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Emblematic forest dwellers reintroduced into cities： resource selection by translocated juvenile kaka

Current Zoology 2016年第1期62卷 15-22页

作者： Mariano R. RECIO Keith PAYNE philip j. SEDDON School of Surveying University of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin New Zealand Department of Zoology University of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin New Zealand Department of Physics University of Otago PO Box 56Dunedin New Zealand

Urbanization and exotic species are major threats to the conservation of forest-dependent wildlife species. Some emblematic species, indicators of habitat quality for the conservation of other spe- cies, might successfully be reintroduced within cities when habitat restoration and pest manage- ment programs are combined. We studied the landscape resource selection of juvenile kaka Nestor meridionalis tracked with Global Positioning System （GPS） units and released into the predator- free reserve of Zealandia in Wellington city, New Zealand. Kaka moved beyond the predator exclu- sion fence into urban suburbs. The home range size and areas of high use estimated using local convex hull （a-LoCoH） ranged from 20 to 240 ha and 2 to 21 ha, respectively. Using resource selec- tion functions and model selection we found that native forest patches and urban areas close to the reserve were selected by kaka to establish their home ranges. At a lower scale of selection （i.e., se- lection of habitats within home ranges）, kaka selected the same habitat, but not necessarily those close to the reserve. Native forest patches throughout the city can facilitate the dispersal of individ- uals, while the reserve provides protection and opportunities for supplementary feeding. Urban areas might have been selected due to the placement of feeders in private backyards. Survival of forest-dwelling species in cities requires careful urban planning and management to provide the necessary habitat patches, refugia, and food sources.

关键词： forest-dwellers GPS kaka New Zealand reintroductions resource selection urbanization Wellington.

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Quadratic convective flow of radiated nano-jeffrey liquid subject to multiple convective conditions and Cattaneo-Christov double diffusion

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Applied Mathematics and Mechanics(English Edition) 2018年第9期39卷 1311-1326页

作者： P.B.SAMPATH KUMAR B.MAHANTHESH B.j.GIREESHA S.A.SHEHZAD Department of Studies and Research in Mathematics Kuvempu University Department of Mathematics Christ University Department of Mathematics COMSATS Institute of Information Technology

A nonlinear flow of jeffrey liquid with Cattaneo-Christov heat flux is investigated in the presence of nanoparticles. The features of thermophoretic and Brownian movement are retained. The effects of nonlinear radiation, magnetohydrodynamic(MHD), and convective conditions are accounted. The conversion of governing equations into ordinary differential equations is prepared via stretching transformations. The consequent equations are solved using the Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg(RKF) method. Impacts of physical constraints on the liquid velocity, the temperature, and the nanoparticle volume fraction are analyzed through graphical illustrations. It is established that the velocity of the liquid and its associated boundary layer width increase with the mixed convection parameter and the Deborah number.

关键词： nonlinear convection jeffrey liquid nanoliquid convective condition thermophoretic Brownian motion

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慢性便秘：一个临床的“谜

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世界医学杂志 1998年第1期2卷 67-69页

作者： Will,C.O phil.,j

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Force-based and displacement-based reliability assessment approaches for highway bridges under multiple hazard actions

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journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering(English Edition) 2015年第4期2卷 223-232页

作者： Chao Huang jerry j.Shen Mi Zhou George C.Lee Department of Civil Structural and Environmental Engineering University at Buffalo Genex Systems/TFHRC 6300 Georgetown Pike Mc Lean 22101 USA National Engineering and Research Center for Highways in Mountain Area Key Laboratory for Old Bridge Detection and Reinforcement Technology of Ministry of Transportation Chang'an University

The strength limit state of American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials （AASHTO） Load and Resistance Factor Design （LRFD） Bridge Design Spec/fications is developed based on the failure probabilities of the combination of non-extreme loads. The proposed design limit state equation （DLSE） has been fully calibrated for dead load and live load by using the reliability-based approach. On the other hand, most of DLSEs in other limit states, including the extreme events i and li, have not been developed and calibrated though taking certain probability-based concepts into account. This paper presents an assessment procedure of highway bridge reliabilities under the limit state of extreme event i, i. e,, the combination of dead load, live load and earthquake load. A force-based approach and a displacement-based approach are proposed and implemented on a set of nine simplL^ed bridge models. Results show that the displacement-based approach comes up with more convergent and accurate reliabilities for selected models, which can be applied to other hazards.

