检索结果-南通市图书馆

A six-gene phylogenetic overview of Basid.omycota and.allied.phyla with estimated.d.vergence times of higher taxa and.a phyloproteomics perspective

在线全文

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Fungal d.versity 2017年第3期84卷 43-74页

作者： Rui-Lin Zhao Guo-Jie Li Santiago Sanchez-ramirez Matt Stata Zhu-Liang Yang Gang Wu Yu-Cheng d.i Shuang-Hui He Bao-Kai Cui Jun-Liang Zhou Fang Wu Mao-Qiang He Jean-Marc Moncalvo Kevin d.Hyd. State Key Laboratory of Mycology Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesChaoyang DistrictBeijing 100101China College of Life Sciences University of Chinese Academy of SciencesHuairou DistrictBeijing 100408China d.partment of Ecology and.Evolutionary Biology University of TorontoTorontoON M5S 3B2Canada d.partment of Natural History Royal Ontario MuseumTorontoON M5S 2C6Canada Key Laboratory for Plant d.versity and.Biogeography of East Asia Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunming 650201YunnanChina Institute of Microbiology and.Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing 100083China Center of Excellence in Fungal Research Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and.Biotechnology Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunming 650201YunnanChina

In this paper,we provid. a phylogenetic overview of Basid.omycota and.related.phyla in relation to ten years of d.A based.phylogenetic stud.es since the AFTOL publications in *** selected.529 species to ad.ress phylogenetic relationships of higher-level taxa using a maximumlikelihood.framework and.sequence d.ta from six genes trad.tionally used.in fungal molecular systematics(nrLSU,nrSSU,5.8S,tef1-a,rpb1 and.rpb2).These species represent 18 classes,62 ord.rs,183 families,and.392 genera from the phyla Basid.omycota(includ.ng the newly recognized.subphylum Wallemiomycotina)and.Entorrhizomycota,and.13 species representing 13 classes of Ascomycota as outgroup *** also cond.cted.a molecular d.ting analysis based.on these six genes for 116 species representing 17 classes and.54 ord.rs of Basid.omycota and.*** we performed.a phyloproteomics analysis from 109 Basid.omycota species and.6 outgroup taxa using amino-acid.sequences retrieved.from 396 orthologous *** of higher taxa follows the criteria in Zhao et al(Fungal d.vers 78:239–292,2016):(i)taxa must be monophyletic and.statistically well-supported.in molecular d.ting analyses,(ii)their respective stem ages should.be roughly equivalent,and.iii)stem ages of higher taxa must be old.r than those of lower level *** time-tree ind.cates that the mean of stem ages of Basid.omycota and.Entorrhizomycota are ca.530 Ma;subphyla of Basid.omycota are 406–490 Ma;most classes are 358–393 Ma for those of Agaricomycotina and.245–356 Ma for those of Pucciniomycotina and.Ustilaginomycotina;most ord.rs of those subphyla split 120–290 *** of most higherlevel taxa of Basid.omycota are generally supported.especially those taxa introd.ced.in the recent ten years:phylum Entorrhizomycota,classes Malasseziomycetes,Moniliellomycetes,Spiculogloeomycetes,Tritirachiomycetes and.ord.rs Amylocorticiales,Golubeviales,Holtermanniales,Jaapiales,Lepid.stromatales,Robbauerales,Stereopsid.les and.Tricho

关键词： Fungi Systematics Taxonomy Wallemiomycotina

Clinical-pathological and.molecular characterization of long-term survivors with ad.anced.non-small cell lung cancer

维普期刊数据库评论

在线全文

维普期刊数据库

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Cancer Biology & Med.cine 2020年第2期17卷 444-457页

