has important implications for the population dynamics of relatively isolated populations. The rate of larval development is highly plastic and is influenced by temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and the presence of pollutants. The broad environmental tolerances of horseshoe crab embryos and larvae are important in understanding their current geographic distribution and their evolutionary persistence

关键词： Horseshoe crab limulus Development Embryo larval dispersal

Positive- and Zero-Sequence Impedance Estimation of YNyn0+d-Connected Main Power Transformers in Wind Power Applications

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CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems 2021年第1期7卷 57-65页

作者： Franklin l.Quilumba robert E.Jimerson Ken Swift Rafael Garc´ıa with Oncor Electric Delivery Fort WorthTX 76102 USA

With the increased penetration of non-conventionalrenewable energy resources, such as wind power plants (WPPs),into the power system, a lot of interest has been placed on studyingtheir impact for system protection, planning and operationsto ensure continued reliability of the electric grid. The impactof WPPs on the grid is typically identified during generationinterconnection studies. One of the challenges faced by protectionand planning engineers, at an early stage in this process, isthat many of the studies involving these power plants must beperformed without specific data available because the equipmentis not built yet. Among all the needed data, a particular interest inthis study is placed on the positive- and zero-sequence impedancesof the main power transformer (MPT) that interconnects a windpower plant to the transmission system due to its contribution toshort-circuit current during ground faults. The most commonlyfound in practice MPT winding configurations is a high-voltagewinding in wye with neutral bushing;a low-voltage windingin wye with neutral bushing without phase shift between thesewindings, and a stabilizing tertiary winding connected in deltathat is not designed for external loading designated as YNyn0+***, this paper proposes a methodology to estimate the sequenceimpedances of YNyn0+d transformers from a statistical point ofview applying clustering and regression analyses on existing MPTtest report data.

关键词： Positive-and zero-sequence impedance estimation power transformers short-circuit analysis threewinding transformer with buried tertiary wind power integration

Species in lichen-forming fungi:balancing between conceptual and practical considerations,and between phenotype and phylogenomics

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Fungal Diversity 2021年第4期109卷 99-154页

作者： robert lücking Steven D.leavitt David l.Hawksworth Botanischer Garten Und Botanisches Museum Freie Universität BerlinKönigin-Luise-Str.6-814195 BerlinGermany Department of Biology Brigham Young University4102 Life Science BuildingProvoUT 84602USA M.l.Bean life Science Museum Brigham Young University1115 MLBMProvoUT 84602USA Department of life Sciences The Natural History MuseumLondon SW75BDUK Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology Royal Botanic GardensKewRichmond TW92ABSurreyUK

lichens are symbiotic associations resulting from interactions among fungi(primary and secondary mycobionts),algae and/or cyanobacteria(primary and secondary photobionts),and specific elements of the bacterial microbiome associated with the lichen *** question of what is a species,both concerning the lichen as a whole and its main fungal component,the primary mycobiont,has faced many challenges throughout history and has reached new dimensions with the advent of molecular phylogenetics and *** this paper,we briefly revise the definition of lichens and the scientific and vernacular naming conventions,concluding that the scientific,latinized name usually associated with lichens invariably refers to the primary mycobiont,whereas the vernacular name encompasses the entire *** the same lichen mycobiont may produce different phenotypes when associating with different photobionts or growing in axenic culture,this discrete variation does not warrant the application of different scientific names,but must follow the principle"one fungus=one name".Instead,broadly agreed informal designations should be used for such discrete morphologies,such as chloromorph and cyanomorph for lichens formed by the same mycobiont but with either green algae or *** taxonomic recognition of species in lichen-forming fungi is not different from other fungi and conceptual and nomenclatural approaches follow the same *** identify a number of current challenges and provide recommendations to address *** delimitation in lichen-forming fungi should not be tailored to particular species concepts but instead be derived from empirical evidence,applying one or several of the following principles in what we call the lPR approach:lineage(l)coherence ***(phylogenetic component),phenotype(P)coherence ***(morphological component),and/or reproductive(R)compatibility ***(biological component).Species hypotheses can be e

关键词： Alpha taxonomy Beta taxonomy Biological species concept Cora Cryptic speciation Fungal farmers Gamma taxonomy Infraspecies lichens as ecosystems Machine learning Morphological species concept One fungus=one name Photomorph Phylogenetic species concept Species pair concept Thamnolia