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An Arduino-Based Wireless Sensor Network for Soil Moisture Monitoring Using Decagon EC-5 Sensors

Open Journal of Soil Science 2017年第10期7卷 288-300页

作者： José O. Payero Ali Mirzakhani Nafchi rebecca davis Ahmad Khalilian Edisto Research and Education Center Clemson University Blackville SC USA Department of Agricultural Sciences Clemson University Clemson SC USA

It is undeniable that wireless communication technology has become a very important component of modern society. One aspect of modern society in which application of wireless communication technologies has tremendous potential is in agricultural production. This is especially true in the area of sensing and transmission of relevant farming information such as weather, crop development, water quantity and quality, among others, which would allow farmers to make more accurate and timely farming decisions. A good example would be the application of wireless communication technology to transmit soil moisture data in real time to help farmers make irrigation scheduling decisions. Although many systems are commercially available for soil moisture monitoring, there are still many important factors, such as cost, limiting widespread adoption of this technology among growers. Our objective in this study was, therefore, to develop and test an affordable wireless communication system for monitoring soil moisture using Decagon EC-5 sensors. The new system uses Arduino-compatible microcontrollers and communication systems to sample and transmit values from four Decagon EC-5 soil moisture sensors. Developing the system required conducting lab calibrations for the EC-5 sensors for the microcontroller operating in either 10-bit or 12-bit analog-to-digital converter (ADC) resolution. The system was successfully tested in the field and reliably collected and transmitted data from a wheat field for more than two months.

关键词： Wireless Communication Soil Moisture Sensors Arduino Decagon EC-5 Calibration Irrigation Scheduling Internet-Of-Things

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Development of a Low-Cost Internet-of-Things (IoT) System for Monitoring Soil Water Potential Using Watermark 200SS Sensors

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Advances in Internet of Things 2017年第3期7卷 71-86页

作者： José O. Payero Ali Mirzakhani-Nafchi Ahmad Khalilian Xin Qiao rebecca davis Edisto Research and Education Center Clemson University Blackville SC USA Department of Agricultural Sciences Clemson University Clemson SC USA

Soil moisture monitoring is one of the methods that farmers can use for irrigation scheduling. Many sensor types and data logging systems have been developed for this purpose over the years, but their widespread adoption in practical irrigation scheduling is still limited due to a variety of factors. Important factors limiting adoption of soil moisture sensing technology by farmers include high cost and difficulties in timely data collection and interpretation. Recent developments in open source microcontrollers (such as Arduino), wireless communication, and Internet-of-Things (IoT) technologies offer opportunities for reducing cost and facilitating timely data collection, visualization, and interpretation for farmers. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop and test a low-cost IoT system for soil moisture monitoring using Watermark 200SS sensors. The system uses Arduino-based microcontrollers and data from the field sensors (End Nodes) are communicated wirelessly using LoRa radios to a receiver (Coordinator), which connects to the Internet via WiFi and sends the data to an open-source website (***) where the data can be visualized and further analyzed using Matlab. The system was successfully tested under field conditions by installing Watermark sensors at four depths in a wheat field. The system described here could contribute to widespread adoption of easy-to-use and affordable moisture sensing technologies among farmers.

关键词： Irrigation Scheduling Automation Sensors Soil Moisture Internet-of-Things Arduino Watermark Sensors Calibration

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Evaluating the Effect of Soil Texture on the Response of Three Types of Sensors Used to Monitor Soil Water Status

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2017年第6期9卷 566-577页

作者： José O. Payero Xin Qiao Ahmad Khalilian Ali Mirzakhani-Nafchi rebecca davis Edisto Research and Education Center Clemson University Blackville SC USA Department of Agricultural Sciences Clemson University Clemson SC USA

Accurate monitoring of soil water status can be an important component of precision irrigation water management. A variety of commercial sensors measure soil water status by relating sensor electrical output to soil water content or soil water potential. However, sensor electrical output can also be affected by soil characteristics other than water content, such as soil texture, salinity, and temperature. This makes it difficult to accurately measure and interpret soil water status without prior on-site calibration. In this study, we investigated the impact of soil texture on the response of three types of sensors commonly used to monitor soil water status, including the Decagon EC-5, the Vegetronix VH400, and the Watermark 200ss granular matrix sensor. A replicated laboratory experiment was conducted to evaluate the response of these types of sensors using four major soil textural classes commonly found in South Carolina. We found that the three types of sensors had a significant response to changes in soil water content, but while the EC-5 and VH400 sensors had a linear response, the Watermark 200ss had a curvilinear response that was explained by an exponential decay function. The response of the three sensor types, however, was significantly affected by soil texture, which will significantly affect the trigger point used to initiate irrigation based on the output from these sensors. Therefore, it is suggested that guidelines on how to use these sensors for local soils need to be developed and made available to farmers, so that they can make better irrigation scheduling decisions.

