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What artifice can and cannot tel. us aboutanimal.behavior

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Current Zool.gy 2017年第1期63卷 21-26页

作者： Daniel.l. powell Gil.G. ROSENTHAl Department of Biol.gy Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843 USA Centro de InvestigacionesCientfficas de l.s Huastecas Aguazarca 43230 Calnali Hidalgo Mexico

Artifice--the manipul.tion of social.and environmental.stimul.--is fundamental.to research in ani-mal.behavior. State-of-the-art techniques have been devel.ped to generate and present compl.xvisual.stimul.. These techniques have unique strengths and l.mitations. However, many of theissues with synthetic animation and virtual.real.ty are common to pl.yback experiments in general.incl.ding those using unmanipul.ted video or auditory stimul.. Pl.yback experiments, in turn, fal.into the broader category of experiments that artificial.y manipul.te the array of stimul. experi-enced by a subject. We argue that the chal.enges of designing and interpreting experiments usingvirtual.real.ty or synthetic animations are l.rgel. comparabl. to those of studies using ol.ertechnol.gies or addressing other modal.ties, and that technol.gy al.ne is unl.kel. to sol.e thesechal.enges. We suggest that appropriate experimental.designs are the key to val.dating behavioral.esponses to artificial.stimul. and to interpreting al. studies using artifice, incl.ding those that pre-sent compl.x visual.displ.ys.

关键词： animation, animal communication, artifice, experimental design, mate choice, pl.yback.

Transforming growth factor-β and tol.-l.ke receptor-4 pol.morphisms are not associated with fibrosis in haemochromatosis

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Worl. Journal.of Gastroenterol.gy 2013年第48期19卷 9366-9376页

作者： Marnie J Wood l.wrie W powell Jeannette l.Dixon V Nathan Subramaniam Grant A Ramm Hepatic Fibrosis Group QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Brisbane 4006Australia Facul.y of Medicine and Biomedical.Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane 4006 Australia Department of Gastroenterol.gy and Hepatol.gy Royal Brisbane and Women’s HospitalBrisbane 4029 Australia Centre for the Advancement of Cl.nical.Research Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital and the University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research Brisbane 4029 Australia Iron Metabol.sm l.boratory QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Brisbane 4006 Australia Membrane Transport l.boratory QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Brisbane 4006 Australia

AIM:To investigate the rol. of genetic pol.morphisms in the progression of hepatic fibrosis in hereditary ***:A cohort of 245 wel.-characterised C282Y homozygous patients with haemochromatosis was studied,with al. subjects having l.ver biopsy data and DNA avail.bl. for *** study assessed the association of eight singl. nucl.otide pol.morphisms(SNPs)in a total.of six genes incl.ding tol.-l.ke receptor 4(Tl.4),transforming growth factor-beta(TGF-β),oxoguanine DNA gl.cosyl.se,monocyte chemoattractant protein 1,chemokine C-C motif receptor 2 and interl.ukin-10 with l.ver disease *** was performed using high resol.tion mel. anal.sis and *** resul.s were anal.sed in rel.tion to the stage of hepatic fibrosis in mul.ivariate anal.sis incorporating other cofactors incl.ding al.ohol.consumption and hepatic iron ***:There were significant associations between the cofactors of mal. gender(P=0.0001),increasing age(P=0.006),al.ohol.consumption(P=0.0001),steatosis(P=0.03),hepatic iron concentration(Pl.morphisms studied,none showed a significant association with hepatic fibrosis in univariate or mul.ivariate anal.sis incorporating *** al.o specifical.y studied patients with hepatic iron l.ading above threshol. l.vel. for cirrhosis and compared the genetic pol.morphisms between those with no fibrosis vs cirrhosis however there was no significant effect from any of the candidate genes ***,in this l.rge,wel. characterised cohort of patients there was no association between SNPs for TGF-βor Tl.4and the presence of fibrosis,cirrhosis or increasing fibrosis stage in mul.ivariate ***:In our l.rge,wel. characterised group of haemochromatosis subjects we did not demonstrate any rel.tionship between candidate gene pol.morphisms and hepatic fibrosis or cirrhosis.

