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Management of necrotizing pancreatitis

World Journal of Gastroenterology 2001年第4期7卷 476-481页

作者： John Slavin Paula Ghaneh Robert Sutton Mark Hartley peter rowlands Conall Garvey Mark Hughes John Neoptolemos Departments of Surgery Royal Liverpool University Hospital Departments of Radiology Royal Liverpool University Hospital

Infection complicating pancreatic necrosis leads to persisting sepsis, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and accounts for about half the deaths that occur following acute pancreatitis. Severe cases due to gallstones require urgent endoscopic sphincterotomy. Patients with pancreatic necrosis should be followed with serial contrast enhanced computed tomography (CE-CT) and if infection is suspected fine needle aspiration of the necrotic area for bacteriology (FNAB) should be undertaken. Treatment of sterile necrosis should initially be non-operative. In the presence of infection necrosectomy is indicated. Although traditionally this has been by open surgery, minimally invasive procedures are a promising new alternative. There are many unresolved issues in the management of pancreatic necrosis. These include, the use of antibiotic prophylaxis, the precise indications for and frequency of repeat CE-CT and FNAB,and the role of enteral feeding.

关键词： Humans Pancreatitis, Acute Necrotizing Surgical Procedures, Minimally Invasive

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Wide-field three-photon excitation in biological samples

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Light(Science & Applications) 2016年第1期5卷 65-73页

作者： Christopher J rowlands Demian Park Oliver T Bruns Kiryl D Piatkevich Dai Fukumura Rakesh K Jain Moungi G Bawendi Edward S Boyden peter TC So Department of Biological Engineering Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA 02139USA Media Lab Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA 02139USA Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA 02139USA Edwin L.Steele Laboratories Department of Radiation OncologyMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA 02114USA Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences McGovern Institute and MIT Center for Neurobiological EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA 02139-4307USA Department of Mechanical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA 02139USA

Three-photon wide-field depth-resolved excitation is used to overcome some of the limitations in conventional point-scanning two-and three-photon *** of chromophores as diverse as channelrhodopsins and quantum dots is shown,and a penetration depth of more than 700μm into fixed scattering brain tissue is achieved,approximately twice as deep as that achieved using two-photon wide-field *** with live animal experiments is confirmed by imaging the cerebral vasculature of an anesthetized mouse;a complete focal stack was obtained without any evidence of *** an additional validation of the utility of wide-field three-photon excitation,functional excitation is demonstrated by performing threephoton optogenetic stimulation of cultured mouse hippocampal neurons expressing a channelrhodopsin;action potentials could reliably be excited without causing photodamage.

关键词： biophotonics multiphoton microscopy optogenetics temporal focusing three-photon

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