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Combined alkaline and ultrasonic pretreatment of sludge before aerobic digestion

Journal of Environmental Sciences 2009年第3期21卷 279-284页

作者： MAHAR rasool bux Department of Environmental Science and Engineering Tsinghua University

Alkaline and ultrasonic sludge disintegration can be used as the pretreatment of waste activated sludge （WAS） to promote the subsequent anaerobic or aerobic digestion. In this study, different combinations of these two methods were investigated. The evaluation was based on the quantity of soluble chemical oxygen demand （SCOD） in the pretreated sludge as well as the degradation of organic matter in the subsequent aerobic digestion. For WAS samples with combined pretreatment, the released COD levels were higher than those with ultrasonic or alkaline pretreatment alone. When combined with the ultrasonic treatment, NaOH treatment was more efficient than Ca（OH）2 for WAS solubilization. The COD levels released in various sequential options of combined NaOH and ultrasonic treatments were in the the following descending order： simultaneous treatment 〉 NaOH treatment followed by ultrasonic treatment 〉 ultrasonic treatment followed by NaOH treatment. For simultaneous treatment, low NaOH dosage （100 g/kg dry solid）, short duration （30 min） of NaOH treatment, and low ultrasonic specific energy （7500 kJ/kg dry solid） were suitable for sludge disintegration. Using combined NaOH and ultrasonic pretreatment with optimal parameters, the degradation efficiency of organic matter was increased from 38.0% to 50.7%, which is much higher than that with ultrasonic （42.5%） or with NaOH pretreatment （43.5%） in the subsequent aerobic digestion at the same retention time.

关键词： waste activated sludge (WAS) ultrasonic treatment alkaline treatment aerobic digestion

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Modeling and simulation of landfill gas production from pretreated MSW landfill simulator

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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2016年第1期10卷 159-167页

作者： rasool bux MAHAR Abdul Razaque SAHITO Dongbei YUE Kamranullah KHAN Institute of Environmental Engineering & Management Mehran University of Engineering & Technology Jamshoro Sindh 76062 Pakistan Department of Mechanical Engineering Mehran University of Engineering & Technology Jamshoro Sindh 76062 Pakistan School of Environment Tsinghua University BeiiinK 100084 China Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences EO. Nilore Islamabad 76132 Pakistan

The cumulative landfill gas （LFG） production and its rate were simulated for pretreated municipal solid waste （MSW） landfill using four models namely first order exponential model, modified Gompertz model, single component combined growth and decay model and Gaussian function. Considering the behavior of the pretreated MSW landfill, a new multi component model was based on biochemical processes that occurring in landfilled pretreated MSW. The model was developed on the basis of single component combined growth and decay model using an anaerobic landfill simulator reactor which treats the pretreated MSW. It includes three components of the degradation i.e. quickly degradable, moderately degradable and slowly degradable. Moreover, the devel- oped model was statistically analyzed for its goodness of fit. The results show that the multi components LFG production model is more suitable in comparison to the simulated models and can efficiently be used as a modeling tool for pretreated MSW landfills. The proposed model is likely to give assistance in sizing of LFG collection system, generates speedy results at lower cost, improves cost-benefit analysis and decreases LFG project risk. It also indicates the stabilization of the landfill and helps the managers in the reuse of the landfill space. The proposed model is limited to aerobically pretreated MSW landfill and also requires the values of delay times in LFG productions from moderately and slowly degradable fractions ofpretreated MSW.

关键词： combine growth and decay model pretreatedmunicipal solid waste (MSW) multi component landfill gas(LFG) model

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灰色与绿色基础设施的社会经济与环境评价

灰色与绿色基础设施的社会经济与环境评价

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作者： Khoso rasool bux 哈尔滨工业大学

学位级别：硕士

绿色基础设施(GI)是一种能够提供多种效益的综合雨水管理策略。一些成功的项目有力地提高了各个部门对GI的关注,加大建设力度。然而,很难彻底评价这些自然系统的性能。绿色屋顶、生物滞留设施和透水路面减少了水、灰色基础设施和能源消... 详细信息