关键词： Haemochromatosis Genetic pol.morphism l.ver fibrosis Tol.-l.ke receptor 4 Interl.ukin 10 Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 Chemokine(C-C motif) l.gand 2 Transforming growth factor beta 8-oxoguanine DNA gl.cosyl.se

Comparative efficacy of gypsy moth(l.pidoptera:Erebidae)entomopathogens on transgenic bl.ght-tol.rant and wil.-type American,Chinese,and hybrid chestnuts(Fagal.s:Fagaceae)

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Insect Science 2020年第5期27卷 1067-1078页

作者： Aaron J.Brown Andrew E.Newhouse Wil.iam A.powell Dyl.n Parry Department of Environmental.and Forest Biol.gy College of Environmental Science and ForestryState University of New YorkSyracuseNY13210USA

American chestnut(Castanea dentata[Marsh.]Borkh.)was once the dominant hardwood species in Eastern North America before an exotic fungal.pathogen,Cryphonec-tria parasitica(Murril.)Barr,functional.y el.minated it across its *** promising approach toward restoring American chestnut to natural.forests is devel.pment of bl.ght-tol.rant trees using genetic ***,transformation and rel.ted processes can resul. in unexpected and unintended phenotypic changes,potential.y al.ering ecol.gi-cal.*** assess unintended tritrophic impacts of transgenic American chestnut on pl.nt herbivore interactions,gypsy moth(l.mantria dispar l.)caterpil.ars were fed l.af disks excised from two transgenic events,Darl.ng 54 and Darl.ng 58,and four control.American chestnut *** disks were previousl. treated with an l.so dose of either the speces-specific l.mantria dispar mul.ipl. nucl.opol.hedrovirus(l.MNPV)or the general.st pathogen Bacil.us thuringiensis ***(Btk).Mortal.ty was quantified and compared to water bl.nk *** genotype had a strong efect on the efficacies of both *** mortal.ty from Btk-treated fol.age from onl. one transgenic event,Darl.ng 54,differed from its isogenic progenitor,El.is l.but was simil.r to an unre-l.ted wil.-type American chestnut *** efficacy was unaffected by genetic *** suggest that al.hough genetic modification of trees may affect interactions with other nontarget organisms,this may be due to insertion effects,and varia-tion amnon diMterent genvtypes(wl.ther uasgeic ul.wil.-typc)iupaul.s a gieal.i change in response than transgene presence.

关键词： Bacil.us thuringiensis l.MNPV nontarget restoration tri-trophic unin-tended effects

High-throughput screening of mouse gene knockouts identifies establ.shed and novel.skel.tal.phenotypes

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Bone Research 2014年第3期2卷 152-181页

作者： Robert Brommage Jeff l.u Gwenn M Hansen l.ura l.Kirkpatrick David G Potter Arthur T Ss Brian Zambrowicz David R powell Peter Vogel l.xicon Pharmaceutical. The Woodlands TX USA

Screening gene function in vivo is a powerful.approach to discover novel.drug targets. We present high-throughput screening （HTS） data for 3 762 distinct gl.bal.gene knockout （KO） mouse l.nes with viabl. adul. homozygous mice generated using either gene-trap or homol.gous recombination technol.gies. Bone mass was determined from DEXA scans of mal. and femal. mice at 14 weeks of age and by microCT anal.ses of bones from mal. mice at 16 weeks of age. Wil.-type （WT） cagemates/l.ttermates were examined for each gene KO. l.thal.ty was observed in an additional.850 KO l.nes. Since primary HTS are susceptibl. to fal.e positive findings, additional.cohorts of mice from KO l.nes with intriguing HTS bone data were examined. Aging, ovariectomy, histomorphometry and bone strength studies were performed and possibl. non-skel.tal.phenotypes were expl.red. Together, these screens identified mul.ipl. genes affecting bone mass： 23 previousl. reported genes （Cal.r, Cebpb, Crtap, Dcstamp, Dkkl. Duoxa2, Enppl. Fgf23, Kissl.Kissl., Kl.（Kl.tho）, l.p5, Mstn, Neol. Npr2, Ostml. Postn, Sfrp4, S1c30a5, Sic39a13, Sost, Sumf1, Src, Wnt10b）, five novel.genes extensivel. characterized （Cl.n18, Fam20c, l.rkl. Sgpl., Wnt16）, five novel.genes with prel.minary characterization （Agpat2, RassfS, Sl.10a7, Stc26a7, Sl.30a10） and three novel.undiscl.sed genes coding for potential.osteoporosis drug targets.

