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Older candidates for kidney transplantation:Who to refer and what to expect?

World Journal of Transplantation 2016年第4期6卷 650-657页

作者： Beatrice P concepcion rachel c Forbes Heidi M Schaefer Department of Medicine Division of Nephrology and Hypertension Vanderbilt University Medical Center Division of Kidney and Pancreas Transplantation Vanderbilt University Medical Center

The number of older end-stage renal disease patients being referred for kidney transplantation continues to increase. This rise is occurring alongside the continually increasing prevalence of older end-stage renal disease patients. Although older kidney transplant recipients have decreased patient and graft survival compared to younger patients, transplantation in this patient population is pursued due to the survival advantage that it confers over remaining on the deceased donor waiting list. The upper limit of age and the extent of comorbidity and frailty at which transplantation ceases to be advantageous is not known. Transplant physicians are therefore faced with the challenge of determining who among older patients are appropriate candidates for kidney transplantation. This is usually achieved by means of an organ systemsbased medical evaluation with particular focus given to cardiovascular health. More recently, global measures of health such as functional status and frailty are increasingly being recognized as potential tools in risk stratifying kidney transplant candidates. For those candidates who are deemed eligible, living donor transplantation should be pursued. This may mean accepting a kidney from an older living donor. In the absence of any living donor, the choice to accept lesser quality kidneys should be made while taking into account the organ shortage and expected waiting times on the deceased donor list. Appropriate counseling of patients should be a cornerstone in the evaluation process and includes a discussion regarding expected outcomes, expected waiting times in the setting of the new Kidney Allocation System, benefits of living donor transplantation and the acceptance of lesser quality kidneys.

关键词： Kidney transplant outcomes Frailty Elderly Expanded criteria donor Quality of life

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A new spallation mechanism of thermal barrier coatings on aero-engine turbine blades

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Theoretical & Applied Mechanics Letters 2018年第1期8卷 7-11页

作者： Bo Yuan christopher M.Harvey rachel c.Thomson Gary W.critchlow Simon Wang Department of Aeronautical and Automotive Engineering Loughborough University Department of Materials Engineering Loughborough University School of Mechanical and Equipment Engineering Hebei University of Engineering

Laboratory experiments were conducted to study the spallation behaviour of thermal barrier coatings(TBcs) on aero-engine turbine blades manufactured by the electron-beam physical vapour deposition technique(EB-PVD). Intact blades were heated at temperature 1135℃ in a furnace for certain time and then cooled to the room temperature in the laboratory condition. It was found that no spallation occurred during cooling, but spallation happened at constant room temperature after cooling. The spallation mechanism is studied by using the mechanical model developed(Harvey 2017 and Wang 2017), which are based on the hypothesis of pockets of energy concentration(PEcs). Some observations of the spallation behaviour are well predicted by the model.

关键词： Thermal barrier coating Interface fracture Spallation Pockets of energy concentration Buckling

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All carbon non-covalent exohedral hybrids:c60 aggregates on nanotube networks

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Journal of Energy chemistry 2018年第4期27卷 957-961页

作者： Evgenee Yekymov celine Bounioux racheli Itzhak-cohen Leila Zeiri Emil Shahnazaryan Eugene A.Katz rachel Yerushalmi-Rozen Department of chemical Engineering the Ben-Curion University of the NegevBeer-ShevaIsrael The Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscience and Technology the Ben-Gurion University of the NegevBeer-ShevaIsrael Department of Solar Energy and Envirornental Physics Jacob Blaustein Institute of Desert ResearchBen-Garion University of the NegevSde-Boker CampusMidreshet Ben-GurionIsrael

Exohedral van der Waals （vdW） hybrids comprising pristine carbon nanotubes （cNTs） and c60 fullerenes are expected to enable the engineering of carbonaceous materials with tunable physical and chemical properties due to the unperturbed sp2 hybridization of the comprising allotropes. In spite of theoretical predictions, experimental realization of exohedral non-covalent hybridization of unmodified c60 fullerenes and cNTs was not reported before, probably due to the relatively strong inter-fullerene and inter-tube interactions that drive the system toward phase separation and the formation of fullerene crystals and cNTs bundles. Here we describe a two-step process for preparation of c60-cNTs hybrids. The first step is based on solution-assembly of random, 3D-networks of individual, pristine cNTs followed by fast solvent-quenching. In the second step sublimated fullerenes are deposited onto the pre-assembled networks where structural defects serve as nucleation points for fullerite nanocrystals. Annealing at low temperature （80 ℃） results in re-organization of the c6o nanocrystals into nanometric layers, forming a cNT-c6o core-shell like cylindrical hybrids. Raman characterization and the observed high mobility of the fullerenes at the cNT surface support the assumption that the exohedral hybrids are of vdW type. The approach presented here offers a pathway for preparation of exohedral hybrids with controlled nano- morphology： cNTs-networks decorated by nanometric c60 crystals and cNTs-3D-networks coated by a shell of non-covalently bonded mono- or multi-layers of c60 molecules that may serve to shape the nanomorphology of the active layer in polymer-fullerene bulk-heterojunction solar cells.

