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Effect of in ovo feeding of xylobiose and xylotriose on plasma immunoglobulin, cecal metabolites production, microbial ecology, and metabolic pathways in broiler chickens

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2024年第4期15卷 1578-1589页

作者： Razib Das Pravin Mishra Birendra Mishra rajesh jha Department of Human Nutrition Food and Animal SciencesCollege of Tropical Agriculture and Human ResourcesUniversity of Hawaii at ManoaHonoluluHI 96822USA

Background Dietary supplementation of xylooligosac charides(XOS) has been found to influence gut health by manipulating cecal microbiota and producing microbe-origin *** no study investigated and compared the effect of in ovo feeding of xylobiose(XOS2) and xy lotriose(XOS3) in *** study investigated the effect of in ovo feeding of these XOS compounds on post-hatch gut health parameters in chickens.A total of 144 fertilized chicken eggs were divided into three groups:a) non-injected control(CON),b) XOS2,and c) *** the 17^(th) embryonic day,the eggs of the XOS2 and XOS3 groups were injected with 3 mg of XOS2 and XOS3 diluted in 0.5 mL of 0.85% normal saline through the amniotic *** hatching,the chicks were raised for 21 *** was collected on d 14 to measure plasma *** digests were collected for measuring short-chain fatty acids(SCFA) on d 14 and 21,and for microbial ecology and microbial metabolic pathway analyses on d 7 and *** The results were considered significantly different at P<*** quantified plasma IgA and IgG on d 14chickens,revealing no differences among the *** chromatography results showed no significant differences in the concentrations of cecal SCFAs on d 14 but significant differences on d ***;the SCFA concentrations were lower in the XOS3 than in the CON group on d *** cecal metagenomics data showed that the abundance of the family Clostridiaceae significantly decreased on d 7,and the abundance of the family Oscillospiraceae increased on d 21 in the XOS2 compared to the *** was a reduction in the relative abundance of genus Clostridium sense stricto 1 in the XOS2 compared to the CON on d 7 and the genus Ruminococcus,torques in both XOS2 and XOS3 groups compared to the CON on d *** XOS2 and XOS3 groups reduced the genes for chondroitin sulfate degradation Ⅰ and L-histidine degradation Ⅰpathways,which contribute to improved gut health,respectivelyc in the micr

关键词： Broiler In ovo Metagenomics Prebiotic Xylooligosaccharides

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Effects of Enteromorpha prolifera polysaccharides on growth performance,intestinal barrier function and cecal microbiota in yellow-feathered broilers under heat stress

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2024年第1期15卷 344-361页

作者： Wenchao Liu Huimei Liu Yaoyao Wang Zhongxiang Zhao Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian rajesh jha Department of Animal Science College of Coastal Agricultural SciencesGuangdong Ocean UniversityZhanjiangGuangdong 524088People’s Republic of China Department of Food Science and Biotechnology College of Life ScienceSejong UniversitySeoul 05006South Korea Department of Human Nutrition Food and Animal SciencesCollege of Tropical Agriculture and Human ResourcesUniversity of Hawaii at ManoaHonoluluHI 96822USA

Background Global warming leading to heat stress(HS)is becoming a major challenge for broiler *** study aimed to explore the protective effects of seaweed(Enteromorpha prolifera)polysaccharides(EPS)on the intestinal barrier function,microbial ecology,and performance of broilers under HS.A total of 144 yellow-feathered broilers(male,56 days old)with 682.59±7.38 g were randomly assigned to 3 groups:1)TN(thermal neutral zone,23.6±1.8℃),2)HS(heat stress,33.2±1.5℃ for 10 h/d),and 3)HSE(HS+0.1%EPS).Each group contained 6 replicates with 8 broilers per *** study was conducted for 4 weeks;feed intake and body weights were measured at the end of weeks 2 and *** the end of the feeding trial,small intestine samples were collected for histomorphology,antioxidant,secretory immunoglobulin A(s Ig A)content,apoptosis,gene and protein expression analysis;cecal contents were also collected for microbiota analysis based on 16S r DNA *** Dietary EPS promoted the average daily gain(ADG)of broilers during 3–4 weeks of HS(P<0.05).At the end of HS on broilers,the activity of total superoxide dismutase(T-SOD),glutathione S-transferase(GST),and the content of s Ig A in jejunum were improved by EPS supplementation(P<0.05).Besides,dietary EPS reduced the epithelial cell apoptosis of jejunum and ileum in heat-stressed broilers(P<0.05).Addition of EPS in HS group broilers'diet upregulated the relative m RNA expression of Occludin,ZO-1,γ-GCLc and IL-10 of the jejunum(P<0.05),whereas downregulated the relative m RNA expression of NF-κB p65,TNF-αand IL-1βof the jejunum(P<0.05).Dietary EPS increased the protein expression of Occludin and ZO-1,whereas it reduced the protein expression of NF-κB p65 and MLCK(P<0.01)and tended to decrease the protein expression of TNF-α(P=0.094)in heat-stressed ***,the proportions of Bacteroides and Oscillospira among the three groups were positively associated with jejunal apoptosis and pro-inflammatory cytokine ex