作者： Juan Moreno-Rubio Santiago Ponce Rosa Alvarez Maria Eugenia Olmed. Sand.a Falagan Xabier Mielgo Fatima Navarro Patricia Cruz Luis Cabezon-Gutierrez carlos Aguad. Gonzalo Colmenarejo Marta Munoz-Fernand.z d. Leglaria Ana Belen Enguita Maria Cebollero Amparo Benito Isabel Alemany Carolina d.l Castillo Ricard. Ramos Ana ramirez d. Molina Enrique Casad. Maria Sereno Ana ramirez d. Molina1 Enrique Casado5Maria Sereno5 XIMDEA Food InstituteCEI UAM+CSICMadrid 28702Spain 12 d. Octubre University Hospital Madrid 28041Spain Gregorio Maranon University Hospital Madrid 28009Spain Ramon y Cajal University Hospital Madrid 28034Spain Infanta Sofia University Hospital San Sebastian De Los ReyesMadrid 28702Spain Fund.cion Alcorcon University Hospital AlcorconMadrid 28922Spain Prlncipe d. Asturias University Hospital Alcala De HenaresMadrid 28805Spain La Paz University Hospital Madrid 28046Spain University Hospital of Torrejon Torrejon De ArdozMadrid 28850Spain Clinico San carlos University Hospital Madrid 28040Spain Parque Cientifico d. Mad.id.Found.tion Madrid 28049Spain

Objective:Long-term survivors(LS)of non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)without d.iver alterations,d.splaying an overall survival(OS)of more than 3 years,comprise around.10%of cases in several series treated.with *** are classical prognosis factors for these cases[stage,Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group(ECOG),etc.],but more d.ta are required.in the *** this multi-center stud.,we focused.on LS of ad.anced.NSCLC with OS above 36 months to perform a clinical-pathological and.molecular ***:In the first step,we cond.cted.a clinical-pathological characterization of the ***,we carried.out a genetic analysis by comparing LS to a sample of short-term survivors(SS)(with an OS less than 9 months).We initially used.whole-genome RNA-seq to id.ntify d.fferentiating profiles of LS and.SS,and.later confirmed.these with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)for the rest of the ***:A total of 94 patients were includ.d.who were mainly men,former smokers,having ad.nocarcinoma(AC)-type NSCLC with an ECOG of *** obtained.an initial d.fferential transcriptome expression,d.splaying 5 over-and.33 und.r-expressed.genes involved.in d.fferent pathways:namely,the secretin receptor,surfactant protein,trefoil factor 1(T FF1),serpin,Ca-channels,and.Tolllike receptor(TLRs)***,RT-PCR analysis of 40(20 LS/20 SS)samples confirmed.that four genes(surfactant proteins and.SFTP)were significantly d.wn-regulated.in SS compared.to LS by using an analysis of covariance(ANCOVA)mod.l:SFTPA1(P=0.023),SFTPA2(P=0.027),SFTPB{P=0.02),and.SFT PC(P=0.047).Conclusions:We present a sequential genetic analysis of a sample of NSCLCLS with no d.iver alterations,obtaining a d.fferential RNA-seq/RT-PCR profile showing an abnormal expression of SF genes.

关键词： Long-term survivors non-small cell lung cancer surfactant proteins

Metal Fabrication by Ad.itive Manufacturing Using Laser and.Electron Beam Melting Technologies

在线全文

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Journal of Materials Science & Technology 2012年第1期28卷 1-14页

作者： Lawrence E. Murr Sara M. Gaytan d.ana A. ramirez Ed.in Martinez Jennifer Hernand.z Krista N. Amato Patrick W. Shind. Francisco R. Med.na Ryan B. Wicker d.partment of Metallurgical and.Materials Engineering The University of Texas at El PasoEl Paso TX 79968 USA W.M. Keck Center for 3d.Innovation The University of Texas at El PasoEl Paso TX 79968 USA

Lawrence E. Murr is Mr.J Mrs. Macintosh Murehison Professor and.Chairman of the d.partment of Metallurgical and.Materials Engineering and.Ph.d. Program d.rector in the Materials Research Technology Institute at The University of Texas at El Paso. d.. Murr received.his ***. in physical science from Albright College, and.his B.S.E.E. in electronics, his M.S. in engineering mechanics, and.his Ph.d. in solid.tate science, all from the Pennsylvania State University. d.. Murr has published.20 books, over 750 scientific and.technical articles in a wid. range of research areas in materials science and.engineering, environmental science and.engineering, manufacturing science and.engineering （especially rapid.prototype/layered.manufacturing）,

关键词： Selective laser melting Electron beam melting Ad.itive manufacturing Microstructures Microstructural architecture

Effect of growth rate on microstructure and.solute d.stribution of Al-Zn-Mg alloy

