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Human activities aggravate nitrogen-deposition pollution to inland water over China

National Science Review 2020年第2期7卷 430-440页

作者： Yang Gao Feng Zhou philippe ciais Chiyuan Miao Tao Yang Yanlong Jia Xudong Zhou Butterbach-Bahl Klaus Tiantian Yang Guirui Yu Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology Chinese Academy of Sciences Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science College of Urban and Environmental Sciences Peking University Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement CEA CNRS UVSQ State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology Beijing Normal University State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering Center for Global Change and Water Cycle Hohai University Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research Atmospheric Environmental Research Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of California

In the past three decades, China has built more than 87 000 dams with a storage capacity of ≈6560 km3and the total surface area of inland water has increased by 6672 km2. Leaching of N from fertilized soils to rivers is the main source of N pollution in China, but the exposure of a growing inland water area to direct atmospheric N deposition and N leaching caused by N deposition on the terrestrial ecosystem, together with increased N deposition and decreased N flow, also tends to raise N concentrations in most inland waters. The contribution of this previously ignored source of N deposition to freshwaters is estimated in this study, as well as mitigation strategies. The results show that the annual amounts of N depositions ranged from 4.9 to 16.6 kg · ha-1· yr-1in the 1990 s to exceeding 20 kg · ha-1· yr-1in the 2010 s over most of regions in China, so the total mass of N(the net contribution of N deposition to the increase in N concentration) for lakes, rivers and reservoirs change from 122.26 Gg N · yr-1in the 1990 s to 237.75 Gg N· yr-1in the 2010 s. It is suggested that reducing the N deposition from various sources, shortening the water-retention time in dams and decreasing the degree of regulation for rivers are three main measures for preventing a continuous increase in the N-deposition pollution to inland water in China.

关键词： N deposition N concentration dam water area human activity

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Climate Warming Mitigation from Nationally Determined Contributions

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2022年第8期39卷 1217-1228页

作者： Bo FU Jingyi LI Thomas GASSER philippe ciais Shilong PIAO Shu TAO Guofeng SHEN Yuqin LAI Luchao HAN Bengang LI Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science MOE Key Laboratory for Earth Surface ProcessesCollege of Urban and Environmental SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing 100871China International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis(IIASA) 2361 LaxenburgAustria Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement CEA-CNRS-UVSQ91191 Gif-sur-YvetteFrance

Individual countries are requested to submit nationally determined contributions(NDCs)to alleviate global warming in the Paris ***,the global climate effects and regional contributions are not explicitly considered in the countries’decision-making *** this study,we evaluate the global temperature slowdown of the NDC scenario(ΔT=0.6°C)and attribute the global temperature slowdown to certain regions of the world with a compact earth system *** reductions in CO_(2),CH_(4),N_(2)O,BC,and SO_(2),the R5OECD(the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development in 1990)and R5ASIA(Asian countries)are the top two contributors to global warming mitigation,accounting for 39.3%and 36.8%,respectively.R5LAM(Latin America and the Caribbean)and R5MAF(the Middle East and Africa)followed behind,with contributions of 11.5%and 8.9%,*** remaining 3.5%is attributed to R5REF(the Reforming Economies).Carbon Dioxide emission reduction is the decisive factor of regional contributions,but not the only *** greenhouse gases are also important,especially for *** contribution of short-lived aerosols is small but significant,notably SO_(2)reduction in *** argue that additional species beyond CO_(2)need to be considered,including short-lived pollutants,when planning a route to mitigate climate *** needs to be emphasized that there is still a gap to achieve the Paris Agreement 2-degree target with current NDC efforts,let alone the ambitious 1.5-degree *** countries need to pursue stricter reduction policies for a more sustainable world.

关键词： climate mitigation nationally determined contributions attribution regional contribution integrated assessment models

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Three Gorges Dam: friend or foe of riverine greenhouse gases?

