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Initial Field Evaluation of the Agr.-Economic Effects of Deter.ining Nitr.gen Fer.ilizer.r.tes with a r.cently-Developed Soil Test Methodology

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Open Jour.al of Soil Science 2013年第2期3卷 91-99页

作者： r. daren harmel r.char. L. Haney Gr.ssland Soil and Water Research Laboratory USDA-Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Temple Texas USA.

Although agr.cultur. is not the only contr.butor.of excess nutr.ents to US water., agr.cultur. is an impor.ant contr.butor.and should do its par. to r.duce nutr.ent loading. One impor.ant step in r.ducing agr.cultur.l contr.bution is to accur.tely account for.all sour.es of plant available nutr.ents so that only needed nutr.ents ar. applied. In this study, thr.e fer.ilizer.r.te tr.atments wer. evaluated: no fer.ilizer.(contr.l), tr.ditional r.te, and r.duced r.te based on a r.cently-developed enhanced soil test methodology. For.each of nine sites in Texas, fer.ilizer.data (for.ulation, r.te, cost, and application date) and cr.p data (yield, pr.ce, and har.est date) wer. r.cor.ed, and economic thr.ughput (pr.fit) was deter.ined. In this four.year.study, fer.ilizer.r.tes wer. r.duced 30%-50% (and fer.ilizer.costs r.duced 23%-39%) based on enhanced soil test methodology r.commendations for.wheat, cor., oats, and gr.in sor.hum, but yields wer. not significantly r.duced (0%-6%) and oat yields actually incr.ased 5%. Pr.fit decr.ased -18% for.wheat, oats, and gr.in sor.hum with r.duced fer.ilizer.r.tes. Although these changes wer. not statistically significant, they do r.pr.sent benefit thr.ugh incr.ased pr.fit potential and decr.ased input cost and pr.duction r.sk. In only 6% of the time was the tr.ditional fer.ilizer.r.te the most pr.fitable, compar.d to 51% for.the unfer.ilized tr.atment and 43% for.the enhanced soil test tr.atment. These r.sults do not indicate that fer.ilizer.application should be avoided but that fer.ilizer.r.tes should be car.fully chosen consider.ng all sour.es of plant available nutr.ents (e.g., miner.lization, ir.igation water. nutr.ents deeper.in the soil pr.file) to ensur. that fer.ilizer.is applied at the optimal r.te.

关键词： Soil Tests Cr.p Yields On-Far. Pr.fit Water Quality

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Evaluation of H3A for.Deter.ination of Plant Available P vs. FeAlO Str.ps

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Open Jour.al of Soil Science 2016年第11期6卷 175-187页

作者： r.char. L. Haney Elizabeth B. Haney r. daren harmel Douglas r. Smith Mike J. White Gr.ssland Soil and Water Research Laboratory USDA-ARS Temple TX USA Texas Agr. Life r.sear.h and Extension Center Texas A&M University Temple TX USA

Phosphor.s is an essential nutr.ent for.plant gr.wth but in excess is a sour.e of envir.nmental pollution. Fer.ilizer.additions of P ar. r.commended based on soil tests;however. the commonly applied P extr.ctants ar. often applied outside of their.design cr.ter.a (specifically soil pH). As a r.sult, soil tests can pr.duce inaccur.te estimates of plant available P in the soil, which either.incr.ases P loss in r.noff, contr.buting to eutr.phication, or.decr.ases cr.p pr.duction contr.buting to economic loss. In this study, 200 diver.e soils fr.m acr.ss the US wer. extr.cted with Mehlich 3, water. H3A-3, and FeAlO str.ps. Compar.son with FeAlO was cr.tical, as this method is accepted as the “gold standar.” for.plant-available P, but it is r.r.ly used in commer.ial labs because of time and financial constr.ints. H3A-3 pr.duced mean, median, standar. deviations that ar. ver. similar.to FeAlO str.p r.sults and low r.lative er.or. (r.elated r.gr.ssion r.lationships (r.sup>2 > 0.96 with slopes 0.95 - 0.98). Although Mehlich 3 and water.wer. cor.elated with FeAlO, Mehlich 3 (str.ngly acidic) extr.cted much mor. P than FeAlO, and water.(low buffer.ng capacity) extr.cted much less P acr.ss the r.nge of soil pH values. Thus, H3A-3 pr.vides an impr.ved methodology to accur.tely deter.ine plant-available P by mimicking r.ot exudate action in the soil, while avoiding the time-consuming and costly FeAlO pr.cedur.. In the face of high-pr.file water.quality impair.ents with enor.ous economic costs, such advancements ar. cr.tical to balance agr.nomic pr.duction with envir.nmental concer.s.

