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Potential cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii, population suppression by arthropod predators in upland cotton

Insect Science 2013年第6期20卷 778-788页

作者： ram B. Shrestha Megha N. Parajulee Texas A&M University AgriLife Research and Extension Center 1102 E. FM 1294 Lubbock TX 79403 United States

The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, predation rate of convergent lady beetle, Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville, was determined by assigning a single predator randomly to each of four prey density treatments in the laboratory. Prey densities included 25, 50, 100, and 200 aphids per Petri dish arena. Predation response was recorded at 1, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 48 h after assigning predators to their prey treatments. Rate of consumption increased through time, with all 25 aphids consumed during the first 4 h of the experiment. At the highest density, adult lady beetle consumed on average 49, 99, 131, 163, 183, and 200 aphids within 1, 4, 8, 16, 24 and 48 h, respectively. Predators showed a curvilinear feeding response in relation to total available time, indicating that convergent lady beetles have the potential to suppress larger populations of aphids through continuous feeding by regulating their predation efficiency during feeding. The analysis of age-specific mortality in absence of prey revealed that lady beetles could survive for an extended period of time （more than 2 weeks） without prey. The ability of a predator to survive without prey delays or prevents the rebound of pest populations that is a significant factor in natural biological control. A two-year field sampling of 10 cotton arthropod predator species showed that spiders （27%） were the most dominant foliage dwelling predators in the Texas High Plains cotton followed by convergent lady beetles （23.5%）, hooded beetles （13.5%）, minute pirate bugs （11%）, green lacewings （9.5%）, bigeyed bugs （7.5%）, scymnus beetles （3%）, soft-winged flower beetles （2%）, damsel bugs （1.5%）, and assassin bugs （1.5%）. A field cage study showed that one H. convergens adult per plant released at prey density of one aphid per leaf kept the aphid population below economic threshold for the entire growing season.

关键词： Aphis gossypii biological control cotton IPM functional response Hippo-damia convergens natural suppression

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Dimensionality and Angular Disparity Influence Mental Rotation in Computer Gaming

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2022年第7期72卷 887-905页

作者： Akanksha Tiwari ram Bilas Pachori Premjit Khanganba Sanjram Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology IndoreIndore453552India Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology IndoreIndore453552India Discipline of Psychology Indian Institute of Technology IndoreIndore453552India Center for Electric Vehicles and Intelligent Transport Systems Indian Institute of Technology IndoreIndore453552India

Computer gaming is one of the most common activities that individuals are indulged in their usual activities concerning interactive systembased *** processing is an essential aspect of mental rotation(MR)in playing *** studies have explored how objects’features affect theMRprocess;however,non-isomorphic 2Dand 3D objects lack a fair *** addition,the effects of these features on brain activation during the MR in computer-games have been less *** study investigates how dimensionality and angular disparity affect brain activation duringMRin ***(electroencephalogram)data were recorded from sixty healthy adults while playing an MR-based computer *** 2D and 3D visual objects with convex and reflex angular disparity were presented in the ***-based permutation tests were applied on EEG spectral power for frequency range 3.5–30 Hz to identify significant spatio-spectral ***,the band-specific hemispheric lateralization was evaluated to investigate task-specific *** results indicated higher alpha desynchronization in the left hemisphere during MR compared to *** fronto-parietal areas showed neural activations during the game with convex angular disparities and 3D objects,for a frequency range of 7.8–14.2Hz and 7.8–10.5Hz,*** areas also showed activations during the game with reflex angular disparities and 2D objects,but for narrower frequency bands,i.e.,8.0–10.0 Hz and 11.0–11.7 Hz,*** hemispheric dominance was observed for alpha and beta ***,the right parietal region was notably more dominant for convex angular disparity and 3D ***,the results showed higher neural activities elicited by convex angular disparities and 3D objects in the game compared to the reflex angles and *** findings suggest future applications,such as cognitive modeling and controlled MR training using computer g

关键词： Computer-based games angular disparity dimensionality mental rotation EEG hemispheric laterality

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Evaluation of electrochemical impedance and biocorrosion characteristics of as-cast and T4 heat treated AZ91 Mg-alloys in Ringer’s solution

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Journal of Magnesium and Alloys 2019年第1期7卷 134-143页