关键词： BridgeReliability assessmentMultiple hazardsLoadResistance

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建立卒中医疗体系的建议美国卒中协会特别工作组关于建立卒中体系的建议

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国际脑血管病杂志 2005年第12期13卷 883-894页

作者： Lee H. Schwamm Arthur Pancioli joe E. Acker Ⅲ Larry B. Goldstein Richard D. Zorowitz Timothy j. Shephard Peter Moyer Mark Gorman S. Claiborne johnston Pamela W. Duncan phil Gorelick jeffery Frank Steven K. Stranne Renee Smith William Federspiel Katie B. Horton Ellen Magnis Robert j. Adams 林豪杰董继宏金丽蓉彭伟锋汪昕复旦大学附属中山医院神经内科

在美国,卒中一直是残疾和死亡的重要原因.每年约有70万例美国人新发或复发卒中,在与其他心血管病分开评价时,卒中在美国仍是第三位死亡原因.在美国卒中还是严重和长期残疾的第一位原因[1].

关键词：初级卒中中心二级预防患者医务人员医务工作者急性卒中防治体系医疗体系美国卒中协会医疗亚急性期工作组

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The enhanced X-ray Timing and Polarimetry mission—eXTP

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Science China(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy) 2019年第2期62卷 3-27页

作者： ShuangNan Zhang Andrea Santangelo Marco Feroci YuPeng Xu Fangjun Lu Yong Chen Hua Feng Shu Zhang Sφren Brandt Margarita Hernanz Luca Baldini Enrico Bozzo Riccardo Campana Alessandra De Rosa YongWei Dong Yuri Evangelista Vladimir Karas Norbert Meidinger Aline Meuris Kirpal Nandra Teng Pan Giovanni Pareschi Piotr Orleanski QiuShi Huang Stephane Schanne Giorgia Sironi Daniele Spiga jiri Svoboda Gianpiero Tagliaferri Christoph Tenzer Andrea Vacchi Silvia Zane Dave Walton ZhanShan Wang Berend Winter Xin Wu jean j.M.in't Zand Mahdi Ahangarianabhari Giovanni Ambrosi Filippo Ambrosino Marco Barbera Stefano Basso jörg Bayer Ronaldo Bellazzini Pierluigi Bellutti Bruna Bertucci Giuseppe Bertuccio Giacomo Borghi XueLei Cao Franck Cadoux Francesco Ceraudo TianXiang Chen Yu Peng Chen jerome Chevenez Marta Civitani Wei Cui WeiWei Cui Thomas Dauser Ettore Del Monte Sergio Di Cosimo Sebastian Diebold Victor Doroshenko Michal Dovciak YuanYuan Du Lorenzo Ducci QingMei Fan Yannick Favre Fabio Fuschino joséLuis Ga'lvez Min Gao MingYu Ge Olivier Gevin Marco Grassi QuanYing Gu YuDong Gu DaWei Han Bin Hong Wei Hu Long ji ShuMei jia WeiChun jiang Thomas Kennedy Ingo Kreykenbohm Irfan Kuvvetli Claudio Labanti Luca Latronico Gang Li MaoShun Li Xian Li Wei Li ZhengWei Li Olivier Limousin HongWei Liu Xiaojing Liu Bo Lu Tao Luo Daniele Macera Piero Malcovati Adrian Martindale Malgorzata Michalska Bin Meng Massimo Minuti Alfredo Morbidini Fabio Muleri Stephane Paltani Emanuele Perinati Antonino Picciotto Claudio Piemonte jinLu Qu Alexandre Rachevski Irina Rashevskaya jerome Rodriguez Thomas Schanz ZhengXiang Shen LiZhi Sheng jiangBo Song LiMing Song Carmelo Sgro Liang Sun Ying Tan phil Uttley Bo Wang DianLong Wang GuoFeng Wang juan Wang LangPing Wang YuSa Wang Anna L.Watts XiangYang Wen jörn Wilms ShaoLin Xiong jiaWei Yang Sheng Yang Yanji Yang Nian Yu WenDa Zhang Gianluigi Zampa Nicola Zampa Andrzej A.Zdziarski AiMei Zhang ChengMo Zhang Fan Zhang Long Zhang Tong Zhang Yi Zhang XiaoLi Zhang ZiLiang Zhang BaoSheng Zhao Shijie Zheng Yu Peng Zhou Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics Institute of High Energy PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Institut für Astronomie und Astrophysik Eberhard Karls Universität INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali INFN-Roma Tor Vergata Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 Department of Engineering Physics and Center for Astrophysics Tsinghua University DTU Building 327DK-2800 Kongens Institute of Space Sciences 08193 Cerdanyola del Valles Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya Sezione di Pisa Istituto Nazionale di Fisica NucleareLargo Bruno Pontecorvo3 Department of Astronomy University of Genevachemin d’Ecogia 16 Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza Dello Spazio di Bologna Istituto Nazionale di Astofisica Astronomical Institute Czech Academy of Sciences Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics Giessenbachstr.1 CEA Paris-Saclay/IRFU Beijing Institute of Spacecraft System Engineering CAST Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera Istituto Nazionale di Astofisica Space Research Center Polish Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Advanced Material Microstructure of Education Ministry of China Institute of Precision Optical EngineeringSchool of Physics Science and EngineeringTongji University Department of Physics and Center for Astrophysics Tsinghua University Universita’degli Studi di Udine Via delle Scienze 206 Mullard Space Science Laboratory University College London Department of Nuclear and Particle Physics University of Geneva SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research Politecnico di Milano Sezione di Perugia Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica Fondazione Bruno Kessler Dr.Karl Remeis-Observatory and Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg University of Pavia Department of ElectronicsInformation and Biomedical Engineering and INFN Pavia Sezione di Torino Istituto Nazionale di Fisica NucleareVia Pietro Giuria1 Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Leicester Sezione di Trieste Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare

In this paper we present the enhanced X-ray Timing and Polarimetry mission—eXTP. eXTP is a space science mission designed to study fundamental physics under extreme conditions of density, gravity and magnetism. The mission aims at determining the equation of state of matter at supra-nuclear density, measuring effects of QED, and understanding the dynamics of matter in strong-field gravity. In addition to investigating fundamental physics, eXTP will be a very powerful observatory for astrophysics that will provide observations of unprecedented quality on a variety of galactic and extragalactic objects. In particular, its wide field monitoring capabilities will be highly instrumental to detect the electro-magnetic counterparts of gravitational wave *** paper provides a detailed description of:(1) the technological and technical aspects, and the expected performance of the instruments of the scientific payload;(2) the elements and functions of the mission, from the spacecraft to the ground segment.

关键词： X-ray instrumentation X-ray polarimetry X-ray timing space mission:eXTP

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Measurements of mixing induced at a gas interface by the Richtmyer-Meshkov instability

Measurements of mixing induced at a gas interface by the Ric...

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The 24th International Symposium on Shock Waves

作者： D.Ranjan j.Niederhaus j.Oakley M.H.Anderson j.Greenough R.Bonazza University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison WI USA Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore CA USA

Experiments to study the mixing between two gases induced by the Richtmyer Meshkov instability are performed in a vertical shock tube of large, square internal cross section. The test gas is contained in an axisymmetric soap bubble which is at rest on an injector and is seeded with smoke to perform planar Mie scattering. Concurrently to the laboratory experiments, a computational investigation is carried out using the Raptor code-a finite volume code that solves the compressible Navier-Stokes equations using a Riemann solver with phil Colella’s Piecewise Linear Method for data reconstruction at cell interfaces. Differences between the computational and the laboratory experiments include: perfectly spherical vs. near-spherical, axisymmetric shape;diffuse interface with no soap film vs. soap interface with no diffusion;absence vs. presence of an injector to hold the bubble in place. Examples of experimental and computational images of shock-accelerated bubbles are shown below.