关键词： Broilers Cecal microbiota Heat stress Intestinal barrier function Seaweed polysaccharides

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Pre‑hatch thermal manipulation of embryos and post‑hatch baicalein supplementation mitigated heat stress in broiler chickens

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2024年第3期15卷 1071-1085页

作者： Sadid Al Amaz Ajay Chaudhary Prem Lal Mahato rajesh jha Birendra Mishra Department of Human Nutrition Food and Animal SciencesCollege of Tropical Agriculture and Human ResourcesUniversity of Hawai’i at ManoaAgSci 2161955 East‑West RdHonoluluHI 96822USA

Background High environmental temperatures induce heat stress in broiler chickens,affecting their health and pro-duction *** dietary,managerial,and genetics strategies have been tested with some success in mitigating heat stress(HS)in *** novel HS mitigation strategies for sustaining broiler production is critically *** study investigated the effects of pre-hatch thermal manipulation(TM)and post-hatch baica-lein supplementation on growth performance and health parameters in heat-stressed *** Six hundred fertile Cobb 500 eggs were incubated for 21 *** candling on embryonic day(ED)10,238 eggs were thermally manipulated at 38.5℃ with 55%relative humidity(RH)from ED 12 to 18,then transferred to the hatcher(ED 19 to 21,standard temperature)and 236 eggs were incubated at a controlled temperature(37.5℃)till *** hatch,180-day-old chicks from both groups were raised in 36 pens(n=10 birds/pen,6 replicates per treatment).The treatments were:1)Control,2)TM,3)control heat stress(CHS),4)thermal manipulation heat stress(TMHS),5)control heat stress supplement(CHSS),and 6)thermal manipulation heat stress supplement(TMHSS).All birds were raised under the standard environment for 21 d,followed by chronic heat stress from d 22 to 35(32–33℃ for 8 h)in the CHS,TMHS,CHSS,and TMHSS groups.A thermoneutral(22–24℃)environment was maintained in the Control and TM *** was constant(50%±5%)throughout the *** the data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA in R and GraphPad software at P<0.05 and are presented as mean±*** stress significantly decreased(P<0.05)the final body weight and ADG in CHS and TMHS groups compared to the other *** TM significantly increased(P<0.05)the expression of heat shock protein-related genes(HSP70,HSP90,and HSPH1)and antioxidant-related genes(GPX1 and TXN).TMHS birds showed a significant increment(P<0.05)in total cecal volatile fatty acid(VFA)concentration compared to the CHS bird

关键词： Baicalein Growth performance Gut microbiota Heat stress Thermal manipulation

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Improved neurological diagnoses and treatment strategies via automated human brain tissue segmentation from clinical magnetic resonance imaging

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Intelligent Medicine 2024年第3期4卷 161-169页

作者： Puranam Revanth Kumar rajesh Kumar jha P Akhendra Kumar B Deevena Raju Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Faculty of Science and TechnologyICFAI Foundation for Higher EducationHyderabadIndia Department of Data Science&AI Faculty of Science and TechnologyICFAI Foundation for Higher EducationHyderabadIndia