作者： Nagaraj M.Chelliah Pambannan Padaikathan ram Kumar Department of Metallurgical Engineering PSG College of TechnologyCoimbatore 641004Tamil NaduIndia Department of Materials Engineering Indian Institute of ScienceBangalore 560012KarnatakaIndia Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of TechnologyRupnagar 140001PunjabIndia

The present study aims at understanding the electrochemical impedance and biocorrosion characteristics of AZ91 Mg-alloy in Ringer’s ***-cast AZ91 Mg-alloy was subjected to T4 heat treatment in a way to homogenize its microstructure by dissolving most of theβ-Mg 17 Al 12 phase at the vicinity of grain *** electrochemical impedance and biocorrosion performances of these two different microstructures(as-cast and T4 heat treated AZ91 Mg-alloys)in Ringer solution were evaluated by electrochemical impendence spectroscopy,potentiodynamic polarization and weight loss *** spectra showed that both microstructures exhibit similar dynamic response as a function of the immersion time;however,the value of impedance and maximum phase angle are about 50%higher in as-cast AZ91 Mg-alloy as compared to that of homogenized AZ91 *** loss measurement indicated that corrosion resistance of as-cast AZ91 was significantly better than that of homogenized *** and XRD analysis revealed that as-cast AZ91 contains a passive film of MgCO_(3)and CaCO_(3)precipitates with near spherical morphologies,whereas homogenized AZ91 comprised mainly unstable Mg(OH)_(2)film featured by irregular plate-like morphologies.

关键词： Mg-alloys Ringers solution Homogenization Corrosion Electrochemical impedance Spectroscopy(EIS) Weight loss

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Dorsal-Ventral Visual Pathways and Object Characteristics:Beamformer Source Analysis of EEG

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2022年第2期70卷 2347-2363页

In performing a gaming task,mental rotation(MR)is one of the important aspects of visuospatial *** involves dorsal-ventral pathways of the *** objects/models used in computer-games play a crucial role in gaming experience of the *** visuospatial characteristics of the objects used in the computer-game influence the engagement of dorsal-ventral visual *** current study investigates how the objects’visuospatial characteristics(i.e.,angular disparity and dimensionality)in an MR-based computer-game influence the cortical activities in dorsalventral visual *** the factors have two levels,angular disparity:convex angle(CA)*** angle(RA)and dimensionality:2D *** healthy adults,aged,18-29 years(M=21.6)were recruited for the study and randomly assigned to four gaming conditions i.e.,15 participants in each *** multichannel electroencephalogram(EEG)data were recorded from 60 healthy adults while playing the *** source reconstruction was done for∼3000 sources inside the brain using the Dynamic Imaging of Coherent Sources(DICS)beamforming method forθ1(4-5.75),θ2(5.75-7.5),α1(7.5-9),α2(9-11),α3(11-13),β1(13-17.25),β2(17.25-21.5)Hz frequency *** reconstructed neuronal sources were segmented into 68 functionally parcellated brain regions,and the percentage of active sources for each region was ***,the differences across the 68 regions among the four gaming conditions were evaluated using the percentage of active *** differences in activation for the dorsal-ventral pathways and some additional brain regions were observed among the four *** game with 2D objects and CA showed higher activation than that with 3D objects and RA,*** dorsal pathway was found to be more active in contrast to the ventral *** findings suggest that angular disparity and dimensionality in MR influence the engagement of dorsal-ventral visual pathways in such a way that angular disparit

关键词： Mental rotation EEG source localization DICS beamformer dorsal-ventral pathway

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Industrial Structural Changes in Hong Kong,China under One Country,Two Systems Framework

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Chinese Geographical Science 2012年第3期22卷 302-318页

作者： Simon Xiaobin ZHAO Carola B ramóN-BERJANO International Center for China Development Studies & Department of Geography Faculty of Social Sciencesthe University of Hong KongHong KongChina

Hong Kong has undergone substantial economic transformations and developed into a sophisticated busi- ness and financial center in the Asia-Pacific region, since the return of sovereignty to China as a Special Administrative Region under the One Country Two Systems （OCTS） in 1997. This paper discusses and analyzes the industrial struc- tural changes of Hong Kong in recent decades as well as its future challenges and opportunities, The data and finding reveal that even though Hong Kong will face fierce competition from the Mainland＇s cities as the rise of China, the important role as a bridge between China and the rest of the world wilt brace Hong Kong itself under the OCTS for developing into a service hub for business and trade in the Asia-Pacific region.

