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缺血性卒中的一级预防——美国心脏协会/美国卒中协会卒中委员会指南动脉粥样硬化性周围血管病跨学科工作组、心血管护理委员会、临床心脏病学委员会、营养、体力活动和代谢委员会以及医疗质量和转归研究跨学科工作组共同倡导

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国际脑血管病杂志 2006年第8期14卷 572-618页

作者： Larry B. g.ldstein robert Adams Mark J. Alberts Lawrence J. Appel Lawrence M. Brass Cheryl D. Bushnell Antonio Culebras Thomas J. Deg.aba Philip B. g.relick John R. g.yton robert g. hart g.org. Howard Marg.ret Kelly-Hayes J.V. (Ian) Nixon Ralph L. Sacco 苏克江高宗恩解放军66393部队医院胜利油田中心医院

背景和目的本指南提供有关各种确定和潜在的卒中危险因素证据的概述,并提供降低卒中风险的推荐。方法写作组成员由委员会主席根据每位作者先前在相关课题领域中的工作提名,并经美国心脏协会(AHA)卒中委员会科学声明监督委员会批准。写... 详细信息

背景和目的本指南提供有关各种确定和潜在的卒中危险因素证据的概述,并提供降低卒中风险的推荐。方法写作组成员由委员会主席根据每位作者先前在相关课题领域中的工作提名,并经美国心脏协会(AHA)卒中委员会科学声明监督委员会批准。写作组采用系统文献回顾(涵盖时间段为2001年最后一次回顾发表到2005年1月),参考先前已发表的指南、个人文件和专家意见来概括现有的证据,指明现有知识的差距;如果合适,则根据标准的AHA标准做出简明的推荐。写作组全体成员在撰写过程中均有很多机会对推荐进行评论并认可这份声明的最终版本。在AHA科学咨询与协调委员会批准之前,本指南已进行过广泛的同行评议。结果对评价个体首次卒中风险的流程图进行评估。根据干预的可能性(不可干预、可干预或潜在可干预)和证据的强度(证据充分或证据不太充分),对首次卒中的危险因素或风险标记物进行分类。不可干预的危险因素包括年龄、性别、出生体重低、人种/种族和遗传因素。证据充分的可干预危险因素包括高血压、主动或被动吸烟、糖尿病、心房颤动和某些其他心脏病、血脂异常、颈动脉狭窄、镰状细胞病、绝经后激素治疗、不良饮食习惯、缺乏体力活动、肥胖和体脂分布。证据不太充分或潜在的可干预危险因素包括代谢综合征、酗酒、药物滥用、口服避孕药、睡眠呼吸障碍、偏头痛、高同型半胱氨酸血症、脂蛋白(a)升高、脂蛋白相关的磷脂酶升高、高凝状态、炎症和感染。对应用阿司匹林进行卒中一级预防的资料进行回顾。结论有大量证据可以用于确定增加首次卒中风险的各种特殊因素和提供降低这种风险的策略。

关键词：美国心脏协会科学声明卒中危险因素一级预防

Primary parasitoids of red scale （Aonidiella aurantii） in Australia and a review of their introductions from Asia

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Insect Science 2017年第1期24卷 150-168页

作者： Hang.T. Dao g. Andrew C. Beattie robert Spooner-hart Markus Rieg.er Paul Holford University of Western Sydney Penrith NSW 2751 Australia Plant Protection Research Institute Chem Tu Liem Hanoi Vietnam

We used morpholog.cal and molecular differences to confirm the identities of red scale （Aonidiella aurantii） and yellow scale （A. citrina）, and their primary parasitoids, in Australia. An extension to the distribution of yellow scale was confirmed. Six primary parasitoids of red scale were identified： Aphytis chrysomphali, A. ling.anensis, A. melinus, Comperiella bifasciata, Encarsia citrina, and E. perniciosi. With the exception of A. ling.anensis, these parasitoids, and a species of Aphelinus, were detected in association with red scale during.studies in citrus orchards in coastal New South Wales between 2009 and 2012. Two races ofA. melinus were recorded： one from the Indian Subcontinent, the other previously only recorded in China. The studies, and reviews of historical records, led us to conclude that 4 parasitoids, A. ling.anensis, C. bifasciata, and both species of Encarsia, were present in Australia before successful or unsuccessful formal introductions between 1902 and 1970. The A. melinus race previously recorded in China may also have been present before the Indian Subcontinent race was formally introduced in 1961. We sug.est the possibility that the natural distribution of some of the parasitoids may include East and Southeast Asia, and parts of Australasia. We found no reports of native armored scales being.recorded on species and hybrids of Citrus introduced to Australia, and no reports of introduced armored scales being.recorded on native Rutaceae, including.6 species of Citrus. However, we subsequently recorded yellow scale on g.ijera parviflora, a native rutaceous tree.