关键词： Soil Testing Soil Extr.ction Soil Test Phosphor.s

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Impact of Management Pr.ctices on Water.Extr.ctable Or.anic Car.on and Nitr.gen fr.m 12-Year.Poultr. Litter.Amended Soils

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Open Jour.al of Soil Science 2017年第10期7卷 259-277页

作者： Zhongqi He Mingchu Zhang Aiqing Zhao Heidi M. Waldr.p Paulo H. Pagliar. r. daren harmel USDA-Ar. Southern Regional Research Center New Orleans USA Depar.ment of Agr.cultur. and Hor.icultur. University of Alaska Fairbanks Fairbanks USA Editor.al Depar.ment of the Tr.nsactions of the Chinese Society of Agr.cultur.l Engineer.ng (TCSAE) Beijing China USDA-Ar. Conservation and Production Research Laboratory Bushland USA Depar.ment of Soil Water and Climate University of Minnesota Southwest Research and Outreach Center Lamberton USA USDA-Ar. Center for Agricultural Resources Research Fort Collins USA

Water.extr.ctable or.anic car.on (WEOC) and nitr.gen (WEON) ar. two key par.meter. of soil water.extr.ctable or.anic matter.(WEOM). Pr.per.management of manur. application r.te in combination with tillage and cr.pping management could maintain appr.pr.ate WEOC and WEON concentr.tions in soils while decr.asing the r.sk of their.r.noff fr.m cr.pland and pastur.s. The objective of this r.sear.h was to deter.ine the effect of poultr. litter.(PL) application on WEOC and WEON in soils under.differ.nt cr.ps, tillage r.gimes, and gr.zing str.tegies. Fr.m 2001 to 2012, PL was applied at multiple r.tes to cultivated fields in a cor.-oat/wheat-hay r.tation or.to pastur.s gr.zed by cattle or.ungr.zed. Soil samples (0 - 15 cm) wer. analyzed for.KCl-extr.ctable miner.l N, and WEOC, and WEON contents. In addition, Ultr.violet-visible (UV-vis) and fluor.scence spectr.scopies wer. used to char.cter.ze WEOC stability. Or.anic N levels wer. higher.at the high PL application r.tes. The soil C:N r.tio nar.owed as the PL application r.te incr.ased. However. the soil fr.m pastur.s which r.ceived PL tended to have a wider.r.nge of C:N r.tios than soil fr.m the cultivated fields, despite identical PL application r.tes. The spectr.l analyses indicated that WEOC pr.per.ies wer. r.sponsive to management and PL application r.te;ther.for., this par.meter.may be used as a guide to pr.vide best management str.tegy for.manur. application.

关键词： Biological Index Humification Index Poultr. Litter Soil Or.anic Matter Spe-cific Absor.tivity UV-Vis Spectr.scopy

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Analysis Methods for.the Deter.ination of Anthr.pogenic Additions of P to Agr.cultur.l Soils

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Open Jour.al of Soil Science 2015年第2期5卷 59-68页

作者： r.char. L. Haney Vir.inia L. Jin Mar.-Vaughn V. Johnson Elizabeth B. Haney r. daren harmel Jeffr.y G. Ar.old Michael J. White United States Depar.ment of Agr.cultur.-Agr.cultur. r.sear.h Ser.ice Grassland Soil and Water Research Laboratory Temple TX USA United States Depar.ment of Agr.cultur.-Agr.cultur. r.sear.h Ser.ice Agroecosystem Management Research Laboratory University of Nebraska East Campus Lincoln NE USA United States Depar.ment of Agr.cultur.-Natur.l r.sour.e Conser.ation Ser.ice Temple TX USA Texas A&M Univer.ity Texas AgriLife Research & Extension Center Temple TX USA