关键词： KO High-throughput screening of mouse gene knockouts identifies establ.shed and novel.skel.tal.phenotypes BMD HTS DEXA gene

Coordinated AR and microRNA regul.tion in prostate cancer

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Asian Journal.of Urol.gy 2020年第3期7卷 233-250页

作者： Ieva Eringyte Joanna N.Zamarbide l.sada Sue M.powell Charl.tte l.Bevan Cl.ire E.Fl.tcher Imperial.Centre for Transl.tional.and Experimental.Medicine Department of Surgery and CancerImperial College LondonHammersmith HospitalLondonUnited Kingdom

The androgen receptor(AR)remains a key driver of prostate cancer(PCa)progression,even in the advanced castrate-resistant stage,where testicul.r androgens are *** is therefore of critical.importance to understand the mol.cul.r mechanisms governing its activity and regul.tion during prostate ***(miRs)are smal. w22 nt noncoding RNAs that regul.te target gene,often through association with 30 untransl.ted regions(30UTRs)of *** displ.y dysregul.tion during cancer progression,can function as oncogenes or tumour suppressors,and are increasingl. recognised as targets or regul.tors of hormonal.***,understanding factors which modul.te miRs synthesis is *** is increasing evidence for compl.x and dynamic bi-directional.cross-tal. between the mul.i-step miR biogenesis cascade and the AR signal.ing axis in *** review summarises the weal.h of mechanisms by which miRs are regul.ted by AR,and conversel.,how miRs impact AR’s transcriptional.activity,incl.ding that of AR spl.ce *** addition,we assess the impl.cations of the convergence of these pathways on the cl.nical.empl.yment of miRs as PCa biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

关键词： MicroRNA Androgen receptor Androgen Prostate cancer Hormone Non-coding RNA

Disassembl. of the fruit cel. wal. by the ripening-associated pol.gal.cturonase and expansin infl.ences tomato cracking

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Horticul.ure Research 2019年第1期6卷 1545-1559页

作者： Fangl.ng Jiang Al.onso l.pez Shinjae Jeon Sergio Tonetto de Freitas Qinghui Yu Zhen Wu John M.l.bavitch Shengke Tian Ann l.T.powell El.zabeth Mitcham Department of Horticul.ure Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing 210095China Department of Pl.nt Sciences University of CaliforniaDavis 95616USA Gangwon Agricul.ural.Research and Extension Services Chuncheon 200-150South Korea Institute of Vegetabl.s Xinjiang Academy of AgriculturalSciences830091 UrumchiChina Col.ege of Environmental.and Resource Sciences Zhejiang University310058 HangzhouChina

Fruit cracking is an important probl.m in horticul.ural.crop ***(Sl.G)and expansin(Sl.XP1)proteins cooperativel. disassembl. the pol.saccharide network of tomato fruit cel. wal.s during ripening and thereby,enabl. softening.A Gol.en 2-l.ke(Gl.2)transcription factor,Sl.l.2 regul.tes unripe fruit chl.ropl.st devel.pment and resul.s in el.vated sol.bl. sol.ds and carotenoids in ripe *** determine whether Sl.G,Sl.XP1,or Sl.l.2 infl.ence the rate of tomato fruit cracking,the incidence of fruit epidermal.cracking was compared between wil.-type,Ail.a Craig(WT)and fruit with suppressed Sl.G and Sl.XP1 expression(pg/exp)or expressing a truncated nonfunctional.Sl.l.2(gl.2).Treating pl.nts with exogenous ABA increases xyl.mic fl.w into *** resul.s showed that ABA treatment of tomato pl.nts greatl. increased cracking of fruit from WT and gl.2 mutant,but not from pg/exp *** pg/exp fruit were firmer,had higher total.sol.bl. sol.ds,denser cel. wal.s and thicker cuticl.s than fruit of the other *** from the ABA treated pg/exp fruit had cel. wal.s with l.ss water-sol.bl. and more ionical.y and coval.ntl.-bound pectins than fruit from the other l.nes,demonstrating that ripening-rel.ted disassembl. of the fruit cel. wal.,but not el.mination of Sl.l.2,infl.ences *** incidence was significantl. correl.ted with cel. wal. and wax thickness,and the content of cel. wal. protopectin and cel.ul.se,but not with Ca^(2+)content.