关键词： Aonidiella Aphytis citrus Comperiella Encarsia red scale

缺血性卒中的一级预防美国心脏协会／美国卒中协会卒中委员会指南

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中华脑血管病论坛 2006年第1期4卷 67-107页

作者： Larry B. g.ldstein robert Adams Mark J. Alberts Lawrence J. Appel Lawrence M. Brass Cheryl D. Bushnell Antonio Culebras Thomas J. Deg.aba Philip B. g.relick John R. g.yton robert g. hart g.org. Howard Marg.ret Kelly-Hayes J.V. （Ian） Nixon Ralph L. Sacco 苏克江（译）高宗恩（译）

背景和目的：本指南提供有关各种确定和潜在的卒中危险因素证据的概述，并提供降低卒中风险的推荐。方法：写作组成员由委员会主席根据每位作者先前在相关课题领域中的工作提名，并经美国心脏协会（AHA）卒中委员会科学声明监督委员会... 详细信息

背景和目的：本指南提供有关各种确定和潜在的卒中危险因素证据的概述，并提供降低卒中风险的推荐。方法：写作组成员由委员会主席根据每位作者先前在相关课题领域中的工作提名，并经美国心脏协会（AHA）卒中委员会科学声明监督委员会批准。写作组采用系统文献回顾（涵盖时间段为2001年最后一次回顾发表到2005年1月），参考先前已发表的指南、个人文件和专家意见来概括现有的证据，指明现有知识的差距，如果合适，则根据标准的AHA标准做出简明的推荐。写作组全体成员在撰写过程中均有很多机会对推荐进行评论并认可这份声明的最终版本。在AHA科学咨询与协调委员会批准之前，本指南已进行过广泛的同行评议。结果：对评价个体首次卒中风险的流程图进行评价。根据进行干预的可能性（不可干预、可干预或潜在可干预）和证据的强度（证据充分或证据不太充分）。对首次卒中的危险因素或风险标记物进行分类。不可干预危险因素包括年龄、性别，出生体重低、人种／种族和遗传因素。证据充分的可干预危险因素包括高血压、主动或被动吸烟、糖尿病、心房颤动和某些其他心脏病、血脂异常、颈动脉狭窄、镰状细胞病，绝经后激素治疗、不良饮食习惯、缺乏体力活动、肥胖和体脂分布。证据不太充分或潜在的可干预危险因素包括代谢综合征、酗酒、药物滥用、口服避孕药、睡眠呼吸障碍、偏头痛、高同型半胱氨酸血症、脂蛋白（a）升高、脂蛋白相关的磷脂酶升高、高凝状态、炎症和感染。对应用阿司匹林进行卒中一级预防的资料进行回顾。结论：有大量证据确定增加首次卒中风险的各种特殊因素和提供降低这种风险的策略。

关键词：美国心脏协会科学声明卒中危险因素一级预防

g.netic variation among.t biotypes of Dactylopius tomentosus

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Insect Science 2015年第3期22卷 360-374页

作者： Catherine W. Matheng. Markus Rieg.er g. Andrew C. Beattie robert N. Spooner-hart Paul Holford School of Science and Health University of Western Sydney (Hawkesbury Campus) Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment University of Western Sydney Locked Bag 1797 Penrith NSW 2751 Australia

The tomentose cochineal scale insect, Dactylopius tomentosus （Lamarck）（Hemiptera： Dactylopiidae）, is an important biolog.cal control ag.nt ag.inst invasive species of Cylindropuntia （Caryophyllales： Cactaceae）. Recent studies have demonstrated that this scale is composed of host-affiliated biotypes with differential host specificity and fitness on particular host species. We investig.ted g.netic variation and phylog.netic rela-tionships among.D. tomentosus biotypes and provenances to examine the possibility that g.netic diversity may be related to their host-use pattern, and whether their phylog.netic relationships would g.ve insig.ts into taxonomic relatedness of their host plants. Nucleotide sequence comparison was accomplished using.sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I （COI） g.ne. Sequences of individuals from the same host plant within a reg.on were identical and characterized by a unique haplotype. Individuals belong.ng.to the same biotype but from different reg.ons had similar haplotypes. However, haplotypes were not shared between different biotypes. Phylog.netic analysis g.ouped the monophyletic D. tomentosus into 3 well-resolved clades of biotypes. The phylog.netic relationships and clustering.of biotypes corresponded with known taxonomic relatedness of their hosts. Two biotypes, Fulg.da and Mamillata, tested positive for Wolbachia （α-Proteobacteria）, a common endosymbiont of insects. The Wolbachia sequences were serendipitously detected by using.insect-specific COI DNA barcoding.primers and are most similar to Wolbachia Superg.oup F strains. This study is the first molecular characterization of cochineal biotypes that, tog.ther with Wolbachia sequences, contribute to the better identification of the biotypes of cochineal insects and to the biolog.cal control of cacti using.host-specific biotypes of the scale.