Objective Segmentation of medical images is a crucial process in various image analysis *** segmentation methods excel in accuracy when compared to manual segmentation in the context of medical image *** of the essential phases in the quantitative analysis of the brain is automated brain tissue segmentation using clinically obtained magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)*** allows for precise quantitative examination of the brain,which aids in diagnosis,identification,and classification of ***,the efficacy of the segmentation approach is crucial to disease diagnosis and treatment *** This study presented a hybrid optimization method for segmenting brain tissue in clinical MRI scans us-ing a fractional Henry horse herd gas optimization-based Shepard convolutional neural network(FrHHGO-based ShCNN).To segment the clinical brain MRI images into white matter(WM),grey matter(GM),and cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)tissues,the proposed framework was evaluated on the Lifespan Human Connectome Projects(HCP)*** hybrid optimization algorithm,FrHHGO,integrates the fractional Henry gas optimization(FHGO)and horse herd optimization(HHO)*** required 30 min,whereas testing and segmentation of brain tissues from an unseen image required an average of 12 *** Compared to the results obtained with no refinements,the Skull stripping refinement showed significant *** the method included a preprocessing stage,it was flexible enough to enhance image quality,allowing for better results even with low-resolution *** precision of 93.2%,recall of 91.5%,Dice score of 91.1%,and F1-score of 90.5% were achieved using the proposed FrHHGO-based ShCNN,which was superior to all other approaches.

关键词： Brain tissue segmentation Deep learning Magnetic resonance imaging Optimization technique Shepard convolutional neural network

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Dietary fiber in poultry nutrition and their effects on nutrient utilization,performance,gut health,and on the environment:a review

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2022年第1期13卷 1-16页

作者： rajesh jha Pravin Mishra Department of Human Nutrition Food and Animal SciencesCollege of Tropical Agriculture and Human ResourcesUniversity of Hawaii at ManoaHonoluluHI 96822USA

Dietary fiber(DF)was considered an antinutritional factor due to its adverse effects on feed intake and nutrient ***,with increasing evidence,scientists have found that DF has enormous impacts on the gastrointestinal tract(GIT)development,digestive physiology,including nutrient digestion,fermentation,and absorption processes of *** may help maintain the small and large intestine’s integrity by strengthening mucosal structure and functions and increasing the population and diversity of commensal bacteria in the *** DF content benefits digestive physiology by stimulating GIT development and enzyme *** the inclusion of fiber at a moderate level in diets also alters poultry growth *** improves gut health by modulating beneficial microbiota in the large intestine and enhancing immune ***,determining the source,type,form,and level of DF inclusion is of utmost importance to achieve the above-noted *** paper critically reviews the available information on dietary fibers used in poultry and their effects on nutrient utilization,GIT development,gut health,and poultry *** these functions will help develop nutrition programs using proper DF at an appropriate inclusion level that will ultimately lead to enhanced DF utilization,overall health,and improved poultry growth ***,this review will help researchers and industry identify the sources,type,form,and amount of DF to be used in poultry nutrition for healthy,costeffective,and eco-friendly poultry production.

关键词： Chicken Dietary fiber Environment Gastrointestinal tract Immunity Intestinal microbiota

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Strategies to modulate the intestinal microbiota and their effects on nutrient utilization, performance, and health of poultry

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2019年第3期10卷 529-539页

作者： Sudhir Yadav rajesh jha Department of Human Nutrition Food and Animal Sciences College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources University of Hawaii at Manoa

Poultry is widely produced and consumed meat *** demand is expected to continue increasing to meet the animal protein requirement for ever-increasing human ***,the challenge that poultry scientists and industry face are to produce sufficient amount of poultry meat in the most efficient *** the past,using antibiotics to promote the growth of poultry and manage gut microbiota was a ***,due to concerns over potential fatalistic impacts on food animals and indirectly to humans,their use as feed additives are banned or regulated in several *** this changed context,several alternative strategies have been proposed with some success that mimics the functions of antibiotics as growth promoters and modulate gut microbiota for their beneficial *** include the use of probiotics,prebiotics,organic acids,and exogenous enzyme,among *** microbiota and their metabolic products improve nutrient digestion,absorption,metabolism,and overall health and growth performance of *** paper reviews the available information on the effect of feed additives used to modulate intestinal microbiota of poultry and their effects on overall health and growth *** these functions and interactions will help to develop new dietary and managerial strategies that will ultimately lead to enhanced feed utilization and improved growth performance of *** review will help future researchers and industry to identify alternative feed ingredients having properties like prebiotics,probiotics,organic acids,and exogenous enzymes.