关键词： Soil Moisture Soil Texture Irrigation Sensors Calibration Soil Water

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Effect of Rye and Mix Cover Crops on Soil Water and Cotton Yield in a Humid Environment

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Open Journal of Soil Science 2021年第5期11卷 271-284页

作者： José O. Payero Michael W. Marshall rebecca H. davis Joe Bible Nathaniel Nemire Edisto Research and Education Center Clemson University Blackville SC USA School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences Clemson University SMSS Clemson South Carolina USA

In recent years, the use of cover crops is becoming a popular technology among growers in many regions of the United States, which is expected to deliver various benefits such as improving soil health, increasing soil organic matter, controlling weeds, and helping conserve soil water and nutrients. Although expecting these benefits seems reasonable, it is challenging to know how much of these benefits to expect under specific situations. The potential effect of cover crops on soil water conservation is especially significant because of the documented impact of soil water on crop yield, especially for dryland cropping systems. Some researchers have found that planting a cover crop tended to increase soil water, while others have reported the opposite effect. Information on the impact of cover crops on soil water in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production systems in South Carolina is currently lacking. Therefore, the objective of this study was to quantify the effect of cover crops on soil water and cotton yield. A field experiment was conducted in South Carolina during winter, spring, and summer of 2015, with three cover crop treatments. The treatments included: 1) rye (Secale cereale L.), planted alone;2) a mix of six cover crop species;and 3) a control treatment with no-cover. The cover crop was established in the winter, terminated in the spring, and cotton was grown during the summer. Soil water was measured at different depths using capacitance probes and a neutron probe. Our results showed no significant differences in soil water and cotton yield among the cover crop treatments. These results suggest that under the humid conditions of this study, any short-term effect of the cover crop on soil water was masked by timely rain.

关键词： Soil Moisture Soil Water Cover Crop Cotton Sensors

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Development and Application of Cell-Phone-Based Internet of Things (IoT) Systems for Soil Moisture Monitoring

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Agricultural Sciences 2021年第5期12卷 549-564页

作者： José O. Payero Michael W. Marshall Bhupinder S. Farmaha rebecca Hitchcock davis Ali Mirzakhani Nafchi Clemson University Edisto Research and Education Center Blackville USA Cornell University New York USA

Active soil moisture monitoring is an important consideration in irrigation water management. A permanent and readily accessible record of changes in soil moisture can be used to improve future water management decision-making. Similarly, accessing stored soil moisture data in near-real-time is also essential for making timely farming and management decisions, such as where, when, and how much irrigation to apply. Access to reliable communication systems and delivery of real-time data can be affected by its availability near production fields. Therefore, soil moisture monitoring systems with real-time data functionality that can meet the needs of farmers at an affordable cost are currently needed. The objective of the study was to develop and fieldtest affordable cell-phone-based Internet of things (IoT) systems for soil moisture monitoring. These IoT systems were designed using low-cost hardware components and open-source software to transmit soil moisture data from the Watermark 200SS or ECH2O EC-5 sensors. These monitoring systems utilized either Particle Electron or Particle Proton Arduino-compatible devices for data communication. The IoT soil moisture monitoring systems have been deployed and operated successfully over the last three years in South Carolina.

关键词： Soil Moisture Internet of Things IoT Arduino Sensors Irrigation

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我的漫漫上班路

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新东方英语（中英文版） 2014年第3期 42-45页

作者： rebecca davis O’Brien 阿诺

在大城市及其周边地区，长途通勤不是什么稀罕事。每个工作日的清晨，浩浩荡荡的劳动大军就会涌入公交、地铁等公共交通工具。

关键词：上班公共交通工具周边地区大城市工作日

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Development of an Internet of Things (IoT) System for Measuring Agricultural Runoff Quantity and Quality

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Agricultural Sciences 2021年第5期12卷 584-601页

作者： José O. Payero Michael W. Marshall Ali Mirzakhani Nafchi Ahmad Khalilian Bhupinder S. Farmaha rebecca davis Wesley Porter George Vellidis Clemson University Edisto Research and Education Center Blackville USA Cornell University Ithaca USA University of Georgia Tifton USA

Runoff is an important component of the water balance of agricultural fields. Accurate measurement or estimation of agricultural runoff is important due to its potential impact on water quantity and quality. Since runoff from agricultural fields is sporadic and is often associated with irrigation and/or intense rainfall events, manually measuring runoff and collecting water samples for water quality analysis during runoff events is inconvenient and impractical. In the fall of 2017, a field site was selected at the Clemson University Edisto Research and Education Center with the objective of developing, constructing, and testing an Internet of things (IoT) flume system to automatically measure runoff and collect water samples. In 2018, an automatic IoT system was developed and installed consisting of six stainless steel H-flumes (22.9-cm), which measured runoff from six adjacent research plots under two different cultural regimes (cover crop and no cover crop). An electronic eTape sensor was installed in the flume and used to measure the water level or the flume’s head. Open-source electronic (Arduino) devices and a cloud-based platform were then used to create a wireless sensor network and IoT system to automatically record the amount of runoff (hydrograph) coming from each section, collect water samples and transmit the data to a Cloud server (***) where the data can be viewed remotely in real-time. The IoT flume system has been operating successfully and reliably for more than two years.