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National Science Review 2022年第6期9卷 81-89页

作者： Jinren Ni Haizhen Wang Tao Ma Rong Huang philippe ciais Zhe Li Yao Yue Jinfeng Chen Bin Li Yuchun Wang Maosheng Zheng Ting Wang Alistair G.L.Borthwick Key Laboratory for Water and Sediment Sciences Ministry of Education College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering Peking University State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Materials Fluxes in River Ecosystems Ministry of Ecology and Environment Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement Institut Pierre Simon LaplaceCommissariat à l' énergie Atomique et aux énergies AlternativesCNRS Université de Versailles Saint-Quentinen-Yvelines Key Laboratory of Reservoir Environment Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent TechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science Wuhan University Department of Water Environment China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research MOE Key Laboratory of Regional Energy Systems Optimization Resources and Environmental Research AcademyNorth China Electric Power University School of Engineering The University of Edinburgh

Dams are often regarded as greenhouse gas(GHG) emitters. However, our study indicated that the world’s largest dam, the Three Gorges Dam(TGD), has caused significant drops in annual average emissions of CO2, CH4and N2O over 4300 km along the Yangtze River, accompanied by remarkable reductions in the annual export of CO2(79%), CH4(50%) and N2O(9%) to the sea. Since the commencement of its operation in 2003, the TGD has altered the carbonate equilibrium in the reservoir area, enhanced methanogenesis in the upstream, and restrained methanogenesis and denitrification via modifying anoxic habitats through long-distance scouring in the downstream. These findings suggest that ‘large-dam effects’ are far beyond our previous understanding spatiotemporally, which highlights the fundamental importance of whole-system budgeting of GHGs under the profound impacts of huge dams.

关键词： Three Gorges Dam greenhouse gas spatiotemporal variation equilibrium Yangtze River whole system analysis

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Data-driven estimates of global nitrous oxide emissions from croplands

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National Science Review 2020年第2期7卷 441-452页

作者： Qihui Wang Feng Zhou Ziyin Shang philippe ciais Wilfried Winiwarter Robert B.Jackson Francesco N.Tubiello Greet Janssens-Maenhout Hanqin Tian Xiaoqing Cui Josep G.Canadell Shilong Piao Shu Tao Sino-France Institute of Earth Systems Science Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes College of Urban and Environmental Sciences Peking University European Commission Joint Research Centre International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) The Institute of Environmental Engineering University of Zielona Góra Global Carbon Project CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Department of Earth System Science Stanford University Statistics Division Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations Via Terme di Caracalla International Center for Climate and Global Change Research School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences Auburn University Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement LSCE CEA CNRS UVSQ

Croplands are the single largest anthropogenic source of nitrous oxide(NO) globally, yet their estimates remain difficult to verify when using Tier 1 and 3 methods of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC). Here, we re-evaluate global cropland-NO emissions in 1961–2014, using N-rate-dependent emission factors(EFs) upscaled from 1206 field observations in 180 global distributed sites and high-resolution N inputs disaggregated from sub-national surveys covering 15593 administrative units. Our results confirm IPCC Tier 1 default EFs for upland crops in 1990–2014, but give a ～15% lower EF in 1961–1989 and a ～67% larger EF for paddy rice over the full period. Associated emissions(0.82 ±0.34 Tg N yr) are probably one-quarter lower than IPCC Tier 1 global inventories but close to Tier 3 estimates. The use of survey-based gridded N-input data contributes 58% of this emission reduction, the rest being explained by the use of observation-based non-linear EFs. We conclude that upscaling NO emissions from site-level observations to global croplands provides a new benchmark for constraining IPCC Tier 1 and 3 methods. The detailed spatial distribution of emission data is expected to inform advancement towards more realistic and effective mitigation pathways.