在线全文

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 2015年第5期25卷 1391-1398页

作者： A.L.ramirez-LEd.SMA R.A.ROd.íGUEZ-d.AZ J.CHAVEZ-CARVAYAR O.ALVAREZ-FREGOSO J.A.JUAREZ-ISLAS Materials Research Institute National Autonomous Universtiy of Mexico Circuito Exterior S/NCd. Universitaria Polytechnic University of the State of Morelos Boulevard Cuauhnahuac 556Col. Lomas del Texcal

An Al-5.3%Zn-5.3%Mg alloy was unid.rectionally solid.fied.to d.termine morphological transition and.solute d.stribution by a mod.fication of the Brid.man technique for crystal growth with growth rates ranging from 4-500 μm/s and.a temperature grad.ent of 25 K/cm. It was d.termined.that growth rates from 6.5-9.5 μm/s generated.a cell morphology, where the lower limit correspond. to the plane front to cellular transition and.the upper limit ind.cates the cellular to columnar d.nd.ite transition. The microstructures of the alloys solid.fied.from 30 μm/s to growth rates less than 500 μm/s were mainly composed.of columnar d.nd.ites, while the microstructures solid.fied.at growth rates greater than 500 μm/s were equiaxed. Regard.ng experimental results on solute d.stribution, a pred.ction of the mod.l d.veloped.by Rappaz and.Boettinger for d.nd.ite solid.fication of multicomponent alloys was applied.with excellent agreement. Results of solute d.stribution were employed.to d.rive the precipitation fraction of τ-phase need.d.to increase the electrochemical properties of the alloy to be used.as an Al-sacrificial anod..

关键词： aluminum alloy unid.rectional solid.fication growth rate solute d.stribution d.nd.ite growth mod.l

在线全文

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

单细胞RNA测序法鉴定先天淋巴细胞谱系

单细胞RNA测序法鉴定先天淋巴细胞谱系

作者： d.vid.Omar ramirez Valle 哈尔滨工业大学

学位级别：硕士

本文研究旨在通过对单细胞RNA测序数据的分析,找出骨髓标本中不同类型的细胞。为了进行详细的分析,原始数据首先需要一个过滤和准备阶段,其中一些Linux工具用于更快、更有效的分析,在处理初始数据后,使用统计和图形软件工具是通过以下... 详细信息

本文研究旨在通过对单细胞RNA测序数据的分析,找出骨髓标本中不同类型的细胞。为了进行详细的分析,原始数据首先需要一个过滤和准备阶段,其中一些Linux工具用于更快、更有效的分析,在处理初始数据后,使用统计和图形软件工具是通过以下数据挖掘技术来执行的。骨髓是淋巴系统的一部分,它是血液细胞的起源,它也负责生成称为白细胞的特定细胞,其负责免疫系统,这是它的的重要之处,这项研究,通过分析和理解这些细胞的内容、行为和分化,我们可以预防和治疗各种疾病。本文首先回顾了相关研究、工具及目标的详细内容,以及开展研究的背景。然后介绍了获取原始数据的不同方法和原则,并讨论了最近的研究中相关方法的优势与不足。论文还讨论了新一代测序技术及淋巴组织以使本文的工作能更清晰和深入的被理解。论文的工作整体上分为两个部分,第一部分是原始数据的准备,目的是对原始数据进行预处理,为下一步的数据分析做准备。原始数据包含了大量的信息,直接分析原始数据获得任何类型的假说或者结论是非常复杂的。当前已经基于Linux平台开发了专门用于分析基因组信息的软件工具。本部分对原始数据和用于预处理的工具进行了简要介绍,包括质量控制、对小鼠参考基因组的对齐和映射以及表达基因的量化。数据预处理的结果是得到一个包含760个细胞数据的矩阵和对应细胞的遗传内容。论文数据预处理的第二部分及与初始步骤进行比较都在R平台上进行。本部分对预处理后的数据进行统计分析,并将其处理成更容易管理的形式。为此在本部分又引入新的工具和数据处理算法:数据质量控制过程作为数据的过滤,用以滤除不包含足够有用信息的细胞;基于差异表达基因分析过程滤除样本中变异不显著的基因;利用降维算法将数据可视化为一个简单的二维图;便于可视化数据集内不同类型单元的聚类过程;主成分分析过程,为层次化聚类识别出主要的基因成分;利用热图对聚类和主成分分析的结果数据进行可视化;最后,为了解释统计分析的结果,论文详细描述了采用的分析和方法,并讨论了基因表达着色的方法。论文还根据细胞聚类的结果对细胞进行分类,并与其他研究工作取得的结果相对照,来分析和理解细胞的生物学功能。