关键词： economic transformation Hong Kong industrial structural changes One Country Two Systems

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Trends in the prevalence of obesity among young Thai men and associated factors:From 2009 to 2016

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Military Medical Research 2019年第4期6卷 299-307页

作者： Panadda Hatthachote ram Rangsin Mathirut Mungthin Boonsub Sakboonyarat Department of Physiology Phramongkutklao College of MedicineBangkok 10400Thailand Department of Military and Community Medicine Phramongkutklao College of MedicineBangkok 10400Thailand Department of Pharmacology Phramongkutklao College of MedicineBangkok 10400Thailand

Background:The prevalence of obesity has been increasing in both males and females *** Thailand,the National Health Examination Surveys reported that the prevalence of obesity(body mass index(BMI)≥30 kg/m^2)among Thai male adults aged 20–59 years increased from 1.7%in 1991 to 6.8%in *** has been confirmed to lead to health problems,including noncommunicable *** the present study,we report trends in the prevalence of obesity among new conscripts from 2009 to *** also investigated the associated factors of ***:Serial cross-sectional studies were conducted from 2009 to 2016 among male Royal Thai Army(RTA)conscripts whose weight and height had been measured to determine BMI after being *** subject completed a detailed risk factor *** was defined as BMI≥30 kg/***:A total of 26,540 young Thai males conscripted into the RTA were included in this *** prevalence of obesity was 2.2%in 2009,3.4%in 2010,2.5%in 2011,2.9%in 2012,3.4%in 2013,4.4%in 2014,5.0%in 2015,and 4.8%in 2016(P for trend<0.0001).The independent risk factors for obesity were coming from the north central and south regions compared with the northeast,higher education level,indoor occupation and no regular ***:Our data emphasized that obesity constitutes a serious problem among young Thai *** could apply these findings in military units to other groups at any *** exercise should be provided to young adults and other age groups to slow the process of obesity,so that associated complications,especially noncommunicable diseases,will cease.

关键词： Trends Prevalence Obesity Young men Thailand The Royal Thai Army

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Isomorphic 2D/3D Objects and Saccadic Characteristics in Mental Rotation

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2022年第1期70卷 433-450页

Mental rotation(MR)is an important aspect of cognitive processing in gaming since transformation andmanipulation of visuospatial information are necessary in order to execute a gaming *** study provides insights on saccadic characteristics in gaming task performance that involves 2D and 3D isomorphic objects with varying angular *** participants(N=60)performedMR gaming *** participantwas tested individually in an acoustic treated lab *** behavior data of all participants were recorded during task execution and analyzed to find the changes in spatiotemporal characteristics of saccades associated with the variation in angular disparity and *** were four groups with unique combination of angular disparity and dimensionality,each with fifteen participants randomly *** indicate that the spatial characteristics of the object affect the temporal aspect of saccade(duration),whereas the spatial aspect of the saccade(amplitude)is influenced by the objects’dimension.A longer saccade duration indicates a prolonged suppression of spatial information processing during the MR tasks with objects at convex range angular ***,the MR tasks with convex angular disparity become more complex to process compared to the tasks with reflex angular *** process is faster and more accurate with 3D objects compared to the 2D *** is an interaction between angular disparity and dimensionality in terms of mental demand,such that theMR processing with 2Dobjects in reflex angular disparitywasmoremental demanding than that of convex angular disparity;however,this trend was absent in case of ***,during the MR task,the longer saccade duration implies that the taskswith convex angular disparities become comparativelymore ***,the lower saccadic amplitude for 2D objects indicates difficulties in processing due to deficient visual *** findings could help in framing the c

关键词： Mental rotation computer-game angular disparity dimensionality gaze behavior

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Graphene-based bipolar plates for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells

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Frontiers of Materials Science 2019年第3期13卷 217-241页

作者： ram Sevak SINGH(El) Anurag GAUTAM Varun RAI Department of Physics O P Jindal UniversityRaigarhChhattisgarh 496109India Department of Chemistry O P Jindal UniversityRaigarhChhattisgarh 496109India Department of Materials Science and Engineering National University of SingaporeSingapore 117576Singapore

Bipolar plates(BPs)are a major component of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells(PEMFCs).BPs play a multifunctional character within a PEMFC *** is one of the most costly and critical part of the fuel cell,and hence the development of efficient and cost-effective BPs is of much interest for the fabrication of next-generation PEMFCs in *** to high electrical conductivity and chemical inertness,graphene is an ideal candidate to be utilized in *** paper reviews recent advances in the area of graphene-based BPs for PEMFC *** aspects including the momentous functions of BPs in the PEMFC,favorable features of *** BPs,performance evaluation of various reported BPs with their advantages and disadvantages,challenges at commercial level products and future prospects of frontier research in this direction are extensively documented.

