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Vegetated treatment area (VTAs) efficiencies for E. coli and nutrient removal on small-scale swine operations

International Soil and Water Conservation research 2018年第2期6卷 153-164页

作者： r.daren harmel rehanon Pampell Terry Gentry Doug r.Smith Chad Hajda Kevin Wagner Patti K.Smith rick L.Haney Kori D.Higgs USDA-ArS 2150Centre Ave.Bldg.DSuite340Fort CollinsCO80526USA Texas A&M AgriLife research 720E.Blackland RoadTempleTX76502USA Soil and Crop Sciences Dept. Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationTX77843USA USDA-ArS 808E.Blackland RoadTempleTX76502USA Oklahoma State University 139Ag HallStillwaterOK74078USA Biological and Agricultural Engineering Dept. Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationTX77843USA

As small-scale animal feeding operations work to manage their byproducts and avoid regulation, they need practical, cost-effective methods to reduce environmental impact. One such option is using vege-tative treatment areas (VTAs) with perennial grasses to treat runoff;however, research is limited on VTA effectiveness as a waste management alternative for smaller operations. This study evaluated the effi-ciencies of VTAs in reducing bacteria and nutrient runoff from small-scale swine operations in three counties in Central Texas. Based on 4 yr of runoff data, the Bell and Brazos VTAs significantly reduced loads and concentrations of E. coli and nutrients (except NO3-N) and had treatment efficiencies of 73–94%. Most notably, the Bell VTA reduced loads of E. coli, NH4-N, PO4-P, total N, and total P similar to that of the background (control). In spite of significant reductions, runoff from the Brazos VTA had higher concentrations and loads than the control site, especially following installation of concrete pens and increased pen washing, which produced standing water and increased E. coli and nutrient influx. The robertson VTA produced fewer significant reductions and had lower treatment efficiencies (29–69%);however, E. coli and nutrient concentrations and loads leaving this VTA were much lower than observed at the Bell and Brazos County sites due to alternative solids management and enclosed pens. Based on these results and previous research, VTAs can be practical, effective waste management alternatives for reducing nutrient and bacteria losses from small-scale animal operations, but only if properly designed and managed.

关键词： Bacteria Nutrients Swine manure Waste management Water quality

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Initial Field Evaluation of the Agro-Economic Effects of Determining Nitrogen Fertilizer rates with a recently-Developed Soil Test Methodology

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Open Journal of Soil Science 2013年第2期3卷 91-99页

作者： r. daren harmel richard L. Haney Grassland Soil and Water Research Laboratory USDA-Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Temple Texas USA.

Although agriculture is not the only contributor of excess nutrients to US waters, agriculture is an important contributor and should do its part to reduce nutrient loading. One important step in reducing agricultural contribution is to accurately account for all sources of plant available nutrients so that only needed nutrients are applied. In this study, three fertilizer rate treatments were evaluated: no fertilizer (control), traditional rate, and reduced rate based on a recently-developed enhanced soil test methodology. For each of nine sites in Texas, fertilizer data (formulation, rate, cost, and application date) and crop data (yield, price, and harvest date) were recorded, and economic throughput (profit) was determined. In this four year study, fertilizer rates were reduced 30%-50% (and fertilizer costs reduced 23%-39%) based on enhanced soil test methodology recommendations for wheat, corn, oats, and grain sorghum, but yields were not significantly reduced (0%-6%) and oat yields actually increased 5%. Profit decreased -18% for wheat, oats, and grain sorghum with reduced fertilizer rates. Although these changes were not statistically significant, they do represent benefit through increased profit potential and decreased input cost and production risk. In only 6% of the time was the traditional fertilizer rate the most profitable, compared to 51% for the unfertilized treatment and 43% for the enhanced soil test treatment. These results do not indicate that fertilizer application should be avoided but that fertilizer rates should be carefully chosen considering all sources of plant available nutrients (e.g., mineralization, irrigation water, nutrients deeper in the soil profile) to ensure that fertilizer is applied at the optimal rate.

关键词： Soil Tests Crop Yields On-Farm Profit Water Quality

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Evaluation of H3A for Determination of Plant Available P vs. FeAlO Strips

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Open Journal of Soil Science 2016年第11期6卷 175-187页

作者： richard L. Haney Elizabeth B. Haney r. daren harmel Douglas r. Smith Mike J. White Grassland Soil and Water Research Laboratory USDA-ARS Temple TX USA Texas Agri Life research and Extension Center Texas A&M University Temple TX USA

