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Poten.ial cotton.aphid, Aphis gossypii, population.suppression.b. arthropod predators in.uplan. cotton

In.ect Scien.e 2013年第6期20卷 778-788页

作者： ram b. shrestha megha n. parajulee Texas A&M Un.versity AgriLife Research an. Exten.ion.Cen.er 1102 E. FM 1294 Lubbock TX 79403 United States

The cotton.aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, predation.rate of con.ergen. lady b.etle, Hippodamia con.ergen. Guerin.Men.ville, was determin.d b. assign.n. a sin.le predator ran.omly to each of four prey den.ity treatmen.s in.the lab.ratory. Prey den.ities in.luded 25, 50, 100, an. 200 aphids per Petri dish aren.. Predation.respon.e was recorded at 1, 4, 8, 16, 24, an. 48 h after assign.n. predators to their prey treatmen.s. Rate of con.umption.in.reased through time, with all 25 aphids con.umed durin. the first 4 h of the experimen.. At the highest den.ity, adult lady b.etle con.umed on.average 49, 99, 131, 163, 183, an. 200 aphids within.1, 4, 8, 16, 24 an. 48 h, respectively. Predators showed a curvilin.ar feedin. respon.e in.relation.to total availab.e time, in.icatin. that con.ergen. lady b.etles have the poten.ial to suppress larger population. of aphids through con.in.ous feedin. b. regulatin. their predation.efficien.y durin. feedin.. The an.lysis of age-specific mortality in.ab.en.e of prey revealed that lady b.etles could survive for an.exten.ed period of time （more than.2 weeks） without prey. The ab.lity of a predator to survive without prey delays or preven.s the reb.un. of pest population. that is a sign.fican. factor in.n.tural b.ological con.rol. A two-year field samplin. of 10 cotton.arthropod predator species showed that spiders （27%） were the most domin.n. foliage dwellin. predators in.the Texas High Plain. cotton.followed b. con.ergen. lady b.etles （23.5%）, hooded b.etles （13.5%）, min.te pirate b.gs （11%）, green.lacewin.s （9.5%）, b.geyed b.gs （7.5%）, scymn.s b.etles （3%）, soft-win.ed flower b.etles （2%）, damsel b.gs （1.5%）, an. assassin.b.gs （1.5%）. A field cage study showed that on. H. con.ergen. adult per plan. released at prey den.ity of on. aphid per leaf kept the aphid population.b.low econ.mic threshold for the en.ire growin. season.

关键词： Aphis gossypii b.ological con.rol cotton.IPM fun.tion.l respon.e Hippo-damia con.ergen. n.tural suppression

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Metapopulation.approach for lan.scape level man.gemen. of western.tarn.shed plan. b.g,Lygus hesperus,in.Texas( Hemiptera,Miridae)

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植物保护学报 2014年第6期41卷 761-768页

作者： parajulee megha n.shrestha ram b Texas A & M Un.versity System AgriLife Research an. Exten.ion.Cen.er

In.ect source-sin. dyn.mics are vital to ecologically in.en.ive pest man.gemen.. Main.ain.n. sin. plan. hosts,or "trap crops",an. destroyin. altern.te hosts or b.eedin. places adjacen. to the field crop are effective pest man.gemen. strategies for some arthropods. However,determin.n. whether a host acts as a source or a sin. is challen.in., especially when.the pest species is highly mob.le an. polyphagous. The western.tarn.shed plan. b.g,Lygus hesperus,is highly polyphagous,an. can.utilize >300 hosts. Its presen.e has b.en.documen.ed in.26 roadside weed hosts in.the Texas High *** studies demon.trated that L. hesperus prefer alfalfa over cotton.an. several altern.te weed hosts.A four-year project in.olved surveyin. an. samplin. for L. hesperus in.the agricultural lan.scapes of several sub.region. of the southwestern.Un.ted States,in.ludin. the Texas High Plain.. In.Texas,geographic in.ormation.of the lan.scape vegetation.complex was compiled from a 150 km radius in.the Texas High Plain.. In.on. study,fifty irrigated cotton.fields represen.in. the crop diversity within.this region.were sampled via sweep-n.t for 10 weeks. This effort also in.luded samplin. of up to six n.n.otton.in.ect hab.tats within.a 3 km radius of each field. Season.l average L. hesperus ab.n.an.e data were regressed with 27 field characteristics( variab.es),in.ludin. hab.tat-specific lan. cover,distan.e b.tween.focal cotton.fields an. n.n.cotton.hab.tats,lon.itude,latitude,elevation.hab.tat heterogen.ity in.ex,an. several en.iron.en.al / ecological variab.es. Sign.fican. variab.es were selected usin. a stepwise regression.at 15% prob.b.lity rate. A 10-parameter lin.ar model explain.d 93% of the variation.in.the data. Major parameters con.rib.tin. sign.fican.ly to variation.in.L. hesperus ab.n.an.e in.cotton.were corn.an. sun.lower acreages,focal cotton.field distan.es from several n.n.cotton.hosts,an. hab.tat heterogen.ity in.ex. In.addition.field markin.-an.-capture studies were con.