关键词： Flume Runoff Water Quality Cover Crop Erosion

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Mortality of critical care interventions in the COVID-19:A systematic review

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World Journal of Meta-Analysis 2021年第1期9卷 64-73页

作者： Joshua davis rebecca Leff Anuj Patel Sriram Venkatesan Department of Emergency Medicine VituityWichitaKS 67214United States School of Medicine Faculty of Health SciencesBen-Gurion University of the NegevBeer-Sheva 8414501Israel College of Osteopathic Medicine University of New EnglandBiddefordME 04005United States College of Medicine Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research InstituteChennai 600116India

BACKGROUND The novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is associated with a severe disease known as coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).A small percentage of patients with COVID-19 will require intensive care and possibly mechanical *** mortality of intensive care interventions in patients with COVID-19 remains *** To identify mortality rate of COVID-19 patients receiving different interventions in the critical care *** We searched OVID Medline,SCOPUS,MedRxIv,***,and Centers for Disease Control databases from November 2019 to April 10,2020 for articles on *** of 2 independent reviewers reviewed titles and abstract for studies that reported mortality of human adults with COVID-19 and exposure to a critical care intervention[Intensive care admission,mechanical ventilation,acute hemodialysis,extracorporeal membrane oxygenation,or cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR)].We used a descriptive analysis and unweighted averages of mortality across *** Our search identified 6973 articles and 20 met inclusion:17 for intensive care,13 for mechanical ventilation,5 for hemodialysis,2 for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation,and 1 for *** associated with intensive care admission ranged from 9%-83%,with overall mortality 32.5%(95%CI:32.4%-32.6%).Mortality associated with intubation from 16.7%-100%with overall mortality 64.0%(95%CI:62.4%-65.5%).In patients requiring hemodialysis,mortality ranged from 0%-100%,with average mortality 75.3%(95%CI:72.6%-77.4%).CONCLUSION Patients with COVID-19 requiring intensive care have high mortality *** can use this data to establish pharmacoeconomic studies to make decisions about allocation of scarce resources if necessary.

关键词： Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 Mortality Systematic review Critical care

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Does the ecological concept of disturbance have utility in urban social-ecological-technological systems?

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Ecosystem Health and Sustainability 2017年第1期3卷 19-36页

作者： Nancy B.Grimm Steward T.A.Pickett rebecca L.Hale Mary L.Cadenasso School of Life Sciences and Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability Arizona State UniversityTempeArizona 85287 USA Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies Box ABMillbrookNew York 12545 USA Department of Biological Sciences Idaho State UniversityPocatelloIdaho 83209 USA Department of Plant Sciences University of California at DavisDavisCalifornia 95616 USA

The ecological concept of disturbance has scarcely been applied in urban systems except in the erroneous but commonplace assumption that urbanization itself is a disturbance and cities are therefore perennially disturbed *** evaluate the usefulness of the concept in urban ecology by exploring how a recent conceptual framework for disturbance(Peters et al.2011,Ecosphere,2,art 81)applies to these social-ecological-technological systems(SETS).Case studies,especially from the Long-Term Ecological Research sites of Baltimore and Phoenix,are presented to show the applicability of the framework for disturbances to different elements of these systems at different *** find that the framework is easily adapted to urban SETS and that incorporating social and technological drivers and responders can contribute additional insights to disturbance research beyond urban systems.

关键词： cities conceptual framework disturbance economic disruption fire flood land conversion legacy model social-ecological-technological systems urban vegetation urbanization

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Urban health and ecology： the promise of an avian biomonitoring tool

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Current Zoology 2017年第2期63卷 205-212页

作者： Lea POLLACK Naomi R. ONDRASEK rebecca CALISI Department of Environmental Science and Policy University of California Davis CA 95616 USA Department of Neurobiology Physiology and Behavior University of California Davis CA 95616 USA

Urban-dwelling birds have the potential to serve as powerful biomonitors that reveal the impact of environmental change due to urbanization. Specifically, urban bird populations can be used to sur- vey cities for factors that may pose both public and wildlife health concerns. Here, we review evi- dence supporting the use of avian biomonitors to identify threats associated with urbanization, including bioaccumulation of toxicants and the dysregulation of behavior and physiology by related stressors. In addition, we consider the use of birds to examine how factors in the urban en- vironment can impact immunity against communicable pathogens. By studying the behavior, physiology, and ecology of urban bird populations, we can elucidate not only how avian popula- tions are responding to environmental change, but also how unintended consequences of urban- ization affect the well-being of human and non-human inhabitants.

关键词： avian biomonitor pollutant bioaccumulation urban ecology zoonotic disease.

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