关键词： nitrous oxide agricultural soils flux upscaling emission factor emission inventories temporal trend

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Carbon turnover times shape topsoil carbon difference between Tibetan Plateau and Arctic tundra

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Science Bulletin 2021年第16期66卷 1698-1704,M0004页

作者： Donghai Wu Dan Liu Tao Wang Jinzhi Ding Yujie He philippe ciais Gengxin Zhang Shilong Piao Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science College of Urban and Environmental SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing 100871China Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology Institute of Tibetan Plateau ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100085China Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100085China Department of Earth System Science University of CaliforniaIrvineCA 92697USA Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement LSCE/IPSLCEA-CNRS-UVSQUniversitéParis-SaclayF-91191 Gif-sur-YvetteFrance

The Tibetan Plateau(TP)and Arctic permafrost constitute two large reservoirs of organic carbon,but processes which control carbon accumulation within the surface soil layer of these areas would differ due to the interplay of climate,soil and vegetation ***,we synthesized currently available soil carbon data to show that mean organic carbon density in the topsoil(0-10 cm)in TP grassland(3.12±0.52 kg C m^(-2))is less than half of that in Arctic tundra(6.70±1.94 kg C m^(-2)).Such difference is primarily attributed to their difference in radiocarbon-inferred soil carbon turnover times(547 years for TP grassland versus 1609 years for Arctic tundra)rather than to their marginal difference in topsoil carbon *** findings highlight the importance of improving regional-specific soil carbon turnover and its controlling mechanisms across permafrost affected zones in ecosystem models to fully represent carbon-climate feedback.

关键词： Tibetan Plateau Arctic tundra Soil organic carbon Net primary production Carbon turnover time Radiocarbon

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Recognizing the Scientific Mission of Flux Tower Observation Networks——Lay the Solid Scientific Data Foundation for Solving Ecological Issues Related to Global Change

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Journal of Resources and Ecology 2017年第2期8卷 115-120页

作者：于贵瑞陈智张雷明彭长辉陈镜明朴世龙张扬建牛书丽王秋凤骆亦其 philippe ciais Dennis D.Baldocchi 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所生态系统网络观测与模拟重点实验室北京100101 中国科学院大学资源与环境学院北京100190 加拿大魁北克大学生物科学系和森林研究中心加拿大蒙特利尔H3C3P8 西北农林科技大学土壤侵蚀与旱地农业国家重点实验室、林学院西安712100 加拿大多伦多大学地理系加拿大多伦多M5S2E8 南京大学国际地球系统科学研究所南京210093 北京大学城市与环境学院生态系、地表过程分析与模拟教育部重点实验室北京100871 中国科学院青藏高原研究所高寒生态与生物多样性实验室北京100101 美国俄克拉荷马大学微生物与植物生物学系美国诺曼73019 法国环境与气候科学实验室法国伊维特河畔吉夫91191 美国加利福尼亚大学伯克利分校环境科学、政策与管理系美国伯克利94720

As the Earth entering into the Anthropocene, global sustainable development requires ecological research to evolve into the large-scale, quantitative, and predictive era. It necessitates a revolution of ecological observation technology and a long-term accumulation of scientific data. The ecosystem flux tower observation technology is the right one to meet this requirement. However, the unique advantages and potential values of global-scale flux tower observation are still not fully appreciated. Reviewing the development history of global meteorological observation and its scientific contributions to the society, we can get an important enlightenment to re-cognize the scientific mission of flux observation.

关键词： flux tower observation ecological research scientific data accumulation global sustainable development ecological prediction

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Global trends in water and sediment fluxes of the world’s large rivers

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Science Bulletin 2020年第1期65卷 62-69,M0004页

作者： Li Li Jinren Ni Fang Chang Yao Yue Natalia Frolova Dmitry Magritsky Alistair GLBorthwick philippe ciais Yichu Wang Chunmiao Zheng Desmond E.Walling Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences Ministry of EducationCollege of Environmental Sciences and EngineeringPeking UniversityBeijing 100871China State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science School of Water Resources and Hydropower EngineeringWuhan UniversityWuhan 430072China Department of Hydrology Faculty of GeographyMoscow State UniversityMoscow 179997Russia Institute of Infrastructure and Environment School of EngineeringThe University of EdinburghThe King's BuildingsEdinburgh EH93JLUK Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de I'Environnement IPSLCEACNRSUVSQGif-sur-Yvette 91191France Beijing Innovation Center-Engineering Science&Advanced Technology Peking UniversityBeijing 100871China School of Environmental Science and Engineering Southern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen 578055China Department of Geography College of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeter EX44RJUK