关键词： western tarn.shed plan. b.g cotton IPM ecological pest man.gemen. altern.te host man.gemen.

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In.ercrop movemen. of con.ergen. lady b.etle, Hippodamia con.ergen. （Coleoptera： Coccin.llidae）, b.tween.adjacen. cotton.an. alfalfa

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In.ect Scien.e 2016年第1期23卷 145-156页

作者： An.p b.stola megha n. parajulee R. Patrick Porter ram b. shrestha Fa-Jun.Chen.Stan.ey C. Carroll Texas A&M Un.versityAgriLife Research an. Exten.ion.Cen.er Lubbock Texas USA Departmen. of En.omology Iowa State UniversityAmes Iowa USA Departmen. of En.omology Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing China

A 2-year study was con.ucted to characterize the in.ercrop movemen. of con.er- gen. lady b.etle, Hippodamia con.ergen. Guerin.Men.ville （Coleoptera： Coccin.llidae） b.tween.adjacen. cotton.an. alfalfa. A dual protein.markin. method was used to assess the in.ercrop movemen. of the lady b.etles in.each crop. In.turn. field collected lady b.etles in.each crop were assayed b. protein.specific ELISA to quan.ify the movemen. of b.etles b.tween.the crops. Results in.icated that a high percen.age of con.ergen. lady b.etles caught in.cotton.（46% in.2008; 56% in.2009） an. alfalfa （46% in.2008; 71% in.2009） con.ain.d a protein.mark, thus in.icatin. that con.ergen. lady b.etle movemen. was largely b.direction.l b.tween.the adjacen. crops. Although at a much lower proportion. lady b.etles also showed un.direction.l movemen. from cotton.to alfalfa （5% in.2008 an. 6% in.2009） an. from alfalfa to cotton.（9% in.2008 an. 14% in.2009）. The season.lon. b.direction.l movemen. exhib.ted b. the b.etles was sign.fican.ly higher in.alfalfa than.cotton.durin. b.th years of the study. The total in.lux of lady b.etles （b.direction.l an. un.direction.l comb.n.d） was sign.fican.ly higher in.alfalfa compared with that in.cotton.for b.th years. While con.ergen. lady b.etles moved b.tween.adjacen. cotton.an. alfalfa, they were more attracted to alfalfa when.cotton.was n.t flowerin. an./or when.alfalfa of- fered more opportun.ties for prey. This study offers much n.eded in.ormation.on.in.ercrop movemen. of the con.ergen. lady b.etle that should facilitate in.egrated pest man.gemen. decision. in.cotton.utilizin. con.ervation.b.ological con.rol.

关键词： en.yme-lin.ed irn.n.n.sorb.n. assay Hippodamia con.ergen. markcapture protein.marker

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Determin.tion.of Sign.fican.e of En.iron.en.al Impacts of Developmen. Projects: A Case Study of En.iron.en.al Impact Assessmen. of In.rawati-3 Hydropower Project in.n.pal

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Journ.l of En.iron.en.al Protection 2011年第8期2卷 1021-1031页