关键词： Enzymes Microbiota Organic acids Poultry Prebiotics Probiotics

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Effects of in ovo delivered xylo-and mannan-oligosaccharides on growth performance,intestinal immunity,cecal short-chain fatty acids,and cecal microbiota of broilers

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2022年第4期13卷 1099-1114页

作者： Amit Kumar Singh Utsav Prakash Tiwari Birendra Mishra rajesh jha Department of Human Nutrition Food and Animal SciencesUniversity of Hawaii at Manoa1955 East-West RdHonoluluHI 96822USA

Background:This study investigated a novel in ovo feeding strategy to determine the prebiotic effects of xylo-and mannan-oligosaccharides(XOS and MOS)differing in the degree of polymerization.A total of 192 fertilized eggs were divided into 6 treatment groups:i)normal saline control(NSC),ii)xylotriose(XOS3),iii)xylotetraose(XOS4),iv)mannotriose(MOS3),v)mannotetraose(MOS4),and vi)no injection control(NIC),each containing 4 replicate trays with 8 eggs per *** d 17 of incubation,3 mg of oligosaccharides(except for controls)dissolved in 0.5 mL of 0.85%normal saline were injected into the amnion of Cobb 500 broilers *** hatch,the chicks were raised for 28 d under standard husbandry practices and were fed a commercial broilers diet ad libitum,and samples were collected ***:The hatchability,growth performance,and relative weights of breast,drumstick,liver,and proventriculus were not different among the treatments(P>0.05).The XOS3 injection increased the total short-chain fatty acid production at d 28 compared with both control groups(P0.05).On the hatch day,the expression level of the CD3 gene(a T cell marker)was increased by XOS3,while the IL-10 gene(a marker of anti-inflammatory cytokine)was reduced by MOS4(P0.05),except XOS4 increased IL-4 compared with NSC(P<0.05).The broilers in the MOS4 group had higher operational taxonomic units(OTUs)and had more differentially abundant taxa,including order Lactobacillales and family Leuconostocaceae(P<0.05)than both controls on d *** predictive functional profiling indicated that the linoleic acid metabolism pathway w

关键词： Broilers Gut health Immunity in ovo Mannanoligosaccharides Microbiota Oligosaccharides Prebiotics Xylooligosaccharides

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Effects of supplemental xylanase and xylooligosaccharides on production performance and gut health variables of broiler chickens

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2022年第1期13卷 166-180页

作者： Amit K.Singh Birendra Mishra Michael R.Bedford rajesh jha Department of Human Nutrition Food and Animal SciencesUniversity of Hawaii at ManoaHonoluluHI 96822USA AB Vista Feed Ingredients MarlboroughWiltshireUK

Background:This study evaluated the effects of supplemental xylanase and xylooligosaccharides(XOS)in a cornsoybean meal(SBM)-based diet on growth performance and intestinal health of broilers.A total of 288 day-old chicks(Cobb 500)were allocated to 36 floor pens(8 birds/pen)equally in 9 dietary treatments in a 3×3 factorial *** treatments were combinations of 3 levels of xylanase(0,0.005% and 0.01% Econase XT)and 3 levels of prebiotics(0,0.005% and 0.01% XOS)added to basal mash diets formulated in three phases(starter,d 0-14;grower,d 15-28;finisher,d 29-42).The feed intake and body weights were recorded *** d 42,ileal sections were collected for histomorphometric and gene expression analysis,and cecal content was collected for determining short-chain fatty acids(SCFA)and ***:Xylanase linearly(P0.05).Supplemental xylanase and XOS did not affect average daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio(P>0.05).Xylanase and XOS did not change villus height(VH)or crypt depth(CD)ratio(P>0.05).However,xylanase exhibited a trend(P=0.097)on VH:CD *** inclusion of 0.01%XOS without xylanase increased the level of IL-10(a marker of anti-inflammatory cytokine)and IL-4(a T-cell differentiation cytokine)genes compared with control(P0.05).However,the mean proportion of family Ruminococcaceae was increased by the supplemental 0.01% xylanase(P<0.01).Conclusion:It can be concluded that XOS can enhance cecal fermentation,while xylanase can increase the body weight gain along with the ferment

