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From Markers to Genome Based Breeding in Horticultural Crops: An Overview

Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany 2020年第2期89卷 183-204页

作者： Riaz Ahmad Muhammad Akbar Anjum rashad mukhtar balal Department of Horticulture Bahauddin Zakariya UniversityMultan60800Pakistan Department of Horticulture University of SargodhaSargodha40100Pakistan

Molecular markers,genome sequencing and genome editing are considered as efficient tools to accomplish demands of plant breeders for crop improvement *** and biochemical markers have not been extensively used as these are greatly influenced by environmental *** molecular markers and sequencing techniques are routinely used in evaluation of genetic diversity and evolutionary relationship,accurate classification or taxonomy,characterization of germplasm,identification of hybrids and phylogenetic *** and undesired traits controlled by genes can be identified through different molecular markers technology all over the *** molecular markers are well established and have successfully been used for genetic analysis of different plants during last two ***,advanced techniques of molecular markers have been developed,which provide advance genotypic platform and tends to merge valuable properties of many basic *** class of markers also includes little modifications in basic methods to enhance the sensitivity and ***,plant breeders and strong investment are strongly linked for crop improvement *** review provides detailed description of different markers,genome sequencing and genome editing that have been utilized for different genetic analyses of horticultural *** editing technologies based on CRISPR/Cas are now successfully applied in horticultural ***,current review encourages the use of molecular marker technology for DNA fingerprinting,bar coding,sequencing,re-sequencing QTL mapping,genome association mapping and genome *** is need of time that diverse germplasm should be identified with different molecular techniques and further utilized in breeding purposes to achieve higher yielding and resistant cultivars against biotic and abiotic stresses.

关键词： Genetic analysis genome sequencing genome editing molecular markers plant breeders

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Applications of Molecular Markers in Fruit Crops for Breeding Programs—A Review

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Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany 2021年第1期90卷 17-34页

作者： Riaz Ahmad Muhammad Akbar Anjum Safina Naz rashad mukhtar balal Department of Horticulture Bahauddin Zakariya UniversityMultan60800Pakistan Department of Horticulture University of SargodhaSargodha40100Pakistan

Selection and use of molecular markers for evaluation of DNA polymorphism in plants are couple of the most important approaches in the field of molecular *** assessment of genetic diversity using morphological markers is not sufficient due to little differentiating traits among the species,genera or their *** markers are not only highly influenced by environmental factors but skilled assessment is also prerequisite to find the variations in plant genetic ***,molecular markers are considered as efficient tools for detailed DNA based characterization of fruit *** markers provide new directions to the efforts of plant breeders particularly in genetic variability,gene tags,gene localization,taxonomy,genetic diversity,phylogenetic analysis and also play an important role to decrease the time required for development of new and excellent *** success of molecular markers technology in genetic improvement programs depends on the close relationship among the plant breeders,biotechnologists,skilled manpower and good financial *** present review describes application and success of molecular markers technology used for genetic improvement in different fruit crops.

关键词： DNA fingerprinting genetic diversity genetic improvement programs germplasm characterization marker assisted selection

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Potential of Plant Growth Regulators on Modulating Rooting of <i>Rosa centifolia</i>

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2015年第5期6卷 659-665页

作者： Gulzar Akhtar Ahsan Akram Yasar Sajjad rashad mukhtar balal Muhammad Adnan Shahid Hasan Sardar Kaleem Naseem Shahid Masood Shah Department of Horticulture University College of Agriculture University of Sargodha Pakistan Department of Environmental Sciences COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Abbottabad Pakistan Institute of Horticultural Sciences University of Agriculture Faisalabad Pakistan

Rosa centifolia is grown for its flowers which are used for essential oil extraction. It is vegetatively propagated through its cuttings which are difficult to root. This study was designed to increase the rooting percentage of cuttings by applying plant growth regulators (PGRs) with different levels. In total 31 treatments with different concentrations (450 ppm, 700 ppm and 950 ppm) of indole butyric acid (IBA), indole acetic acid (IAA), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) alone, in combination and with same concentrations of 6-benzylamino purine (BAP) were used. Healthy similar sized cutting of R. centifolia was treated in solution of PGRs by quick dip method and planted in polythene bags. The data for shoot length, shoot dry weight, number of roots, root length and root dry weight were recorded. All three levels (450 ppm, 700 ppm and 950 ppm) of IBA alone produced maximum results in case of all parameters as compared to all other treatments. Among three levels of IBA, 450 ppm concentration produced maximum shoot length (10.67 cm), shoot dry weight (3.02 g), number of roots (14.00), root length (11.90 cm) and root dry weight (0.50 g). Lower concentrations of plant growth regulators produced better results as compared to higher concentrations.

关键词： Growth Regulator Rosa centifolia Auxins Rooting Shooting

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Tritrophic interactions between parasitoids and cereal aphids are mediated by nitrogen fertilizer

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Insect Science 2015年第6期22卷 813-820页

作者： Muhammad A. Aqueel Abu-bakar M. Raza rashad M. balal Muhammad A. Shahid Irfan Mustafa Muhammad M. Javaid simon R. Leather Division of Biology Imperial College London Silwood Park Campus Ascot SL5 7PY UK University College of Agriculture Department of Biological Sciences University of Sargodha Pakistan Department of Crop and Environment Sciences Harper Adams UniversityShropshire TFIO 8NB UK

Host plant nutritional quality can directly and indirectly affect the third trophic levels. The aphid-parasitoid relationship provides an ideal system to investigate tritrophic interactions （as the parasitoids are completely dependent for their development upon their hosts） and assess the bottom up forces operating at different concentrations of nitrogen applications. The effects of varying nitrogen fertilizer on the performance of Aphidius colemani （V.） reared on Sitobion avenae （E） and Aphidius rhopalosiphi （D.） reared on Rhopalosiphum padi （L.） were measured. Parasitism and percent emergence ofparasitoids were positively affected by nitrogen fertilizer treatments while developmental duration （egg, larval, and pupal stages） was not affected by increasing nitrogen inputs. In males and females of both parasitoid species, adult longevity increased with the increasing nitrogen fertilizer. Hind tibia length and mummy weight of both parasitoid species increased with nitrogen fertilizer concentrations, as a result of larger aphids. This study showed that nitrogen application to the soil can have important consequences for aboveground multitrophic interactions.

关键词： cereal aphid parasitoids nitrogen fertilization tritrophic interactions

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