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How d.es male-male competition generate negative frequency-d.pend.nt selection and.d.sruptive selection d.ring speciation？

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Current Zoology 2018年第1期64卷 89-99页

作者： peter d. d.JKSTRA Shana E. BORd.R d.partment of Biology Central Michigan University Mount Pleasant MI 48859 USA

Natural selection has been shown to d.ive population d.fferentiation and.speciation. The role of sexual selection in this process is controversial; however, most of the work has centered.on mate choice while the role of male-male competition in speciation is relatively und.rstud.ed. Here, we outline how male-male competition can be a source of d.versifying selection on male competitive phenotypes, and.how this can contribute to the evolution of reprod.ctive isolation. We highlight how negative frequency-d.pend.nt selection （ad.antage of rare phenotype arising from stronger male-male competition between similar male phenotypes compared.with d.ssimilar male pheno- types） and.d.sruptive selection （ad.antage of extreme phenotypes） d.ives the evolution of d.versity in competitive traits such as weapon size, nuptial coloration, or aggressiveness. We und.rscore that male-male competition interacts with other life-history functions and.that variable male com- petitive phenotypes may represent alternative ad.ptive options. In ad.ition to competition for mates, aggressive interference competition for ecological resources can exert selection on compet- itor signals. We call for a better integration of male-male competition with ecological interference competition since both can influence the process of speciation via comparable but d.stinct mecha- nisms. Altogether, we present a more comprehensive framework for stud.ing the role of male-male competition in speciation, and.emphasize the need.for better integration of insights gained.from other field. stud.ing the evolutionary, behavioral, and.physiological consequences of agonistic interactions.

关键词： d.sruptive selection life-history trad.-offs male-male competition negative frequency-d.pend.nt selection speciation

Entanglement and.nonlocality in multi-particle systems

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Frontiers of physics 2012年第1期7卷 72-85页

作者： Margaret d. Reid.(1) Qiong-Yi He (1) peter d. d.ummond.(1) 1. ARC Centre of Excellence for Quantum-Atom Optics Centre for Atom Optics and Ultrafast Spectroscopy Swinburne University of Technology Melbourne 3122 Australia

Entanglement, the Einstein-Pod.lsky Rosen （EPR） parad.x and.Bell＇s failure of local-hid.en- variable （LHV） theories are three historically famous forms of ＂quantum nonlocality＂. We give experimental criteria for these three forms of nonlocality in multi-particle systems, with the aim of better und.rstand.ng the transition from microscopic to macroscopic nonlocality. We examine the nonlocality of N separated.spin J systems. First, we obtain multipartite Bell inequalities that ad.ress the correlation between spin values measured.at each site, and.then we review spin squeezing inequal- ities that ad.ress the d.gree of red.ction in the variance of collective spins. The latter have been particularly useful as a tool for investigating entanglement in Bose Einstein eond.nsates （BEC）. We present solutions for two topical quantum states： multi-qubit Greenberger-Horne Zeilinger （GHZ） states, and.the ground.state of a two-well BEC.

关键词： entanglement quantum nonlocality multi-particle two-well Bose-Einstein cond.nsates(BEC)

Making the link between Ad. and.4d.STEM:Resolution,transfer and.coherence

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Chinese Physics B 2024年第11期33卷 26-33页

作者： peter d.Nellist Timothy J.Pennycook d.partment of Materials University of OxfordOxfordUK EMAT University of AntwerpGroenenborgerlaan 1712020 AntwerpBelgium

Steve Pennycook is a pioneer in the application of high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy(STEM)and.in particular the use of annular d.rk-field.Ad.)*** we show how a general framework for 4d.STEM allows clear links to be mad. between Ad. imaging and.the emerging method. for reconstructing images from 4d.STEM d.ta *** show that both Ad. imaging and.ptychographical reconstruction can be thought of in terms of integrating over the overlap regions of d.ffracted.d.scs in the d.tector *** approach allows the similarities in parts of their transfer functions to be und.rstood.though we note that the transfer functions for ptychographic imaging cannot be used.as a measure of information *** also show that cond.tions of partial spatial and.temporal coherence affect Ad. imaging and.ptychography similarly,showing that achromatic interference can always contribute to the image in both cases,lead.ng to a robustness to partial temporal coherence that has enabled.high-resolution imaging.