关键词： Gene expression Histomorphology Microbiota Poultry Prebiotics Short-chain fatty acid Xylooligosaccharide

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Fermentation characteristics of resistant starch, arabinoxylan, andβ-glucan and their effects on the gut microbial ecology of pigs:A review

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Animal Nutrition 2019年第3期5卷 217-226页

作者： Utsav P.Tiwari Amit K.Singh rajesh jha Department of Human Nutrition Food and Animal Sciences College of Tropical Agriculture and Human ResourcesUniversity of Hawaii at Manoa

Dietary fibers(DF)contain an abundant amount of energy,although the mammalian genome does not encode most of the enzymes required to degrade ***,a mutual dependence is developed between the host and symbiotic microbes,which has the potential to extract the energy present in these *** fibers escape digestion in the foregut and are fermented in the hindgut,producing shortchain fatty acids(SCFA)that after the microbial ecology in the gastrointestinal tract(GIT)of *** of the carbohydrates are fermented in the proximal part,allowing protein fermentation in the distal part,resulting in colonic *** structures of resistant starch(RS),arabinoxylan(AX),and β-glucan(βG)are complex;hence,makes their way into the hindgut where these are fermented and provide energy substrates for the colonic epithelial *** microbes have different preferences of binding to different *** RS,AX and βG act as a unique substrate for the microbes and modify the relative composition of the gut microbial *** granule dimension and surface area of each substrate are different,which influences the penetration capacity of *** and xylan are 2 different hemicelluloses,but arabinose is substituted on the xylan backbone and occurs in the form of *** of xylan produces butyrate primarily in the small intestine,whereas arabinose produces butyrate in the large *** of RS and forms of βG also exert beneficial effects by producing different metabolites and modulating the intestinal ***,it is important to have information of different types of RS,AX and(3 G and their roles in microbial modulation to get the optimum benefits of fiber fermentation in the *** review provides relevant information on the similarities and differences that exist in the way RS,AX,and βG are fermented,and their positive and negative effects on SCFA production and gut microbial ecology of *** insights will help nutr

关键词： Butyrate Fermentation Gut ecology Microbiota Short-chain fatty acids Swine

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Nutrient profile and digestibility of tubers and agro-industrial coproducts determined using an in vitro model of swine

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Animal Nutrition 2016年第4期2卷 357-360页

作者： Utsav P.Tiwari rajesh jha Department of Human Nutrition Food and Animal Sciences College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources University of Hawaii at Manoa

Exploring and evaluating alternative feed ingredients to be used in swine diet is essential due to highly variable cost and limited availability of conventional feed ingredients. Tubers and agro-industrial coproducts could provide the basis for producing affordable swine feed. However, information on the nutritional value of these potential alternative feedstuffs is necessary while considering their use in swine feeding program. Four tubers(purple sweet potato [PSP], okinawan sweet potato, taro and cassava) and 3 coproducts(okara, wheat millrun [WMR] and barley brewers grain [BBG]) were analyzed for their proximate nutrients, starch, fibers and gross energy(GE) content. Two independent in vitro studies were carried out for tubers and coproducts to determine their nutrients digestibility using a 3-step enzymatic assay(which mimics the digestion occurring in the gastrointestinal tract of swine) with 9 replicates of each sample digested in 3 batches equally. All replicate samples were used to determine in vitro dry matter digestibility(IVDDM) while 2 replicates from each batch were used to determine in vitro GE digestibility(IVDGE). Among tubers, CP content was the highest in taro(8.8%) and the lowest in cassava(3.7%), while CP content among coproducts was the highest in okara(22.7%) and the lowest in WMR(11.8%). Ether extract content among tubers ranged from 1.1% to 2.8%. The GE content among tubers, ranged from 4,134 to 4,334 kcal/kg whereas among coproducts it ranged from 4,270 to 4,794 kcal/kg. Among tubers, IVDDM for PSP was significantly higher(86.8%, P < 0.001) than taro(70.3%). Among coproducts, IVDDM of okara(74.1%) was significantly higher(P < 0.05) than BBG(61.3%). In conclusion,both tubers and coproducts can be used as a partial substitute of conventional energy feedstuffs in swine diets as these are rich in GE and other nutrients and are fairly digestible.

关键词： Alternative feedstuffs Coproducts In vitro digestibility Swine Tubers

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