作者： ram b. Khadka Ajay Mathema Uttam Sagar shrestha 不详

The en.iron.en.al impacts are common.y quan.ified in.the EIA studies b. ratin., ran.in. an. scalin.. The n.tion.l EIA Guidelin.s, 1993, n.pal provides a guidelin. to score the impacts in.terms of magn.tude, exten., an. duration. This step is common.y kn.wn.as impact prediction.in.the EIA process. The predicted scores are multiplied b. the weightage value of the resource;likely to b. affected. The application.of the weightage tran.forms the predicted values of the impacts in.o their “sign.fican.e”—a con.ept used in.the en.iron.en.al decision.makin.. In.other words the sign.fican.e value en.ails assign.en. of relative judgmen. values to the impacts. The impacts, thus, can.ran.ed b.sed on.their sign.fican.e. The impact ran.in. is more useful in.evaluatin. the socio-econ.mic impacts. Un.ike air, water an. n.ise quality, which can.b. assessed again.t estab.ished stan.ards;the socio-econ.mic impacts do n.t have stan.ard scale an. are difficult to ran.. Importan.e weightin. of socio-econ.mic impacts are common.y determin.d b. the con.en.us ob.ain.d from the in.eraction.with the local people, agen.ies, n.Os an. experts. The impact ran.in. in.the EIA process is un.voidab.e, firstly to prioritize the urgen. en.iron.en.al issues an. design.mitigation.measures accordin.ly an. also provide coheren. lin.ages amon. the issues, an. plan.mon.torin. an. auditin. lin.age with the proposed mitigation.measures. Furthermore, it also provide stron. b.sis of decision.makin., an. thus facilitate the decision.makers. The process of impact prediction. determin.tion.of sign.fican.e an. ran.in. were applied in.the EIA of In.rwati-3 Hydroelectric Project, which is on. of the successful cases of EIA in.n.pal. The authors b.lieve that the impacts predicted an. quan.ified through this method are b.in. focussed to more on.the local con.ern., sin.e it seeks an.active in.olvemen. of the local people who are likely to b. affected.

关键词： En.iron.en.al Impact Assessmen. En.iron.en.al Sign.fican.e Ran.in. Prediction of Impacts Importan.e Weightin. Judgmen. Values

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Stakeholder Perspectives on.Use,Trade,an. Con.ervation.of Medicin.l Plan.s in.the Rasuwa District of Cen.ral n.pal

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Journ.l of Moun.ain.Scien.e 2011年第1期8卷 75-86页

作者： Yadav UPRETY ram C.POUDEL Hugo ASSELIn.Emman.el K.b.On.Krishn. K.shrestha Human.Ecology Departmen. Vrije Universiteit BrusselLaarbeeklaan 109B-1090 BrusselsBelgium Can.da Research Chair in.Ab.rigin.l Forestry Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue445Boulevard de l'UniversitéRouyn-NorandaQuébecJ9X 5E4Canada Kun.in. In.titute of b.tan. Chinese Academy of Sciences Cen.ral Departmen. of b.tan. Tribhuvan University

People's livelihood in.several Himalayan.region. largely depen.s on.collection.use,an. trade of medicin.l *** use is gen.rally n.t a prob.em,b.t commercial gatherin. of selected species to meet in.reasin. n.tion.l an. in.ern.tion.l deman. can.result in.*** man.gemen. of medicin.l plan.s requires a clear un.erstan.in. of the respective roles,respon.ib.lities an. viewpoin.s of the various stakeholders *** person.l in.erviews an. group discussion.,this study aimed at in.estigatin. the views of two stakeholder groups on.use,trade an. con.ervation.of medicin.l plan.s in.the Rasuwa district of *** people an. district an. n.tion.l organ.zation. agreed that medicin.l plan.s are collected for a comb.n.tion.of commercial an. person.l *** on.market availab.lity differed sign.fican.ly:100 % of the respon.en.s from district an. n.tion.l organ.zation. saw markets as easily availab.e,again.t on.y 36 % for local *** could explain.why medicin.l plan.s were perceived b. local people to con.rib.te less to in.ome gen.ration.than.to livelihood *** viewpoin.s were also expressed con.ern.n. the status of medicin.l plan.s in.the district:81 % of the respon.en.s from district an. n.tion.l organ.zation.con.idered that medicin.l plan.s were threaten.d,compared to on.y 28 % for local *** this disparity,b.th stakeholder groups agreed upon.poten.ial threats to medicin.l plan.s:over-harvestin.;hab.tat loss due to lan.-use chan.e an. deforestation.an. over-grazin. b. *** challen.es were iden.ified regardin. sustain.b.e man.gemen. of medicin.l plan.s,such as amb.guous policies;lack of resources,in.ormation.an. in.rastructures;hab.tat degradation.an. *** these challen.es,respon.en.s agreed that the medicin.l plan.s sector offers huge opportun.ties in.the Rasuwa district,given.resource availab.lity,commun.ty awaren.ss an. motivation.an. the priority given

关键词： Medicin.l plan.s Livelihood improvemen. In.ome gen.ration Himalaya Local people Con.ervation Policy

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