绿色基础设施(GI)是一种能够提供多种效益的综合雨水管理策略。一些成功的项目有力地提高了各个部门对GI的关注,加大建设力度。然而,很难彻底评价这些自然系统的性能。绿色屋顶、生物滞留设施和透水路面减少了水、灰色基础设施和能源消耗成本,从而产生了经济效益。它们还提供了减少气候变化和空气污染的环境效益,并带来了如改善生活方式及公共卫生、城市绿化、和科普教育,社会效益。本研究为量化社会经济效益和环境效益以及绿色基础设施净生命周期效益的生命周期价值创造了一个框架。为了提供更动态的评估,本研究涵盖了成本效益的多个方面:投资成本、运营和维护成本以及绿色基础设施与传统做法的生命周期分析。生物滞留系统和渗透路面被广泛应用于水质改善、减少径流和改善栖息地,但是由于其结构复杂、形式多样,可收集的效益量化数据有限,定量和评价方法有一定的不确定性。在本研究中,以重庆悦来新区为案例,计算所得GI的25年环境效益为161万元,经济效益156万元。按1%的民间支付意愿、公共支付意愿198.841元计算,平均4223笔境内交易,社会效益为9.96亿元。按通货膨胀率2.28%,贴现率4.35%,从效益现值中减去25年成本现值,净效益4738万元,折合单位年值1.931元/m。绿化屋面、生物滞留系统、透水路面的单位造价分别为300元/m、520元/m、300元/m,25年运行维护费用分别为109元/m、252元/m、304元/m。透水路面、绿色屋顶和生物滞留系统在总现值成本中的贡献分别为99.84%、0.145%和0.015%。综上,本研究提供了一个框架,可用于绿色基础设施实践量化并评估其生命周期的成本和效益。本文中的框架可以根据项目的具体地点和信息进行更改,并在其他城市中使用。

关键词：绿色基础设施灰色基础设施社会-经济效益环境效益生命周期

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Metabolic syndrome and its individual components among people with type 2 diabetes: Prevalence, gender differences and its association with ischemic heart disease

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Journal of Diabetes Mellitus 2012年第3期2卷 332-337页

作者： Ali Khan Khuwaja Farzana Nawaz Ali Imama Naqvi rasool bux Abdul Jabbar Raheem Hassan Dhanani Aga Khan University Karachi Pakistan Department of Community Health Sciences Aga Khan University Karachi Pakistan Department of Family Medicine and Community Health Sciences Aga Khan University Karachi Pakistan Department of Family Medicine Aga Khan University Karachi Pakistan Department of Family Medicine Aga Khan University Tanzania East Africa Division of Neurology Department of Medicine Aga Khan University Karachi Pakistan

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MS) is common among people with type 2 diabetes. The purpose of this study was to assess the proportion of MS and its individual components among type 2 diabetic adults, to stratify these by gender and to determine their association with ischemic heart disease (IHD). Method: A cross-sectional multicentre study was conducted in public and private sector clinics in Karachi, Pakistan. A pretested structured questionnaire and medical records were used to collect information from 889 people with type 2 diabetes after informed consent. Chi-square test and odds ratios with 95% CI were used to assess the association of MS, its components and IHD. Adjusted odds ratios were used to evaluate the differences of MS and its components by gender. Results: In all, 70% of the participants had MS. The likelihood of having IHD among those with MS was higher (OR = 3.21;95%CI = 2.22 - 4.65). Of the individual MS components, obesity conferred the strongest association with IHD (OR = 2.57;95%CI = 1.91 - 3.43). Multivariate analysis showed an increased proportion of MS among women (AOR = 1.63;95%CI = 1.18 - 2.24). Of the individual MS components, women had a higher prevalence of obesity (AOR = 4.70;95%CI = 3.30 - 6.70). Conclusion: A very high burden of MS among type 2 diabetics has been identified in this study. Dedicated interventions are needed to prevent/delay the onset of MS and the associated morbidity and mortality.

关键词： Type 2 Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome Ischemic Heart Disease Gender Differences Developing Country

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