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Accretion in strong field gravity with eXTP

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Science China(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy) 2019年第2期62卷 45-73页

作者： Alessandra De Rosa phil Uttley Lijun Gou Yuan Liu Cosimo Bambi Didier Barret Tomaso Belloni Emanuele Berti Stefano Bianchi Ilaria Caiazzo Piergiorgio Casella Marco Feroci Valeria Ferrari Leonardo Gualtieri jeremy Heyl Adam Ingram Vladimir Karas Fangjun Lu Bin Luo Giorgio Matt Sara Motta joseph Neilsen Paolo Pani Andrea Santangelo XinWen Shu junFeng Wang jian-Min Wang YongQuan Xue YuPeng Xu WeiMin Yuan YeFei Yuan Shuang-Nan Zhang Shu Zhang Ivan Agudo Lorenzo Amati Nils Andersson Cristina Baglio Pavel Bakala Altan Baykal Sudip Bhattacharyya Ignazio Bombaci NiccolóBucciantini Fiamma Capitanio Riccardo Ciolfi Wei K.Cui Filippo D'Ammando Thomas Dauser Melania Del Santo Barbara De Marco Tiziana Di Salvo Chris Done Michal Dovciak Andrew C.Fabian Maurizio Falanga Angelo Francesco Gambino Bruce Gendre Victoria Grinberg Alexander Heger jeroen Homan Rosario Iaria jiaChen jiang ChiChuan jin Elmar Koerding Manu Linares Zhu Liu Thomas j.Maccarone julien Malzac Antonios Manousakis Frédéric Marin Andea Marinucci Missagh Mehdipour Mariano Méndez Simone Migliari Cole Miller Giovanni Miniutti Emanuele Nardini Paul T.O'Brien julian P.Osborne Pierre Olivier Petrucci Andrea Possenti Alessandro Riggio jerome Rodriguez Andrea Sanna Lijing Shao Malgosia Sobolewska Eva Sramkova Abigail L.Stevens Holger Stiele Giulia Stratta Zdenek Stuchlik jiri Svoboda Fabrizio Tamburini Thomas M.Tauris Francesco Tombesi Gabriel Torok Martin Urbanec Frederic Vincent QingWen Wu Feng Yuan jean j.M.in't Zand Andrzej A.Zdziarski XinLin Zhou INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologie Spaziali Via Fosso del Cavaliere Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy University of Amsterdam National Astronomical Observatories Chinese Academy of Science Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Science Center for Field Theory and Particle Physics and Department of Physics Fudan University IRAP Universitéde ToulouseCNRSUPSCNES INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera Department of Physics and Astronomy The University of MississippiUniversity Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica Universitàdegli studi Roma Tre University of British Columbia INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma INFN-Roma 2 c/o Dipartimento di Fisica II Universit?di Roma"Tor Vergata" Dipartimento di Fisica Universitàdegli Studi di Roma"La Sapienza"&Sezione INFN Roma1 Department of Physics University of OxfordClarendon Laboratory Astronomical Institute Academy of Sciences School of Astronomy and Space Science Nanjing University MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research Institut für Astronomie und Astrophysik Eberhard Karls Universität Department of Physics Anhui Normal University Department of Astronomy and Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics Xiamen University CAS Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology Department of AstronomyUniversity of Science and Technology of China Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucia(CSIC) Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica cosmica di Bologna Mathematical Sciences and STAG Research Centre University of Southampton New York University Abu Dhabi Institute of Physics and Research Centre for Computational Physics and Data Processing Faculty of Philosophy&ScienceSilesian University in OpavaíBezru?ovo nám. Department of Physics Middle East Technical University Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Dipartimento di Fisica Universit?di Pisa&INFN INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova INFN-TIFPA Trento Ins

In this paper we describe the potential of the enhanced X-ray Timing and Polarimetry(eXTP) mission for studies related to accretion flows in the strong field gravity regime around both stellar-mass and supermassive black-holes. eXTP has the unique capability of using advanced "spectral-timing-polarimetry" techniques to analyze the rapid variations with three orthogonal diagnostics of the flow and its geometry, yielding unprecedented insight into the inner accreting regions, the effects of strong field gravity on the material within them and the powerful outflows which are driven by the accretion process.