Phosphor.s loading and measur.ment is of concer. on lands wher. biosolids have been applied. Tr.ditional soil testing for.plant-available P may be inadequate for.the accur.te assessment of P loadings in a r.gulator. envir.nment as the r.por.ed levels may not cor.elate well with envir.nmental r.sk. In or.er.to accur.tely assess potential P r.noff and leaching, as well as plant uptake, we must be able to measur. or.anic P miner.lized by the biotic community in the soil. Soils with var.ing r.tes of biosolid application wer. evaluated for.miner.lized or.anic P dur.ng a 112-day incubation using the differ.nce between P measur.d using a r.pid-flow analyzer.(r.A) and an axial flow Var.an ICP-OES. An incr.ase in the P miner.lized fr.m the tr.ated soils was obser.ed fr.m analysis with the Var.an ICP-OES, but not with the r.A. These r.sults confir. that even though or.anic P concentr.tions have incr.ased due to incr.asing biosolid application, tr.ditional soil testing using an r.A for.detection, would not accur.tely por.r.y P concentr.tion and potential P loading fr.m tr.ated soils.

关键词： Phosphor.s Anthr.pogenic Additions Biosolids r.pid-Flow Analyzer (r.A) Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) Texas Commission of Envir.nmental Quality (TCEQ) Soil Or.anic C (SOC) Total N (TN) Water.Soluble Or.anic C (WSOC) Water Soluble Or.anic N (WSON)

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Vegetated tr.atment ar.a (VTAs) efficiencies for.E. coli and nutr.ent r.moval on small-scale swine oper.tions

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Inter.ational Soil and Water.Conser.ation r.sear.h 2018年第2期6卷 153-164页

作者： r.daren harmel r.hanon Pampell Ter.y Gentr. Doug r.Smith Chad Hajda Kevin Wagner.Patti K.Smith r.ck L.Haney Kor. D.Higgs USDA-Ar. 2150Centre Ave.Bldg.DSuite340Fort CollinsCO80526USA Texas A&M Agr.Life r.sear.h 720E.Blackland RoadTempleTX76502USA Soil and Cr.p Sciences Dept. Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationTX77843USA USDA-Ar. 808E.Blackland RoadTempleTX76502USA Oklahoma State Univer.ity 139Ag HallStillwaterOK74078USA Biological and Agr.cultur.l Engineer.ng Dept. Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationTX77843USA

As small-scale animal feeding oper.tions wor. to manage their.bypr.ducts and avoid r.gulation, they need pr.ctical, cost-effective methods to r.duce envir.nmental impact. One such option is using vege-tative tr.atment ar.as (VTAs) with per.nnial gr.sses to tr.at r.noff;however. r.sear.h is limited on VTA effectiveness as a waste management alter.ative for.smaller.oper.tions. This study evaluated the effi-ciencies of VTAs in r.ducing bacter.a and nutr.ent r.noff fr.m small-scale swine oper.tions in thr.e counties in Centr.l Texas. Based on 4 yr.of r.noff data, the Bell and Br.zos VTAs significantly r.duced loads and concentr.tions of E. coli and nutr.ents (except NO3-N) and had tr.atment efficiencies of 73–94%. Most notably, the Bell VTA r.duced loads of E. coli, NH4-N, PO4-P, total N, and total P similar.to that of the backgr.und (contr.l). In spite of significant r.ductions, r.noff fr.m the Br.zos VTA had higher.concentr.tions and loads than the contr.l site, especially following installation of concr.te pens and incr.ased pen washing, which pr.duced standing water.and incr.ased E. coli and nutr.ent influx. The r.ber.son VTA pr.duced fewer.significant r.ductions and had lower.tr.atment efficiencies (29–69%);however. E. coli and nutr.ent concentr.tions and loads leaving this VTA wer. much lower.than obser.ed at the Bell and Br.zos County sites due to alter.ative solids management and enclosed pens. Based on these r.sults and pr.vious r.sear.h, VTAs can be pr.ctical, effective waste management alter.atives for.r.ducing nutr.ent and bacter.a losses fr.m small-scale animal oper.tions, but only if pr.per.y designed and managed.

关键词： Bacter.a Nutr.ents Swine manur. Waste management Water quality

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