关键词： Fullerenes Exohedral hybrids carbon-nanotubes

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Anti-colorectal cancer chemotherapy-Induced Diarrhoea: current Treatments and Side-Effects

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International Journal of clinical Medicine 2014年第7期5卷 393-406页

作者： rachel M. McQuade Joel c. Bornstein Kulmira Nurgali college of Health and Biomedicine Victoria University Melbourne Australia Department of Physiology Melbourne University Melbourne Australia

chemotherapy-induced diarrhoea (cID) is a common side-effect experienced by patients being treated with a variety of antineoplastic agents. Approximately 80% of patients undergoing chemotherapeutic treatment for colorectal and other gastrointestinal cancers present with cID;moreover, about 5% of early deaths associated with combination anti-cancer chemotherapy are due to cID. chronic post-treatment diarrhoea amongst cancer survivors can persist for more than 10 years greatly effecting long-term quality of life. Gastrointestinal toxicities such as diarrhoea and vomiting are amongst the primary contributors to dose reductions and delays throughout anti-cancer treatment, presenting a significant hurdle in clinical management of anti-cancer regimes and often result in sub-optimum treatment. However, little is known about pathophysiological mechanisms underlying cID. This work provides a review of chemotherapy-induced diarrhoea, current management guidelines, and shortcomings of current treatments as well as emerging and already existing anti-diarrhoeal treatments potentially suitable for cID.

关键词： Oxaliplatin Irinotecan 5-Fluorouracil cisplatin carboplatin chemotherapy colorectal cancer chemotherapy-Induced Diarrhoea

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Development of an antibody that neutralizes soluble IgE and eliminates IgE expressing B cells

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cellular & Molecular Immunology 2016年第3期13卷 391-400页

作者： Andrew c. Nyborg Anna Zacco rachel Ettinger M. Jack Borrok Jie Zhu Tom Martini Rob Woods christine Kiefer Michael A. Bowen E. Suzanne cohenz Ronald Herbst Herren Wu Steven coats Medlmmune LLc Gaithersburg MD USA and 2Medlmmune Ltd Milstein Building Granta Park Cambridge UK

Immunoglobulin E （IgE） plays a key role in allergic asthma and is a clinically validated target for monoclonal antibodies. Therapeutic anti-lgE antibodies block the interaction between IgE and the Fc epsilon （Fcε） receptor, which eliminates or minimizes the allergic phenotype but does not typically curtail the ongoing production of IgE by B cells. We generated high-affinity anti-lgE antibodies （MEDI4212） that have the potential to both neutralize soluble IgE and eliminate IgE-expressing B-cells through antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. MEDI4212 variants were generated that contain mutations in the Fc region of the antibody or alterations in fucosylation in order to enhance the antibody＇s affinity for FcyRIIla. All MEDI4212 variants bound to human IgE with affinities comparable to the wild-type （WT） antibody. Each variant was shown to inhibit the interaction between IgE and FcεRI, which translated into potent inhibition of FcyRI-mediated function responses. Importantly, all variants bound similarly to IgE at the surface of membrane IgE expressing cells. However, MEDI4212 variants demonstrated enhanced affinity for FcyRIIla including the polymorphic variants at position 158. The improvement in FcyRIIla binding led to increased effector function in cell based assays using both engineered cell lines and class switched human IgE B cells. Through its superior suppression of IgE, we anticipate that effector function enhanced MEDI4212 may be able to neutralize high levels of soluble IgE and provide increased long-term benefit by eliminating the IgE expressing B cells before they differentiate and become IgE secreting plasma cells.