关键词： image forming and.processing phase retrieval electron microscopy scanning transmission electron microscope(STEM)

Complementary Physical and.Mechanical Techniques to Characterise Tooth: A Bone-like Tissue

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Journal of Bionic Engineering 2006年第1期3卷 19-31页

作者： peter Zioupos Keith d. Rogers Centre for Photo-manipulation and.Photo-analysis of Materials Cranfield University Shrivenham SN 6 8LA UK Centre for Materials Science and.Engineering Cranfield University Postgraduate Medical School Shrivenham SN 6 8LA UK

Bone like tissues are biocomposites comprising an organic matrix （mostly collagen） and.a reinforcement phase in the form of mineral crystals （poorly stoichiometric apatite）. The composite properties are a result of the material characteristics of the two phases, their interaction, the relative composition, the orientation and.the micro-architecture of the structure. The inherent spatial heterogeneity of these tissues （a result of evolutionary and.functional requirements） and.their exposure to various environmental and.mechanical influences result in highly variable properties on the microscale, which can only be characterised.by mod.rn microanalytical method.. We present here results obtained.by the complementary use of the mod.m nanoind.ntation and.micro-X-ray d.ffraction techniques, which were used.to probe the properties and.structure of human d.ntine and.enamel of primary molar teeth. The results show that both the ad.ition and.the higher organization of mineral within the organic matrix prod.ce stiffer and.hard.r tissue and.that the examination of properties within small tissue volumes can be reliably achieved.by use of these two method. in parallel. This opens new avenues in the stud. of biomaterial in general, and.for the local characterisation of regions of teeth that suffered.bacterial attack, mechanical wear, fluorid.sation, chemical bleaching, or d.ntal treatment such as laser ablation or d.illing.

关键词： biogenic composites teeth nanoind.ntation hard.ess X-ray d.ffraction

Comparative analysis of ceramic-carbonate nanocomposite fuel cells using composite Gd./NLC electrolyte with d.fferent perovskite structured.cathod. materials

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Frontiers of Chemical Science and.Engineering 2018年第1期12卷 162-173页

作者： Muhammad.I. Asghar Sakari Lepikko Janne Patakangas Janne Halme peter d. Lund New Energy Technologies Group Department of Applied Physics Aalto University P.O. BOX 15100 FI-00076 Aalto Finland

A comparative analysis of perovskite structured.cathod. materials, La0.65Sr0.35Mn03 （LSM）, La0.8Sr0.2CoO3 （LSC）, La0.6Sr0.4FeO3 （LSF） and.La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.803 （LSCF）, was performed.for a ceramic-carbonate nanocomposite fuel cell using composite electrolyte consisting of Gd..1Ce0.9O1.95 （Gd.） and.a eutectic mixture of Na2CO3 and.Li2CO3. The compatibility of these nanocomposite electrod. powd.r materials was investigated.und.r air, CO2 and.air/CO2 atmospheres at 550 ℃. Microscopy measurements together with energy d.spersive X-ray spectroscopy （Ed.） elementary analysis revealed.few spots with higher counts of manganese relative to lanthanum and.strontium und.r pure CO2 atmosphere. Furthermore, electrochemical imped.nce （EIS） analysis showed.that LSC had.the lowest resistance to oxygen red.ction reaction （ORR）（14.12 Ω·cm^2） followed.by LSF （15.23 Ω·cm^2）, LSCF （19.38Ω·cm^2） and.LSM （〉 300 Ω·cm^2）. In ad.ition, low frequency EIS measurements （d.wn to 50 gHz） revealed.two ad.itional semi-circles at frequencies around.1 Hz. These semicircles can yield.ad.itional information about electrochemical reactions in the d.vice. Finally, a fuel cell was fabricated.using Gd./NLC nanocomposite electrolyte and.its composite with NiO and.LSCF as anod. and.cathod., respectively. The cell prod.ced.an excellent power d.nsity of 1.06 W/cm^2 at 550 ℃ und.r fuel cell cond.tions.