关键词： biotypes Cylindropuntia spp. Dactylopiidae Hemiptera tomentose cochineal scale Wolbachia spp.

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美国国家卒中协会短暂性脑缺血发作处理指南

中华脑血管病杂志（电子版） 2007年第1期1卷 46-59页

作者： S. Claibome Johnston Mai N. Ng.yen-Huynh Miriam E. Schwarz Kate Fuller Christina Williams S. Andrew Josephson g.aeme J. Hankey robert g. hart Steven R. Levine Jose Biller robert D. Brown Ralph L. Sacco L. Jaap Kappelle Peter J. Koudstaal Julien Bog.usslavsky Louis R. Caplan Jan van g.jn Ale Alg.a Peter M. Rothwell Harold P. Adams g.eg.ry W. Albers 李海峰（译）不详青岛大学医学院附属医院神经内科 266003

目的：短暂性脑缺血发作（TIA）是常见和重要的卒中先兆。其处理方法多样，大多数发表的指南在近年来均未被更新。我们试图制定一个全面的、无偏倚的、循证的TIA处理指南。方法：根据一种客观标准（可以预测在该研究领域中执业医师对专... 详细信息

目的：短暂性脑缺血发作（TIA）是常见和重要的卒中先兆。其处理方法多样，大多数发表的指南在近年来均未被更新。我们试图制定一个全面的、无偏倚的、循证的TIA处理指南。方法：根据一种客观标准（可以预测在该研究领域中执业医师对专家提名的文献测量学方法）挑选出15名专家组成员。通过系统回顾检索到过去发表的指南，由专家对其中的推荐意见的质量进行独立评价。选择出质量最高的推荐意见，然后让专家组采用改良Delphi法通过多次问卷调查的方式进行修订，从而对新的修改达成共识。给专家们提供近期临床研究的系统评价，要求专家根据新的证据判断措辞修改的合理性并且根据证据等级和质量对最终的推荐意见进行评定。不允许专家在预期有可能存在任何利益冲突的专题方面提出推荐意见。结果：通过系统回顾检索到257个指南，其中有13篇文献包括的137条推荐意见符合所有纳入标准。需要6次重复的问卷调查对53条最终推荐意见的措辞达成共识。最终的推荐意见涉及TIA的初步处理、评价、内科治疗、外科治疗和危险因素控制。结论：对TIA患者医疗诊治的最终推荐意见强调了紧急评价和治疗的重要性。这种用于制定本指南的新方法是可行的，考虑到了快速更新并能减少偏倚。

关键词：短暂性脑缺血发作指南国家卒中协会

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美国国家卒中协会短暂性脑缺血发作处理指南

国际脑血管病杂志 2007年第3期15卷 161-171页

作者： S. Claiborne Johnston Mai N. Ng.yen-Huynh Miriam E. Schwarz Kate Fuller Christina Williams S. Andrew Josephsort g.aeme J. Hankey robert g. hart Steven R. Levine Jose Biller robert D. Brown Ralph L. Sacco L. Jaap Kappelle Peter J. Koudstaal Julien Bog.usslavsky Louis R. Caplan Jan van g.jn Ale Alg.a Peter M. Rothwell Harold P. Adams g.eg.ry W. Albers 李海峰（译）不详青岛大学医学院附属医院神经内科 266003

关键词：短暂性脑缺血发作指南国家卒中协会

Physical Characteristics Explain Ball-Carrying.Capability in Sub-Elite Rug.y Union Players

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Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise 2023年第3期5卷 244-253页

作者： Alexander S.hart robert M.Erskine Tom J.Mclaug.lin David R.Clark School of Sport and Exercise Science Liverpool John Moores UniversityL33AF LiverpoolUK Ealing.Trailfinders Rug.y Club LondonUK Institute of Sport Exercise and HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK

Purpose The aims of the present study were two-fold:(i)to investig.te the relationship between physical characteristics and the g.me statistics associated with ball-carrying.capability among.t sub-elite rug.y union players,and(ii)to predict the level of chang. in these physical characteristics required to improve the associated g.me statistic via reg.ession *** Thirty-eig.t senior professional players(forwards,n=22;backs,n=16)were assessed for body mass(BM),back squat(BS)sing.e-repetition maximum(1RM)normalised to BM(1RM/BM),10 m sprint velocity(S10),10 m sprint momentum(SM10),and the g.me statistics from 22 g.mes within the 2019/20 RFU Championship *** relationship between these measures and the predicted level of chang. in a physical measure required to improve the total number of the associated g.me statistic by one were assessed by Pearson’s correlation coefficient and simple reg.ession *** In forwards,an~11.5%reduction in BM,an~11.8%improvement in BS 1RM/BM,or an~11.5%increase in S10 was required to improve the g.me statistics associated with ball-carrying.*** backs,a~19.3%increase in BM or a~15.6%improvement in SM10 was *** These finding. demonstrate that improvements in lower-body relative streng.h,acceleration performance,and position-specific alterations in body mass are required to maximise the ball-carrying.capability and therefore match outcome of sub-elite rug.y union players.

关键词： Speed Acceleration Momentum Streng.h Body mass

Neuropsycholog.cal Profile and Performance Variability in Vascular Cog.itive Impairment

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International Journal of Clinical Medicine 2014年第17期5卷 1047-1058页

作者： robert P. hart Al M. Best Department of Biostatistics and School of Dentistry Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond USA Department of Psychiatry Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center Richmond USA

Backg.ound: Cog.itive impairment from cerebrovascular disease varies in scope. Methods: We studied healthy elderly individuals and those with mild cog.itive impairment (MCI) or mild dementia attributed to vascular patholog., in order to assess the diag.ostic utility of intra-individual variability across neuropsycholog.cal domains and the cog.itive profile of vascular cog.itive disorders. A larg. battery of tests was used to create z-scores for seven neuropsycholog.cal domains by principle components analysis. Results: We did not find g.oup differences in the averag. intra-individual variance across neuropsycholog.cal domains. We did find g.oup differences in the within-domain variability for Lang.ag., reflecting.increased performance variability in those participants with vascular patholog.. There was a lower inter-correlation of domain scores in the MCI g.oup than in the mild vascular dementia (VD) g.oup. The MCI g.oup had the larg.st deficits in Executive Function, Fluency and Memory relative to the healthy control (HC) g.oup. The VD g.oup evidenced a broad rang. of further cog.itive decline relative to the MCI g.oup, with the larg.st difference on Visuoconstruction. Conclusions: While intra-individual performance variability may increase early in the course of cog.itive decline from vascular patholog., this is not because of g.eater across-domain variability or because impairments occur in only one particular cog.itive domain or small cluster of inter-related domains. Early cog.itive chang. includes decreased executive function that cannot be attributed to slow information processing.or response time.

关键词： Cerebrovascular Disorders Mild Cog.itive Impairment Dementia Performance Variability Small Vessel Disease

Effects of Illness Severity and Alcohol Use on Cog.ition in End Stag. Liver Disease after Controlling.for g.neral Intellig.nce and Mood——Cog.ition in End Stag. Liver Disease

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International Journal of Clinical Medicine 2012年第2期3卷 125-131页

作者： robert P. hart Doug.as P. g.bson Melanie K. Bean robert A. Fisher Department of Psychiatry Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond USA Department of Surg.ry Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond USA Departments of Pediatrics and Psycholog. Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond USA

Backg.ound: While neuropsycholog.cal deficits are common in patients with end stag. liver disease (ESLD) evaluated for transplantation, the determinant factors are not clear. Methods: Towards that end, we examined data from 108 patients who completed neuropsycholog.cal tests as part of their liver transplantation evaluation. First, controlling.for estimated premorbid ability and mood, multiple reg.ession analyses were used to examine the effects of illness severity on cog.ition. Second, we compared neuropsycholog.cal functioning.of patients with vs. without a history of excessive alcohol use, independent of primary liver disease diag.osis. Results: Severity of illness was associated with the extent of psychomotor slowing. Excessive alcohol use was associated with lower scores on tests of memory. Furthermore, worse memory was not explained by lower estimated premorbid ability, lower concurrently measured g.neral intellig.nce, or g.eater illness severity. Conclusions: Our finding. illustrate the importance of controlling.for estimated premorbid ability in assessing.the effect of illness variables on cog.ition. Another implication is that measures of psychomotor speed are important in assessing.cog.ition in patients with ESLD, and especially for patients with a history of excessive alcohol use, a broader rang. of domains, including.memory, should be examined.

关键词： Liver Disease Cog.ition