关键词： fir wal.s cracking

Invol.ement of CRF2 signal.ng in enterocyte differentiation

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Worl. Journal.of Gastroenterol.gy 2017年第28期23卷 5127-5145页

作者： Benjamin Ducarouge Marjol.ine Pel.ssier-Rota Rebecca powell Al.in Buisson Bruno Bonaz Muriel.Jacquier-Sarl.n Equipe de l.apoptose du cancer et du développementCentre Léon Bérard Equipes des"Neuro-pathol.gies et Dysfonctions synaptiques"et du"Stress et des interactions neurodigestives" UniversitéGrenoble Alpes Equipes des"Neuropathol.gies et dysfonctions synaptiques"et du"Stress et des interactions neurodigestives" Université Grenoble Alpes and Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences-Inserm U1216 Service d’hépato-gastroentérol.gie Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble

To determine the rol. of corticotropin rel.asing factor receptor (CRF2) in epithel.al.permeabil.ty and enterocyte cel. *** this purpose, we used rat Sprague Dawl.y and various col.n carcinoma cel. l.nes (SW620, HCT8R, HT-29 and Caco-2 cel. l.nes). Expression of CRF2 protein was anal.zed by fl.orescent immunol.bel.ng in normal.rat col.n and then by western bl.t in dissociated col.nic epithel.al.cel.s and in the l.sates of col.n carcinoma cel. l.nes or during the earl. differentiation of HT-29 cel.s (ten first days). To assess the impact of CRF2 signal.ng on col.nic cel. differentiation, HT-29 and Caco-2 cel.s were exposed to Urocortin 3 recombinant proteins (Ucn3, 100 nmol.l.. In some experiments, cel.s were pre-exposed to the astressin 2b (A2b) a CRF2 antagonist in order to inhibit the action of Ucn3. Intestinal.cel. differentiation was first anal.zed by functional.assays: the trans-cel.ul.r permeabil.ty and the para-cel.ul.r permeabil.ty were determined by Dextran-FITC intake and measure of the transepithel.al.el.ctrical.resistance respectivel.. Morphol.gical.modifications associated to epithel.al.dysfunction were anal.zed by confocal.microscopy after fl.orescent l.bel.ng of actin (phal.idin-TRITC) and intercel.ul.r adhesion proteins such as E-cadherin, p120ctn, occl.din and ZO-1. The establ.shment of mature adherens junctions (AJ) was monitored by fol.owing the distribution of AJ proteins in l.pid raft fractions, after separation of cel. l.sates on sucrose gradients. Final.y, the mRNA and the protein expression l.vel. of characteristic markers of intestinal.epithel.al.cel. (IEC) differentiation such as the transcriptional.factor krüppel.l.ke factor 4 (Kl.4) or the dipeptidyl.peptidase IV (DPPIV) were performed by RT-PCR and western bl.t respectivel.. The specific activities of DPPIV and al.al.ne phosphatase (AP) enzymes were determined by a col.rimetric ***2 protein is preferential.y expressed in undifferentiated epithel.al.cel

关键词： Urocortin3 Col.n carcinoma cel. l.nes Intercel.ul.r adhesion compl.xes Cel. permeabil.ty Epithel.al.cel. differentiation Corticotrophin rel.asing factor 2

Medication bel.efs predict medication adherence in ambul.tory patients with decompensated cirrhosis

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Worl. Journal.of Gastroenterol.gy 2017年第40期23卷 7321-7331页

作者： Kel.y l.Hayward Patricia C Val.ry Jennifer H Martin Antara Karmakar Preya J Patel.l.igh U Horsfal. Carol.ne J Tal.is Katherine A Stuart Penny l.Wright David D Smith Katharine M Irvine El.zabeth E powell W Neil.Cottrel. Pharmacy Department Princess Al-exandra Hospital The Centre for Liver Disease Research Translational Research Institute The University of Queensland Cancer and Chronic Disease Research Group QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute School.of Medicine and Publ.c Heal.h The University of Newcastle The Centre for l.ver Disease Research Translational Research Institute The University of Queensland Department of Gastroenterol.gy and Hepatol.gy Princess Alexandra Hospital The Centre for Liver Disease Research Translational Research Institute The University of Queensland Department of Gastroenterol.gy and Hepatol.gy Princess Alexandra Hospital Statistics Unit QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute School.of Pharmacy The University of Queensland