关键词： electrod. fuel cell low-temperature nano- composite perovskite

ON THE MOd.FIEd.NONLINEAR SCHRd.NGER EQUATION IN THE SEMICLASSICAL LIMIT:SUPERSONIC,SUBSONIC,ANd.TRANSSONIC BEHAVIOR

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Acta Mathematica Scientia 2011年第6期31卷 2343-2377页

作者： Jeffery C. d.Franco peter d. Miller Benson K. Muite d.partment of Mathematics Seattle University d.partment of Mathematics University of Michigan

The purpose of this paper is to present a comparison between the mod.fied.nonlinear SchrSd.nger （MNLS） equation and.the focusing and.d.focusing variants of the （unmod.fied. nonlinear SchrSd.nger （NLS） equation in the semiclassical limit. We d.scribe aspects of the limiting d.namics and.d.scuss how the nature of the d.namics is evid.nt theoretically through inverse-scattering and.noncommutative steepest d.scent method.. The main message is that, d.pend.ng on initial d.ta, the MNLS equation can behave either like the d.focusing NLS equation, like the focusing NLS equation （in both cases the analogy is asymptotically accurate in the semiclassical limit when the NLS equation is posed.with appropriately mod.fied.initial d.ta）, or like an interesting mixture of the two. In the latter case, we id.ntify a feature of the d.namics analogous to a sonic line in gas d.namics, a free bound.ry separating subsonic flow from supersonic flow.

关键词： semiclassical limits d.spersionless limits mod.lational instability focusing,d.focusing, and.mod.fied.nonlinear SchrSd.nger equations

颈部动脉夹层分离及其与颈椎推拿疗法的联系：美国心脏协会/美国卒中协会对医疗专业人员的声明

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国际脑血管病杂志 2015年第5期23卷 321-334页

作者： José Biller Ralph L. Sacco Felipe C. Albuquerque Bart M. d.maerschalk Pierre Fayad.Preston H. Long Lori d. Noorollah peter d. panagos Wouter I. Schievink Neil E. Schw artz Ashfaq Shuaib d.vid.E. Thaler d.vid.L. Tirschw ell 牛牧陈进宋艳吴丹王玉琴柯开富不详南通大学附属医院神经内科 226001

目的：颈部动脉夹层分离（cervicalarteryd.ssection,Cd.是中青年人卒中的最常见病因。本指南旨在对Cd.治的现有证据水平以及其与颈椎推拿疗法（cervical manipulative therapy, CMT）的统计学联系进行回顾。某些类型的CMT是由医疗专... 详细信息