Water and sediment transport from rivers to oceans is of primary importance in global geochemical *** the background of global change,this study examines the changes in water and sediment fluxes and their drivers for 4307 large rivers worldwide(basin area!1000 km2)based on the longest available *** we find that 24%of the world’s large rivers experienced significant changes in water flux and 40%in sediment flux,most notably declining trends in water and sediment fluxes in Asia’s large rivers and an increasing trend in suspended sediment concentrations in the Amazon *** particular,nine binary patterns of changes in water-sediment fluxes are interpreted in terms of climate change and human *** change of precipitation is found significantly correlated to the change of water flux in 71%of the world’s large rivers,while dam operation and irrigation rather control the change of sediment flux in intensively managed ***,the annual water flux from rivers to sea of the recent years remained stable compared with the long-time average annual value,while the sediment flux has decreased by 20.8%.

关键词： Water and sediment Global trend Co-varying pattern Cause Large river

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2060年中国实现碳中和所面临的挑战:现状与展望

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Science Bulletin 2022年第20期67卷 2030-2035,M0003页

作者： Baozhang Chen Fahu Chen philippe ciais Huifang Zhang Honggang Lü Tao Wang Frédéric Chevallier Zhu Liu Wenping Yuan Wouter Peters School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering Nanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyNanjing 210044China State Key Laboratory of Resource and Environmental Information System Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China College of Resources and Environment University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China Alpine Paleoecology and Human Adaption Group State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System ScienceInstitute of Tibetan Plateau ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101Chin Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement CEA-CNRS-UVSQUniversitéParis-SaclayGif-sur-Yvette 91191France Key Laboratory of Marine Hazards Forecasting National Marine Environmental Forecasting CenterMinistry of Natural Resources of ChinaBeijing 100081China Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology Institute of Tibetan Plateau ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100085China Center for Excellence in Tibetan Earth Science Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100085China Department of Earth System Science Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China School of Atmospheric Sciences Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster StudiesZhuhai Key Laboratory of Dynamics Urban Climate and EcologySun Yat-sen UniversityZhuhai510245China Department of Meteorology and Air Quality Environmental Sciences GroupWageningen UniversityWageningen 6708 PBthe Netherlands Centre for Isotope Research Energy and Sustainability Research Institute GroningenGroningen UniversityGroningen 729700 ABthe Netherlands

China’s high ambitions to reach peak CO_(2) emissions by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060 make carbon mitigation an urgent issue with widespread societal *** develop an achievable roadmap and an effective portfolio of climate policies,it is essential that a clear picture of the magnitude and uncertainty of China’s current carbon balance is available,at both national and regional levels.

关键词：碳中和 consequences neutral

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Climate and litter C/N ratio constrain soil organic carbon accumulation

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National Science Review 2019年第4期6卷 746-757页

作者： Guoyi Zhou Shan Xu philippe ciais Stefano Manzoni Jingyun Fang Guirui Yu Xuli Tang Ping Zhou Wantong Wang Junhua Yan Gengxu Wang Keping Ma Shenggong Li Sheng Du Shijie Han Youxin Ma Deqiang Zhang Juxiu Liu Shizhong Liu Guowei Chu Qianmei Zhang Yuelin Li Wenjuan Huang Hai Ren Xiankai Lu Xiuzhi Chen South China Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Ecology Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology Institut Pierre Simon Laplace Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement CEA CNRS UVSQ UPSaclay Department of Physical Geography Stockholm University Bolin Centre for Climate Research Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou Institute of Geography Guangdong Academy of Sciences College of Tourism Henan Normal University Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Soil and Water Conservation Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences

Soil organic carbon(SOC) plays critical roles in stabilizing atmospheric CO2concentration, but the mechanistic controls on the amount and distribution of SOC on global scales are not well understood. In turn, this has hampered the ability to model global C budgets and to find measures to mitigate climate change. Here, based on the data from a large field survey campaign with 2600 plots across China’s forest ecosystems and a global collection of published data from forested land, we find that a low litter carbon-to-nitrogen ratio(C/N) and high wetness index(P/PET, precipitation-to-potentialevapotranspiration ratio) are the two factors that promote SOC accumulation, with only minor contributions of litter quantity and soil texture. The field survey data demonstrated that high plant diversity decreased litter C/N and thus indirectly promoted SOC accumulation by increasing the litter quality. We conclude that any changes in plant-community composition, plant-species richness and environmental factors that can reduce the litter C/N ratio, or climatic changes that increase wetness index, may promote SOC accumulation. The study provides a guideline for modeling the carbon cycle of various ecosystem scales and formulates the principle for land-based actions for mitigating the rising atmospheric CO2concentration.

关键词： litter carbon-to-nitrogen wetness index annual litterfall soil texture soil organic carbon

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Annual Maps of Forests in Australia from Analyses of Microwave and Optical Images with FAO Forest Definition

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Journal of Remote Sensing 2021年第1期2021卷 134-144页

作者： Yuanwei Qin Xiangming Xiao Jean-Pierre Wigneron philippe ciais Josep G.Canadell Martin Brandt Xiaojun Li Lei Fan Xiaocui Wu Hao Tang Ralph Dubayah Russell Doughty Qing Chang Sean Crowell Bo Zheng Kevin Neal Jorge A.Celis Berrien MooreⅢ Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology Center for Earth Observation and ModelingUniversity of OklahomaNormanOK 73019USA ISPA UMR 1391INRA Nouvelle-AquitaineBordeaux Villenave d’OrnonFrance Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement LSCE/IPSLCEA-CNRS-UVSQUniversitéParis-Saclay91191 Gif-sur-YvetteFrance CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere CanberraACTAustralia Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark Chongqing Jinfo Mountain Karst Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station School of Geographical SciencesSouthwest UniversityChongqing 400715China Department of Geography National University of Singapore1 Arts LinkKent RidgeSingapore 117570 Department of Geographical Sciences University of MarylandCollege ParkMDUSA Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences California Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCA 91125USA O’Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs Indiana University Bloomington702 N Walnut Grove AveBloomingtonIN 47405USA College of Atmospheric and Geographic Sciences University of OklahomaNormanOK 73019USA Institute of Environment and Ecology Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate SchoolTsinghua UniversityShenzhen 518055China

The Australian governmental agencies reported a total of 149 million ha forest in the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO)in 2010,ranking sixth in the world,which is based on a forest definition with tree height>2 ***,we report a new forest cover data product that used the FAO forest definition(tree cover>10%and tree height>5 meters at observation time or mature)and was derived from microwave(Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar,PALSAR)and optical(Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer,MODIS)images and validated with very high spatial resolution images,Light Detection and Ranging(LiDAR)data from the Ice,Cloud,and land Elevation Satellite(ICESat),and in situ field survey *** new PALSAR/MODIS forest map estimates 32 million ha of forest in 2010 over ***/MODIS forest map has an overall accuracy of~95%based on the reference data derived from visual interpretation of very high spatial resolution images for forest and nonforest cover *** with the canopy height and canopy coverage data derived from ICESat LiDAR strips,PALSAR/MODIS forest map has 73%of forest pixels meeting the FAO forest definition,much higher than the other four widely used forest maps(ranging from 36%to 52%).PALSAR/MODIS forest map also has a reasonable spatial consistency with the forest map from the National Vegetation Information *** new annual map of forests in Australia could support cross-country comparison when using data from the FAO Forest Resource Assessment Reports.

关键词： forest Forest PALSAR

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