Phosphorus is an essential nutrient for plant growth but in excess is a source of environmental pollution. Fertilizer additions of P are recommended based on soil tests;however, the commonly applied P extractants are often applied outside of their design criteria (specifically soil pH). As a result, soil tests can produce inaccurate estimates of plant available P in the soil, which either increases P loss in runoff, contributing to eutrophication, or decreases crop production contributing to economic loss. In this study, 200 diverse soils from across the US were extracted with Mehlich 3, water, H3A-3, and FeAlO strips. Comparison with FeAlO was critical, as this method is accepted as the “gold standard” for plant-available P, but it is rarely used in commercial labs because of time and financial constraints. H3A-3 produced mean, median, standard deviations that are very similar to FeAlO strip results and low relative errors (rrelated regression relationships (r2 > 0.96 with slopes 0.95 - 0.98). Although Mehlich 3 and water were correlated with FeAlO, Mehlich 3 (strongly acidic) extracted much more P than FeAlO, and water (low buffering capacity) extracted much less P across the range of soil pH values. Thus, H3A-3 provides an improved methodology to accurately determine plant-available P by mimicking root exudate action in the soil, while avoiding the time-consuming and costly FeAlO procedure. In the face of high-profile water quality impairments with enormous economic costs, such advancements are critical to balance agronomic production with environmental concerns.

关键词： Soil Testing Soil Extraction Soil Test Phosphorus

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Impact of Management Practices on Water Extractable Organic Carbon and Nitrogen from 12-Year Poultry Litter Amended Soils

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Open Journal of Soil Science 2017年第10期7卷 259-277页

作者： Zhongqi He Mingchu Zhang Aiqing Zhao Heidi M. Waldrip Paulo H. Pagliari r. daren harmel USDA-ArS Southern Regional Research Center New Orleans USA Department of Agriculture and Horticulture University of Alaska Fairbanks Fairbanks USA Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (TCSAE) Beijing China USDA-ArS Conservation and Production Research Laboratory Bushland USA Department of Soil Water and Climate University of Minnesota Southwest Research and Outreach Center Lamberton USA USDA-ArS Center for Agricultural Resources Research Fort Collins USA

Water extractable organic carbon (WEOC) and nitrogen (WEON) are two key parameters of soil water extractable organic matter (WEOM). Proper management of manure application rate in combination with tillage and cropping management could maintain appropriate WEOC and WEON concentrations in soils while decreasing the risk of their runoff from cropland and pastures. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of poultry litter (PL) application on WEOC and WEON in soils under different crops, tillage regimes, and grazing strategies. From 2001 to 2012, PL was applied at multiple rates to cultivated fields in a corn-oat/wheat-hay rotation or to pastures grazed by cattle or ungrazed. Soil samples (0 - 15 cm) were analyzed for KCl-extractable mineral N, and WEOC, and WEON contents. In addition, Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) and fluorescence spectroscopies were used to characterize WEOC stability. Organic N levels were higher at the high PL application rates. The soil C:N ratio narrowed as the PL application rate increased. However, the soil from pastures which received PL tended to have a wider range of C:N ratios than soil from the cultivated fields, despite identical PL application rates. The spectral analyses indicated that WEOC properties were responsive to management and PL application rate;therefore, this parameter may be used as a guide to provide best management strategy for manure application.

关键词： Biological Index Humification Index Poultry Litter Soil Organic Matter Spe-cific Absorptivity UV-Vis Spectroscopy

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Analysis Methods for the Determination of Anthropogenic Additions of P to Agricultural Soils

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Open Journal of Soil Science 2015年第2期5卷 59-68页

作者： richard L. Haney Virginia L. Jin Mari-Vaughn V. Johnson Elizabeth B. Haney r. daren harmel Jeffrey G. Arnold Michael J. White United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture research Service Grassland Soil and Water Research Laboratory Temple TX USA United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture research Service Agroecosystem Management Research Laboratory University of Nebraska East Campus Lincoln NE USA United States Department of Agriculture-Natural resource Conservation Service Temple TX USA Texas A&M University Texas AgriLife Research & Extension Center Temple TX USA

Phosphorus loading and measurement is of concern on lands where biosolids have been applied. Traditional soil testing for plant-available P may be inadequate for the accurate assessment of P loadings in a regulatory environment as the reported levels may not correlate well with environmental risk. In order to accurately assess potential P runoff and leaching, as well as plant uptake, we must be able to measure organic P mineralized by the biotic community in the soil. Soils with varying rates of biosolid application were evaluated for mineralized organic P during a 112-day incubation using the difference between P measured using a rapid-flow analyzer (rFA) and an axial flow Varian ICP-OES. An increase in the P mineralized from the treated soils was observed from analysis with the Varian ICP-OES, but not with the rFA. These results confirm that even though organic P concentrations have increased due to increasing biosolid application, traditional soil testing using an rFA for detection, would not accurately portray P concentration and potential P loading from treated soils.

关键词： Phosphorus Anthropogenic Additions Biosolids rapid-Flow Analyzer (rFA) Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) Texas Commission of Environmental Quality (TCEQ) Soil Organic C (SOC) Total N (TN) Water-Soluble Organic C (WSOC) Water Soluble Organic N (WSON)

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