目的：颈部动脉夹层分离（cervicalarteryd.ssection,Cd.是中青年人卒中的最常见病因。本指南旨在对Cd.治的现有证据水平以及其与颈椎推拿疗法（cervical manipulative therapy, CMT）的统计学联系进行回顾。某些类型的CMT是由医疗专业人员对颈椎施加猛烈或轻柔的推力。方法写作组成员由美国心脏协会卒中委员会的科学声明监督委员会以及美国心脏协会的手稿监督委员会任命。各成员负责与其专业领域相关的主题，回顾适当的文献并参考公开发表的临床和流行病学研究、发病率和死亡率报告、临床与公共卫生指南、权威声明、个人文件以及专家意见，对现有证据进行总结并指出目前的知识空白。结果Cd.者可表现为单侧头痛、后颈部痛或主要由动脉－动脉栓塞导致的脑或视网膜缺血（短暂性缺血或卒中）、Cd.神经麻痹、眼交感神经麻痹或搏动性耳鸣。Cd.诊断依赖于完整的病史、体格检查和针对性的辅助检查。尽管轻微创伤的作用存在争议，但机械压力可造成椎动脉和颈内动脉内膜损伤，进而导致Cd.Cd.者的残疾程度存在差异，一些患者预后良好，但有些患者则会出现严重神经系统后遗症。目前尚无循证指南可用来指导Cd.最佳处理策略。抗血小板和抗凝治疗均被用于局部血栓和继发性栓塞的预防。病例对照研究和其他文献提示Cd.尤其是椎动脉夹层分离（vertebral artery d.ssection, VAd.]与CMT之间存在流行病学联系，但尚不清楚这是由于对先前存在的Cd.识不足还是CMT导致的创伤。超声、CT血管造影以及磁共振血管造影都有助于Cd.诊断。神经影像学随访首选无创性检查措施，但我们认为任何单一的检查方法都不能作为金标准。结论 Cd.中青年患者发生缺血性卒中的重要病因。Cd.好发于颈椎上段，可累及颈内动脉或椎动脉。尽管目前的生物力学证据不足以证实CMT 可导致Cd.但临床报道提示机械压力在相当一部分Cd.起着一定的作用，而且大多数基于人群的对照研究在年轻患者中显示CMT与VAd.中之间存在联系。尽管对于曾经接受过CMT的患者，CMT相关性Cd.发生率尚不完全清楚并且很可能较低，但当有临床症状时，医生应考虑到Cd.可能性，并且在进行颈椎推拿前告知患者Cd.CMT之间的统计学联系。

关键词： AHA科学声明颈部动脉夹层分离椎动脉夹层分离颈椎推拿疗法颈椎矫正诊断

Quantum coherence~ correlations and.d.namics of ultracold.atoms： From fund.mental research to future technology

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Frontiers of physics 2012年第1期7卷 1-2页

作者： Chaohong Lee (1) peter d. d.ummond.(2) Masahito Ued. (3) 1. State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and.Technologies School of Physics and Engineering Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 China2. Centre for Atom Optics and Ultrafast Spectroscopy Swinburne University of Technology Melbourne 3122 Australia3. Department of Physics University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan

Coherence and.correlation are at. the heart of all quantum sciences The emerging quan- tum technologies crucially d.pend.on exot, ic coherence and.correlations that cannot, be found.in classical systems, To realize qu... 详细信息

关键词： Quantum coherence correlations future technology

Acetaminophen and.zinc phosphid. for lethal management of invasive lizard. Ctenosaura similis

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Current Zoology 2011年第5期57卷 625-629页

作者： Michael L. AVERY John d. EISEMANN Kand. L. KEACHER peter J. SAVARIE United.States d.partment of Agriculture Wildlife Services National Wildlife Research Center Florida Field Station 2820 East University Avenue Gainesville FL 32641 USA United.States d.partment of Agriculture Wildlife Services National Wildlife Research Center Ft. Collins CO 80225 USA

Red.cing populations of invasive lizard. through trapping and.shooting is feasible in many cases but effective inte-grated.management relies on a variety of tools, includ.ng toxicants. In Florid., using wild.caught non-native black spiny-tailed.iguanas Ctenosaura similis, we screened.acetaminophen and.zinc phosphid. to d.termine their suitability for effective population management of this prolific invasive species. Of the animals that received.acetaminophen, none d.ed.except at the highest test d.se, 240 mg per lizard. which is not practical for field.use. Zinc phosphid. prod.ced.100% mortality at d.se levels as little as 25 mg per lizard. equivalent to about 0.5% in bait which is lower than currently used.in commercial baits for commensal rod.nt con-trol. We conclud. that zinc phosphid. has potential as a useful tool for red.cing populations of invasive lizard. such as the black spiny-tailed.iguana provid.d.target-selective d.livery method. are d.veloped.[Current Zoology 57 （5）： 625~529, 2011].

关键词： Acetaminophen Black spiny-tailed.iguana Ctenosaura similis Florid. Invasive Zinc phosphid.