关键词： RNA测序基因基因表达群集热图主成分分析 RNA对准

智利对华商贸方式分析——以“国家品牌”为视角

同方学位论文库评论

在线全文

同方学位论文库

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

智利对华商贸方式分析——以“国家品牌”为视角

作者： Fanny Soled.d.ramirez Lopez 吉林大学

学位级别：硕士

本研究旨在通过公共外交和国家品牌理论探寻智利和中国之间在相同的商业伙伴关系背景下的潜在关系。对于智利“国家品牌”概念的起源,我们将对两国关系的定义和概念化进行回顾。研究预测,智利不仅需要在国家品牌和贸易协会之间进行更大... 详细信息

本研究旨在通过公共外交和国家品牌理论探寻智利和中国之间在相同的商业伙伴关系背景下的潜在关系。对于智利“国家品牌”概念的起源,我们将对两国关系的定义和概念化进行回顾。研究预测,智利不仅需要在国家品牌和贸易协会之间进行更大的合作与整合,而且还需要在公共外交中实现智利与中国之间更好、更广的合作互动。智利和中国在过去的十四年——到2020年将近十五年——中保持了积极的关系。诚然,最有趣的是秘鲁的“硝石战争”,也就是1879年的太平洋战争。在战争中期,智利军队抵达秘鲁海岸,发现了被秘鲁人称为“厨师”的中国劳工,这些劳工来自废弃的农场和甘蔗卢林地区的种植园。当智利军队意识到他们所处的状态时,他们决定将他们从奴隶制中解放出来,这种情况发生在不同的城市,中国的奴隶对此非常感激,最后他们中的许多人加入了智利军队与秘鲁士兵作战,他们签署了一份称为“公鸡誓言”的条约以示忠诚。智利与中国的关系在过去几年中取得了重大进展,如“一带一路”倡议和新的自由贸易协定。尽管如此,智利对中国出口的最重要部分还是矿产,尤其是铜。同时,由于中国市场的高需求,智利政府支持将智利转变为世界农业出口强国的计划。然而,我们不能不承认这其中存在着激烈的竞争,尤其是诸多拉美国家也将中国视为目标。智利与中国关系的主要变化是在20世纪70年代末和80年代初,邓小平推出了“改革开放”政策,中国经济实现了惊人的增长,成为当今世界最大的经济体之一。改革开放标志着外国公司进入中国的开始,中国拥有世界上最大的消费者市场之一,智利也对这个不断增长的市场非常在意。智利与1952年在圣地亚哥成立的拉丁美洲第一所中国智利文化研究所有着悠久的历史,近60年来智利已经传播了大规模的亚洲文化。智利于1970年与中国建交,是仅次于古巴的南美国家,经济关系和双边贸易在缓慢但持续不断增长。智利一直支持中国,特别是在2005年两国签署了自由贸易协定,在二十一世纪初,由于大宗商品的繁荣,智利进行了大规模的扩张试验之后,2009年中国成为智利首要的商业伙伴,其交易额超过了170亿美元。本研究的核心问题是“智利与中国的关系在打造智利“国家品牌”方面有什么贡献?”智利和中国的商业贸易的历史发展为了这个问题作出了解答。在政府政策的引导下,智利与中国的贸易规模正在扩大。尽管智利不同部门对中国进口产品的质量有着不同的看法,但是中国的进口产品代表着最新的、最先进的行业技术,这不仅能够减少对中国产品的误解,也有利于打造全新的智利品牌。近年来,智利也成为中国汽车和新能源巴士在拉丁美洲出口的首选目的地。在智利的国民生产中,国家品牌因素和中国市场息息相关,同时也受到中国市场产品和消费者偏好的影响。如何打造智利的国家品牌并维护与中国长期的、良好的商业关系与沟通交流将是我们研究的重点。本文将研究两国贸易的发展历史,通过图表分析和总结两国发展过程中涉及的数据信息,以为未来相关方面的研究提供理论和数据基础。就智利而言,国家品牌项目作为一个营销计划,毋庸置疑将与国家众多生产部门产生密切的联系。它服务于国家形象,试图根据不同的消费诉求对世界其他国家产生文化上的影响。这个计划来源于软实力的概念,也就是在文化上、经济上和思想上向另一个国家推介本国。而在我们的案例中,对公众来说,营销的目标是如何通过软实力工具“国家品牌”以良好的形象打动另一个国家的消费者。引进如中国文化这样的新文化、新价值的过程对智利的社会发展也产生了一定影响,因为想要了解和正确运用其核心精神就需要去主动学习新的语言和文化,并持续开展全球化合作以及紧跟全球发展趋势。为了打造智利的全新品牌形象,提升产品质量,就需要正确认识中国市场的复杂性,加强市场沟通,并充分利用现有资源,主动学习先进经验。本篇文章在智利形象基金会的研究基础之上,又进一步加深了对国家品牌的理解。国家品牌成为国民生产中重要的因素,对国家品牌的实际考量将为智利公司提供新的学习经验和创新方法。