关键词： antibody therapeutic anti-lgE asthma IgE monoclonal antibody

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Mitochondrial GPX1 silencing triggers differential photosynthesis impairment in response to salinity in rice plants

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2016年第8期58卷 737-748页

作者： Yugo Lima-Melo Fabricio E.L.carvalho Márcio O.Martins Gisele Passaia rachel H.V.Sousa Milton c.Lima Neto Márcia Margis-Pinheiro Joaquim A.G.Silveira Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Federal University of Ceará Department of Genetics Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul

The physiological role of plant mitochondrial glutathione peroxidases is scarcely known. This study attempted to elucidate the role of a rice mitochondrial isoform（GPX1） in photosynthesis under normal growth and salinity conditions. GPX1 knockdown rice lines（GPX1s） were tested in absence and presence of 100 mM Nacl for 6 *** reduction of GPX1 s line under non-stressful conditions, compared with non-transformed（NT） plants occurred in parallel to increased H_2O_2 and decreased GSH contents. These changes occurred concurrently with photosynthesis impairment, particularly in calvin cycle＇s reactions, since photochemical efficiency did not ***, GPX1 silencing and downstream molecular/metabolic changes modulated photosynthesis differentially. In contrast, salinity induced reduction in both phases of photosynthesis, which were more impaired in silenced *** changes were associated with root morphology alterations but not shoot growth. Both studied lines displayed increased GPX activity but H_2O_2 content did not change in response to salinity. Transformed plants exhibited lower photorespiration, water use efficiency and root growth, indicating that GPX1 could be important to salt tolerance. Growth reduction of GPX1 s line might be related to photosynthesis impairment, which in turn could have involved a cross talk mechanism between mitochondria and chloroplast originated from redox changes due to GPX1 deficiency.

关键词： cO2 assimilation glutathione peroxidase Oryza sativa photochemistry redox homeostasis

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The Glucosinolate Biosynthetic Gene A OP2 Mediates Feed-back Regulation of Jasmonic Acid Signaling in Arabidopsis

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Molecular Plant 2015年第8期8卷 1201-1212页

作者： Meike Burow Susanna Atwell Marta Francisco rachel E. Kerwin Barbara A. Halkier Daniel J. Kliebenstein DynaMo center of Excellence Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science University of Copenhagen Thorvaldsensvej 40 1871Frederiksberg C Denmark copenhagen Plant Science centre Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science University of Copenhagen Thorvaldsensvej 40 1871Frederiksberg C Denmark Department of Plant Sciences University of California at Davis Davis CA 95616 USA Mision Biologica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC) PO Box 28 36080 Pontevedra Spain

Survival in changing and challenging environments requires an organism to efficiently obtain and use its resources. Due to their sessile nature, it is particularly critical for plants to dynamically optimize their meta- bolism. In plant primary metabolism, metabolic fine-tuning involves feed-back mechanisms whereby the output of a pathway controls its input to generate a precise and robust response to environmental changes. By contrast, few studies have addressed the potential for feed-back regulation of secondary metabolism. In Arabidopsis, accumulation of the defense compounds glucosinolates has previously been linked to genetic variation in the glucosinolate biosynthetic gene AOP2. AOP2 expression can increase the transcript levels of two known regulators （MYB28 and MYB29） of the pathway, suggesting thatAOP2 plays a role in positive feed-back regulation controlling glucosinolate biosynthesis. We generated mutants affecting AOP2, MYB28/29, or both. Transcriptome analysis of these mutants identified a so far unrecognized link between AOP2 and jasmonic acid （JA） signaling independent of MYB28 and MYB29. Thus, AOP2 is part of a regulatory feed-back loop linking glucosinolate biosynthesis and JA signaling and thereby allows the glucosinolate pathway to influence JA sensitivity. The discovery of this regulatory feed-back loop provides insight into how plants optimize the use of resources for defensive metabolites.

关键词： feed-back regulation jasmonates JA signaling glucosinolates Arabidopsis

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The Influence of Exercise and caffeine on cognitive Function in college Students

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Health 2016年第2期8卷 156-162页

作者： rachel J. Shulder Eric E. Hall Paul c. Miller Department of Exercise Science Elon University Elon USA

Exercise has widely been shown to improve cognition, potentially by making individuals more receptive to sensory stimulation or inhibiting irrelevant information. caffeine, one of the world’s most widely used stimulants, seems to have similar effects. It seems that both exercise and caffeine improve cognitive function separately, but little research has been done examining their combined effects. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of caffeine and exercise, independently and combined, on cognitive function. 20 healthy college students completed the study. These participants were low caffeine consumers. Each participant came to the lab 5 times. During the first session, they completed a graded exercise test on a cycle ergometer to determine ventilatory threshold (VT). The following four sessions were test sessions involving supplementation and exercise. During these, each participant engaged in 30 minutes of cycling (at 90% VT) or 30 minutes of quiet reading after consuming either caffeine (at 4 mg/kg body weight) or a placebo. The contingent continuous Performance Task (cPT) and Wisconsin card Sorting Task were used to measure cognitive function and were completed 5 minutes and 20 minutes after exercise or quiet reading. There were no significant differences found for any variables tested, for condition effect, time effect or condition*time interaction, except for a significant time effect on false alarms on the contingent cPT (p = 0.017). This study may have been limited by multiple variables including the population, executive function measures, caffeine dosage, or exercise prescription. These findings point to the need for future research to understand the changes in cognition from exercise and caffeine in combination. Future research may include looking at exercise at different intensities, different dosages of caffeine, or looking at the long-term cognitive effects.