关键词： X-ray black holes physics accretion

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美国2001年9月11日世贸中心被攻击后的环境研究

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地壳构造与地壳应力 2013年第2期 1-24页

作者： Roger N.Clark Robert O.Green Gregg A.Swayze Greg Meeker Steve Sutley Todd M.Hoefen K.Eric Livo Geoff Plumlee Betina Pavri Chuck Sarture Steve Wilson phil Hageman Paul Lamothe j.Sam Vance joe Boardman Isabelle Brownfield Carol Gent Laurie C.Morath joseph Taggart Peter M.Theodorakos Monique Adams 李强 U.S.GeologicalSurvey jet Propulsion Lab Pasadena U.S.Environmental Protection Agency Region & Denver Analytical Imaging and Geophysics

本文主要介绍了2001年9月11日世界贸易中心(WTC)被攻击之后在各学科领域的环境特征研究结果。文中提交的信息被世界贸易中心应急小组在2001年9月18日(热点信息)和2001年9月27日(制图和组成成分结果研究)使用。实验数据由喷气推进实验室... 详细信息

本文主要介绍了2001年9月11日世界贸易中心(WTC)被攻击之后在各学科领域的环境特征研究结果。文中提交的信息被世界贸易中心应急小组在2001年9月18日(热点信息)和2001年9月27日(制图和组成成分结果研究)使用。实验数据由喷气推进实验室/美国航空航天局(jPL/NASA)于2001年9月16、18、22、23日在世界贸易中心(WTC)通过机载可见光/红外成像光谱仪(AVIRIS)的高光谱遥感仪器获得。2001年9月17日和18日晚上,由两人组成的美国地质勘探局小组在世界贸易中心方圆1km之内收集了超过35个位置点的粉尘和空降碎片样品,其中为了避免受9月14日的暴雨影响选择了两个室内样本收集点,另外还收集到了两个有钢梁涂层的世贸残骸样品。美国地质勘探局地面工作人员在白天进行了实地反射光谱测量,用于现场校准AVIRIS遥感数据。AVIRIS数据的辐射定标和校正工作在喷气推进实验室/美国航空航天局(jPL/NASA)完成;表面反射率校准、光谱测图和解译工作在位于丹佛市的美国地质调查局成像光谱实验室完成;灰尘/碎屑和钢梁涂层样品的各种矿物学和化学参数的分析工作,在位于科罗拉多州丹佛市的美国地质调查局实验室完成,分析中使用了反射光谱法(RS)、扫描电子显微镜检查法(SEM)以及X射线衍射法(XRD)等。通过分析研究得出以下几个重要结论:(1)世贸中心大楼倒塌释放的粉尘主要有:玻璃纤维、石膏、混凝土、纸张以及其他建筑施工中常用的混合材料。(2)在实验室用RS、SEM和XRD方法分析发现,在三分之二以上的灰尘和空降碎片样本中只检测到微量的温石棉(小于总重量的1%),而到目前为止在所有粉尘样品中还没有检测到角闪石类石棉矿物。(3)对钢梁涂层样品分析发现,在世贸中心碎片中检测到的温石棉(蛇纹石矿物)占涂层材料总体积的比例高达20%,同样在这些钢梁涂层样品中也没有检测到角闪石类石棉矿物。(4)在地面仪器低百分比检测的限制下,AVIRIS矿物图主要是用来检测可能存在的石棉状矿物,图中并没有显示温石棉或闪石类石棉的大范围分布。从图中的孤立像素点或像素群(像素大小约2m×2m)可以看出,世贸中心周围地区的石棉状矿物含量变化范围大,从百分之几到百分之几十都有可能。由于AVIRIS数据中的某些光谱吸收强度和温石棉钢梁涂层的光谱相似,因此吸收特征图只显示出了蛇纹石矿物的存在,而不能说明蛇纹石是石棉状的,因为非石棉状蛇纹石矿物在建筑材料中也是非常常见的。AVIRIS矿物图可以显示含石棉量较高的区域和小范围非石棉状矿物的区域,但需要通过现场采样和实验分析来验证石棉的存在。另外,AVIRIS矿物图只能检测地表矿物,而不能检测地下掩埋的矿物。(5)AVIRIS矿物图中角闪石类矿物是几个孤立像素点,而不是像温石棉那样的像素群。少数几个世贸中心地区的角闪石像素点和整个城市的角闪石像素统计噪声水平相似。AVIRIS吸收特征图只显示了角闪石矿物的存在,而这些在非石棉状建筑材料中也是非常常见的,所以需要进行现场采样来确认石棉的存在。野外样品的实验室分析结果与矿物图上的蛇纹石温石棉和角闪石矿物是一致的。(6)实验分析和AVIRIS矿物图结果表明,无论是小尺度的个别样品,还是世贸中心一定方向和距离范围的大空间尺度,粉尘的成分都是多变的。通过对同一样品多次重复进行矿物学和化学物质分析发现,多变性可能是因为粉尘是由不同材料的不均匀混合造成的,这种空间差异是在几十米的大尺度到厘米甚至更小尺度范围下观测到的。AVIRIS矿物图还显示了位于东南偏南的2号大楼倒塌中心的物质铁含量较高,温石棉的分布主要(但并不唯一)呈向西和北方向不连续的放射状,也可能分布在超过世贸大厦遗址四分之三公里的东方向。(7)迄今为止,在粉尘和空降样品中只检测到微量的温石棉,但在有钢梁涂层的世贸中心碎片中温石棉含量达到总体积的20%之多,而且AVIRIS矿物图中温石棉可能存在的区域也表明在局部点可能发现石棉。(8)2001年9月16日收集到的AVIRIS数据显示,世贸中心大楼倒塌区域有若干热点存在,在核心区就有超过36个不同大小和温度的热点。分析数据发现,这些热点的温度都高于800°F,有些甚至超过了1300°F。截止到9月23日,从飞机上观察到的火灾点大部分已经消除或者减弱。(9)我们通过实验发现的灰尘样品有微量石棉的结论与美国环保署(***)进行的其他研究结果一致。我们的研究结果也进一步说明:①高含量石棉可能存在于钢梁涂层和AVIRIS矿物图中显示的局部区域;②粉尘和钢梁涂层中的石棉只含有温石棉,而不含有角闪石类石棉。根据毒理学专家、流行病学专家和矿物学专家近20年分析研究的主要成果表明,闪石类石棉矿物比温石棉更易致癌(Ross,1999;Skinner等,1988;Van Oss等,19