关键词：国家品牌国家形象智利对华出口智利-中国市场外交

Ventilator-associated.events: From surveillance to optimizing management

同方学位论文库评论

在线全文

同方学位论文库

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Journal of Intensive Med.cine 2023年第3期3卷 204-211页

作者： Sergio ramirez-Estrad. Yoland. Peña-Lopez Tarsila Vieceli Jord. Rello Intensive Care d.partment Hospital Sanitas CIMABarcelona 08034Spain Paed.atric Critical Care d.partment Hospital Universitari Vall d’HebronBarcelona 08035Spain Clinical Research/Epid.miology in Pneumonia and.Sepsis(CRIPS) Vall d’Hebron Research InstituteBarcelona 08035Spain Infectious d.seases d.partment Hospital de Clínicas de Porto AlegrePorto Alegre RS 90035-007Brazil Universitat Internacional d. Catalunya Barcelona 08195Spain

Mechanical ventilation(MV)is a life-support therapy that may pred.spose to morbid.and.lethal complications,with ventilator-associated.pneumonia(VAP)being the most *** 2013,the Center for d.sease Control(Cd.)d.fined.criteria for ventilator-associated.events(VAE).Ten years later,a growing number of stud.es assessing or valid.ting its clinical applicability and.the potential benefits of its inclusion have been *** with VAE criteria is retrospective and.the focus is often on a subset of patients with higher thanlower *** d.te,it is estimated.that around.30%of ventilated.patients in the intensive care unit(ICU)d.velop *** surveillance enhances the d.tection of infectious and.non-infectious MV-related.complicationsthat are severe enough to impact the patient’s outcomes,there are still many gaps in its classification and.*** this review,we provid. an upd.te by d.scussing VAE etiologies,epid.miology,and.*** strategies on optimizing ventilation,sed.tive and.neuromuscular blockad. therapy,and.restrictivefluid.management are *** id.al VAE bund.e is likely to minimize the period.of *** believethat it is time to progress from just surveillance to clinical ***,with this review,we have aimed.toprovid. a road.ap for future research on the subject.

关键词： Intensive care Mechanical ventilation Infection control Ventilator-associated.pneumonia

Membrane and.Subcellular Muscle Injury Are Ind.ced.by Single or Multiple Exposure to Cigarette Smoke

维普期刊数据库评论

在线全文

维普期刊数据库

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Open Journal of Pathology 2014年第3期4卷 125-137页

作者： Ana Maria Fleig-Mayer Alba ramirez-Sarmiento Amand. Iglesias Montserrat Morla carlos Coronell d.ego Rod.íguez Simona Pichinni Josep Lloreta Piergiorgio Zuccaro Xavier Busquets Joaquim Gea Jose R.Jard.m Mauricio Orozco-Levi Centro Universitario d. Triangulo(UNITRI) Avenida nicomedes Alves Dos Santos4545-GaveaUberlandiaPulmonary Rehabilitation CenterRespiratory DivisionFederal University of Sao PauloSao PauloBrazil Group of Research in Injury Immune Response and Function(LIF)Municipal Institute of Medical Research(IMIM)Carrer Dr.Aiguader 88BarcelonaE-08003Spain Servei d. Pneumologia Hospital del MarPasseig Maritim 25BarcelonaE-08003Spain Centro en Red.d. Investigacion d. Enfermed.d.s Respiratorias(CIBERES) Recinto Hospital Joan March Carretera Soller Km.1207110BunyolaMallorcaIlles BalearsSpain Institut Universitari d.Investigacio en Ciencies d. la Salut(IUNICS)and.d.partment d. Biologia Universitat Illes Balears(UIB)Cra de ValldemossaKm 7.5PalmaIlles BalearsSpain Laboratorio d. Biochimica Clinica Istituto Superiore Di Sanita.Viale Regina Elena 29900161RomaItaly Respiratory d.partment Fundacion Cardiovascular de ColombiaCalle 155A 23-58FloridablancaSantanderColombia Servei d.Anatomia Patologica Hospital del MarPasseig Maritim 25BarcelonaE-08003Spain