关键词： Exercise caffeine cognitive Function Executive Function

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Regulating the morphology of fluorinated non-fullerene acceptor and polymer donor via binary solvent mixture for high efficiency polymer solar cells

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Science china chemistry 2019年第9期62卷 1221-1229页

作者： Mengxue chen Zhuohan Zhang Wei Li Jinlong cai Jiangsheng Yu Emma L. K. Spooner rachel c. Kilbride Donghui Li Baocai Du Robert S. Gurney Dan Liu Weihua Tang David G. Lidzey Tao Wang School of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China School of chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Sheffield Sheffield S3 7RH UK

Fluorinated non-fullerene acceptors(NFAs) usually have planar backbone and a higher tendency to crystallize compared to their non-fluorinated counterparts, which leads to enhanced charge mobility in organic solar cells(OScs). However, this selforganization behavior may result in excessive phase separation with electron donors and thereby deteriorate device ***, we demonstrate an effective approach to tune the molecular organization of a fluorinated NFA(INPIc-4 F), and its phase separation with the donor PBDB-T, by varying the casting solvent. A prolonged film drying time encourages the crystallization of INPIc-4 F into spherulites and consequently results in excessive phase separation, leading to a low device power conversion efficiency(PcE) of 8.1%. contrarily, a drying time leads to fine mixed domains with inefficient charge transport properties,resulting in a moderate device PcE of 11.4%. An intermediate film drying time results in the formation of face-on π-π stacked PBDB-T and INPIc-4 F domains with continuous phase-separated networks, which facilitates light absorption, exciton dissociation as well as balanced charge transport towards the electrode, and achieves a remarkable PcE of 13.1%. This work provides a rational guide for optimizing the molecular ordering of NFAs and electron donors for high device efficiency.

关键词： organic solar cells non-fullerene acceptors solvent morphology efficiency

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Metallated Schiff-Base Macromolecules as Alternative Metalloprotein Electron Transfer Intermediates

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Journal of Surface Engineered Materials and Advanced Technology 2020年第2期10卷 34-54页

作者： Al c. Farao rachel Fanelwa Ayaji Meryck Ward Priscilla GL Baker SensorLab Research Group Department of Chemistry University of the Western Cape PB X17 Bellville South Africa

In the construction of biosensors, enzymes function as mediators converting biological signals generated by specific biological processes, into electrochemical signals. The ideology of bio-sensor design is retention of electron transfer activity of the enzyme utilizing superior interfacial architecture. In this work a Schiff-base macromolecule has been synthesized by reflux of 2, 3-diaminonaphthalene and pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde starting materials. The Schiff-base ligand was subsequently complexed with Fecl2?4H2O under reflux, to produce the Fe-Schiff-base complex. The Schiff-base ligand and Fe-Schiff-base complex were characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, Ultra Violet/Visible (UV/Vis) spectroscopy, Fourier transfer infrared resonance (FTIR) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) to confirm the structure of the synthesis products. NMR spectroscopy confirmed the imide linkage of Schiff-base formation as two symmetrical peaks at 8.1 and 7.7 ppm respectively. comparison of starting materials and product spectra by UV/Vis spectroscopy confirmed the disappearance of the diaminonaphthalene peak at 250 nm as evidence of complete conversion to product. FTIR spectroscopy of the Schiff-base ligand confirmed the formation of the imine bond at 1595 cm-1. EELS spectra comparing Fecl2?4H2O and the Fe-Schiff-base complex, showed good agreement in the energy loss profiles associated with changes to the electronic arrangement of Fe d-orbitals. EDS clearly identified a spectral band for Fe (7 - 8 eV) in the Fe-Schiff-base complex. Electrochemical evaluation of the Fe-Schiff-base complex was compared to the electrochemical signature of denatured cytochrome-c using cyclic voltammetry and square wave voltammetry. The Fe2+/Fe3+ quasi-reversible behavior for iron in the metallated complex was observed at -0.430 V vs. Ag/Agcl, which is consistent with reference values for iron in macromolecular structures.

关键词： cytochrome-c Macromolecule Metallated Metalloproteins Schiff-Base

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