关键词：美国航空航天局世贸中心环境特征攻击喷气推进实验室世界贸易中心红外成像光谱仪美国地质勘探局

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Soil Organic C:N vs. Water-Extractable Organic C:N

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Open journal of Soil Science 2012年第3期2卷 269-274页

作者： Richard L. Haney Alan. j. Franzluebbers Virginia. L. jin Mari-Vaughn. johnson Elizabeth. B. Haney Mike. j. White Robert. D. Harmel Texas AgriLife Research Blackland Research & Extension Center Temple TX USDA-Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Grassland Soil & Water Research Laboratory Temple TX USA USDA-ARS Agroecosystem Management Research Unit Lincoln NE 4USDA-NRCS Resources Inventory and Assessment Division Temple TX USDA-ARS J. Phil Campbell Sr. Natural Resource Conservation Center Watkinsville GA USDA-NRCS Resources Inventory and Assessment Division Temple TX

Traditionally, soil-testing laboratories have used a variety of methods to determine soil organic matter, yet they lack a practical method to predict potential N mineralization/immobilization from soil organic matter. Soils with high micro-bial activity may experience N immobilization (or reduced net N mineralization), and this issue remains unresolved in how to predict these conditions of net mineralization or net immobilization. Prediction may become possible with the use of a more sensitive method to determine soil C:N ratios stemming from the water-extractable C and N pools that can be readily adapted by both commercial and university soil testing labs. Soil microbial activity is highly related to soil organic C and N, as well as to water-extractable organic C (WEOC) and water-extractable organic N (WEON). The relationship between soil respiration and WEOC and WEON is stronger than between respiration and soil organic C (SOC) and total organic N (TON). We explored the relationship between soil organic C:N and water-extractable organic C:N, as well as their relationship to soil microbial activity as measured by the flush of CO2 following rewetting of dried soil. In 50 different soils, the relationship between soil microbial activity and water-extractable organic C:N was much stronger than for soil organic C: N. We concluded that the water-extractable organic C:N was a more sensitive measurement of the soil substrate which drives soil microbial activity. We also suggest that a water-extractable organic C:N level > 20 be used as a practical threshold to separate those soils that may have immobilized N with high microbial activity.

关键词： Soil Microbial Activity C:N Ratios Soil Organic C N Mineralization N Immobilization Soil Testing

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