关键词： graphene bipolar plate polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell proton exchange membrane fuel cell

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Community Responses to Mountain Tourism:A Case in Bhyundar Valley,Indian Himalaya

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Journal of Mountain Science 2009年第4期6卷 394-404页

作者： ram Babu Singh Suraj Mal Chandra Prakash Kala Department of Geography Delhi School of EconomicsUniversity of Delhi Department of Geography Shaheed Bhagat Singh CollegeUniversity of Delhi Ecosystem and Environment Management Division Indian Institute of Forests Management

Tourism industry has become an important part of Indian economy,and tourism development has been,however,concentrated to a few areas. Accumulation of tourism activities has reached the critical stage in most of the tourism centers,which pose serious threats to the natural environment. The Bhyundar Valley of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve (NDBR) in Uttarakhand State of the Indian Himalaya is a burning example of such problems. Land use/cover changes,deforestation and accumulation of garbage are some of the negative impacts of unregulated tourism in the valley. Unsustainable activities of tourists and villagers in the valley make such problems very severe. To deal with the ongoing problems and ensure community involvement in tourism management and environmental conservation,the Biosphere Reserve Authority introduced ecotourism in the form of Eco Development Committees (EDCs) in the Bhyundar Valley. Study reveals that many problems associated with tourism have been minimized to some extent with the help of EDCs but few are still prevailing in valley. However,the existing attempts to conserve the valley from the negative effects of tourism are inadequate and modifications are needed in the current initiatives.

关键词： Mountain tourism Land use change Community response Eco development committee Environmental management

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Integrin binding peptides facilitate growth and interconnected vascular-like network formation of rat primary cortical vascular endothelial cells in vitro

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Neural Regeneration Research 2023年第5期18卷 1052-1056页

作者： ram Kuwar Xuejun Wen Ning Zhang Dong Sun Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology Medical College of Virginia CampusVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVAUSA Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering College of EngineeringVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVAUSA Department of Biomedical Engineering College of EngineeringVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVAUSA

Neovascularization and angiogenesis in the brain are important physiological processes for normal brain development and repair/regeneration following insults. Integrins are cell surface adhesion receptors mediating important function of cells such as survival, growth and development during tissue organization, differentiation and organogenesis. In this study, we used an integrin-binding array platform to identify the important types of integrins and their binding peptides that facilitate adhesion, growth, development, and vascular-like network formation of rat primary brain microvascular endothelial cells. Brain microvascular endothelial cells were isolated from rat brain on post-natal day 7. Cells were cultured in a custom-designed integrin array system containing short synthetic peptides binding to 16 types of integrins commonly expressed on cells in vertebrates. After 7 days of culture, the brain microvascular endothelial cells were processed for immunostaining with markers for endothelial cells including von Willibrand factor and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule. 5-Bromo-2′-dexoyuridine was added to the culture at 48 hours prior to fixation to assess cell proliferation. Among 16 integrins tested, we found that α5β1, αvβ5 and αvβ8 greatly promoted proliferation of endothelial cells in culture. To investigate the effect of integrin-binding peptides in promoting neovascularization and angiogenesis, the binding peptides to the above three types of integrins were immobilized to our custom-designed hydrogel in three-dimensional(3 D) culture of brain microvascular endothelial cells with the addition of vascular endothelial growth factor. Following a 7-day 3 D culture, the culture was fixed and processed for double labeling of phalloidin with von Willibrand factor or platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule and assessed under confocal microscopy. In the 3 D culture in hydrogels conjugated with the integrin-binding peptide, brain microvascular endothelial c

关键词： 3D culture angiogenesis brain microvascular endothelial cells hydrogel integrins platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule(PECAM-1) vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) vascularization

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