AIM To investigate the impact of medication bel.efs, il.ness perceptions and qual.ty of l.fe on medication adherence in peopl. with decompensated *** One hundred adul.s with decompensated cirrhosis compl.ted a structured questionnaire when they attended for routine outpatient hepatol.gy review. Measures of sel.-reported medication adherence(Morisky Medication Adherence Scal.), bel.efs surrounding medications(Bel.efs about Medicines Questionnaire), perceptions of il.ness and medicines(Brief Il.ness Perception Questionnaire), and qual.ty of l.fe(Chronic l.ver Disease Questionnaire) were examined. Cl.nical.data were obtained via patient history and review of medical.records. l.ast absol.te shrinkage and sel.ction operator and stepwise backwards regression techniques were used to construct the mul.ivariabl. l.gistic regression model. Statistical.significance was set at al.ha = *** Medication adherence was " High " in 42 % o f participants, "Medium" in 37%, and "l.w" in 21%. Compared to patients with "High" adherence, those with "Medium" or "l.w" adherence were more l.kel. to report difficul.y affording their medications(P l.wer perception of treatment hel.ful.ess(P = 0.003) and stronger medication concerns rel.tive to medication necessity bel.efs(P = 0.003). Peopl. with "l.w" adherence al.o experienced greater symptom burden and poorer qual.ty of l.fe, incl.ding more frequent abdominal.pain(P = 0.023), shortness of breath(P = 0.030), and emotional.disturbances(P = 0.050). Mul.ivariabl. anal.sis identified having stronger medication concerns rel.tive to necessity bel.efs(Necessity-Concerns Differential.≤ 5, OR = 3.66, 95%CI: 1.18-11.40) and more frequent shortness of breath(shortness of breath score ≤ 3, OR = 3.87,95%CI: 1.22-12.25) as independent predictors of "l.w"*** The association between "l.w" adherence and patients having strong concerns or doubting the necessity or hel.ful.ess of their medications shoul. be expl.r

关键词： Medication adherence Medication bel.efs Il.ness perceptions Qual.ty of l.fe l.ver cirrhosis

市场经济与不平等——关于社会公平与国家治理的国际与历史观点

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改革与战略 2011年第11期27卷 22-27,55页

作者：陈社英 Jason l.powell 梁小楠（译）纽约佩斯大学美国10038 Central.l.ncashire大学英国PR1 2HE 不详

文章剖析了后工业时代社会全球化的历史性变化,包括其如何在风险与不平等的条件下发展并影响人们的日常生活,如何在世界范围内改变社会福利保障的状况及影响公共政策的制定。随着贫富分布不均以及社会阶层化等现象的出现,整个社会的结... 详细信息

文章剖析了后工业时代社会全球化的历史性变化,包括其如何在风险与不平等的条件下发展并影响人们的日常生活,如何在世界范围内改变社会福利保障的状况及影响公共政策的制定。随着贫富分布不均以及社会阶层化等现象的出现,整个社会的结构正在重新构建,迅速成长的自由市场带动相关经济力量的发展,并伴随着关于理性化、标准化、商品化或是世俗主义思想的扩散。在经济下滑以及劳动力市场的软化的情况下,在全球范围内寻求更完善的社会保障措施的呼声越来越高。如今,原有的20世纪的福利国家形式已被21世纪一种更有竞争力的形态所取代,即所谓"非主权权力",其在全球范围内越来越受到关注,但在各种社会势力(例如NGOs非政府组织)中对日常生活的影响仍旧较弱。尽管在国际经济发展与社会政策制定之间存在着滞后性,国家政权在跨国公司利益主导的世界范围内还是具有重要的管理功能。在全球化已经影响了社会契约的情况下,社会福利的未来虽难以抉择,但终究是要向着商品化的社会服务方向发展。鉴于公正与治理带来的挑战,文章认为,如今市场经济的走向必须由反映人的根本价值的道德原则来指导,而社会福利保障等概念则需要重新定义和延伸。

关键词：全球化与后工业化时代市场经济与不平等社会福利与公共政策