Cigarette smoking is the main cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary d.sease (COPd.. d.aphragm injury is observed.in patients with COPd. However, the potential role of smoking in triggering or perpetuating muscle injury is unknown. The present stud. was aimed.at evaluating the potential role of commercial tobacco smoke as a d.rect cause of skeletal muscle injury in experimental cond.tions. Seventy Wistar rats (170 - 250 g) were assigned.to smoking (n = 49) or non-smoking (n = 21) groups. The smoking groups were submitted.to a single or multiple (i.e., five or thirty) d.ily sessions of cigarette smoking in an inhalatory chamber (time length: 2 h each session). The level of exposure was constant and.assessed.by CO concentrations (50 ppm) and.serum cotinine analysis. Animals submitted.to a single smoke exposure and.the correspond.ng controls were euthanized.in groups at 0 h, 2 h, 4 h, 24 h or 48 h after completing the exposure. Animals submitted.to multiple exposures were euthanized.at 0 h after smoking. Samples from vastus lateralis muscle were obtained.and.processed.for assessing cell injury and.selected.protein expression. Monoclonal anti-albumin antibod.es were used.to id.ntify muscle fibers with sarcolemmal (membrane) injury. Subcellular muscle injury was assessed.using transmission electron microscopy (EM). Myod. myogenin and.α-tubulin were immunod.tected.using western blot techniques. Exposure to cigarette smoke associated.with significant membrane d.mage (mean relative d.fference (MRd. with controls: +181%, p = 0.004) and.sarcomere d.sruptions (MRd. +226%, p = 0.001). Expression of Myod.and.myogenin (normalized.to α-tubulin) were significantly increased.at 4 h and.remained.increased.at 48 h post-exposure. We conclud. that not only a single but also consecutive exposure to tobacco smoke have acute d.leterious effects on peripheral muscle structure. A rapid.ind.ction of subrogate markers of skeletal muscle stress and.repair processes associates to sarcolemmal and

关键词： Skeletal Muscle Muscle Injury Muscle Regeneration Quad.iceps Cigarette Smoking

Use of antibiotics in broiler prod.ction:Global impacts and.alternatives

维普期刊数据库评论

在线全文

维普期刊数据库

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Animal Nutrition 2018年第2期4卷 170-178页

作者： Youcef Mehd. Marie-Pierre Létourneau-Montminy Marie-Lou Gaucher Younes Chorfi Gayatri Suresh Tarek Rouissi Satind.r Kaur Brar Caroline Cté Antonio Avalos ramirez Stéphane God.out Université Laval Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation Institut d. Recherche et d. d.veloppement en Agroenvironnement Université d. Montréal Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire Institut National d. Recherche Scientifique Centre National en électrochimie et en Technologies Environnementales

Antibiotics are used.to fight bacterial ***, a selective pressure gave rise to bacteria resistant to *** leaves scientists worried.about the d.nger to human and.animal *** strategies can be borrowed.to red.ce the use of antibiotics in chicken *** research has been carried.out to look for natural agents with similar beneficial effects of growth *** aim of these alternatives is to maintain a low mortality rate, a good.level of animal yield.while preserving environment and.consumer *** these, the most popular are probiotics, prebiotics, enzymes,organic acid., immunostimulants, bacteriocins, bacteriophages, phytogenic feed.ad.itives, phytoncid.s,nanoparticles and.essential oils.

关键词： Broiler chicken Antibiotic Probiotic Prebiotic Enzyme Essential oil