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第2章大气观测系统100年进步

气象科技进展 2019年第S1期9卷 18-39页

作者：杰弗里·斯蒂斯 DARREL BAUMGARDNER JULIE HAGGERTY R.MICHAEL HARDESTY WEN-CHAU LEE DONALD LENSCHOW PETER PILEWSKIE paul L.smith MATTHIAS STEINER HOLGER V?MEL 贾朋群李婧华 NCAR 微滴测量科技公司科罗拉多大学 NOAA/ESRL 南达科他矿业理工学院

虽然在美国气象学会于1919年成立之前,大气观测系统已经是气象的重要组成部分,过去的100年里,无论是观测的数量还是种类都获得了稳定增加。本文给出了观测系统研发的案例,诠释这些系统如何促成了科学发现。这些案例包括了与边界层、高... 详细信息

虽然在美国气象学会于1919年成立之前,大气观测系统已经是气象的重要组成部分,过去的100年里,无论是观测的数量还是种类都获得了稳定增加。本文给出了观测系统研发的案例,诠释这些系统如何促成了科学发现。这些案例包括了与边界层、高空、云和降水以及太阳和地球辐射相关的观测系统。对应用广泛的特殊观测系统,例如雷达、光达和研究用飞机等进行了讨论,并给出在天气和气候预报中应用的个例。这些个例中还包含了臭氧和二氧化碳等特殊的化学观测。观测系统的信息源,包括本文集其他章节涉及内容,也进行了讨论。过去100年大气观测系统的特征,是社会对天气观测的需求与大气过程基本气象研究需求之间的协同。在后半程里,观测系统的改进得到数值模式对更高分辨率数据、长期观测和更好的全球覆盖等不断增长需求的推进。这也带来数据获取和获得来自不断增加的各种观测系统类型和观测网的融合数据的需求,这样的趋势或将持续。

关键词：观测系统美国气象学会气象研究地球辐射全球覆盖天气观测长期观测信息源

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解码民俗服装:行列舞者的着装规则(下)

长江大学学报（社会科学版） 2020年第6期43卷 21-27页

作者：劳雷尔·霍顿保罗·乔丹·史密斯程萌桑俊[译] 塞内卡南卡罗来纳州29678 西雅图华盛顿州98052 华中师范大学国家文化产业研究中心湖北武汉430079 长江大学人文与新媒体学院湖北荆州434023

民俗服装是指少数种族的、宗派的和职业化的小范围服装传统,于众多学者而言,这是一个过时的术语。民俗学者又往往对某些似乎仅反映日常穿着的服装视若无睹。在服装行为上有两种立场:一是男女舞者都穿T恤,二是男舞者逐渐开始穿短裙。这... 详细信息

民俗服装是指少数种族的、宗派的和职业化的小范围服装传统,于众多学者而言,这是一个过时的术语。民俗学者又往往对某些似乎仅反映日常穿着的服装视若无睹。在服装行为上有两种立场:一是男女舞者都穿T恤,二是男舞者逐渐开始穿短裙。这两种立场有助于打开参与者所使用的复杂的交流资源,并暗示在此相对未开发的领域进行民俗研究,可能会收获颇丰。

关键词：民俗服装行列舞者着装规则

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解码民俗服装:行列舞者的着装规则(上)

长江大学学报（社会科学版） 2020年第5期43卷 49-56页

作者：劳雷尔·霍顿保罗·乔丹·史密斯程萌(译) 桑俊(译) 塞内卡南卡罗来纳州29678 西雅图华盛顿州98052 华中师范大学国家文化产业研究中心湖北武汉430079 长江大学人文与新媒体学院湖北荆州434023

民俗服装是指少数种族的、宗派的和职业化的小范围服装传统,于众多学者而言,这是一个过时的术语。民俗学者又往往对某些似乎仅反映日常穿着的服装选择视若无睹。在服装行为上有两种立场:一是男女舞者都穿T恤,二是男舞者逐渐开始穿短裙... 详细信息

民俗服装是指少数种族的、宗派的和职业化的小范围服装传统,于众多学者而言,这是一个过时的术语。民俗学者又往往对某些似乎仅反映日常穿着的服装选择视若无睹。在服装行为上有两种立场:一是男女舞者都穿T恤,二是男舞者逐渐开始穿短裙。这两种立场有助于打开参与者所使用的复杂的交流资源,并暗示在此相对未开发的领域进行民俗研究,可能会收获颇丰。

关键词：民俗服装行列舞者着装规则

Vacuum interrupter,high reliability component of distribution switches,circuit breakers and contactors

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Journal of Zhejiang University-Science A(Applied Physics & Engineering) 2007年第3期8卷 335-342页

作者： SLADE paul G. MAYO Stephen smith R.Kirkland TAYLOR Erik D. Eaton Electrical HorseheadsNY 14845USA

The use of vacuum interrupters(VIs)as the current interruption component for switches,circuit breakers,reclosers and contactors operating at distribution voltages has escalated since their introduction in the mid-1950’*** electrical product has developed a dominating position for switching and protecting distribution *** are even being introduced into switching products operating at transmission *** the reasons for the VI’s popularity are its compactness,its range of application,its low cost,its superb electrical and mechanical life and its ease of *** major advantage is its well-established *** this paper we show how this reliability has been achieved by design,by mechanical life testing and by electrical performance *** introduce the“sealed for life”concept for the VI’s *** discuss this in terms of what is meant by a practical leak rate for VIs with a life of over 30 *** show that a simple high voltage withstand test is an easy and effective method for monitoring the long-term vacuum *** we evaluate the need for routine inspection of this electrical product when it is used in adverse ambient environments.

关键词： Vacuum interrupter (VI) Reliability Mechanical life Electrical life

Impact of direct and indirect heating systems in broiler units on environmental conditions and flock performance

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2016年第11期15卷 2588-2595页

作者： Shaun smith Joseph Meade James Gibbons Kevina Mc Gill Declan Bolton paul Whyte UCD School of Veterinary Medicine University College Dublin Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland Teagasc Ashtown Food Research Centre Ashtown Dublin 15 Ireland

This study compared the impact of three indirect heating systems to direct gas flame heaters on a selection of flock performance and environmental indicators in commercial broiler units. No statistically significant differences（P≥0.05） were found in flock mortality rates, bird weight, water consumption, stress response, carbon dioxide, ammonia, temperature, relative humidity, litter quality, within-flock Campylobacter levels or mean Campylobacter counts when flock data from any of the three indirect heating systems were compared to flocks reared in houses with direct heating systems. Differences in litter quality were observed between upper and lower litter layers in all houses, regardless of heating type, which may have implications for bird health and welfare. Carbon dioxide concentrations in houses with direct heating systems were significantly higher than those in houses with indirect heating systems during the first 10 days of bird life（P≤0.05）. This was due to the increased use of heating systems during this period of the flock cycle. Differences in CO2 concentrations had no effect on flock performance, possibly due to the fact that concentrations did not exceed known safe levels. A statistically significant increase in stress response was observed in birds as a result of partial depopulation（thinning） within houses, irrespective of heating system type used（P≤0.05）. Stress associated with thinning may have consequences for bird welfare and food safety. In conclusion, the results of our study suggest that indirect heating systems do not appear to negatively impact on flock performance, stress response, within-flock Campylobacter levels or mean Campylobacter counts and do not appear to significantly alter environmental conditions within broiler houses when compared to houses equipped with direct heating systems. Indirect systems are a viable alternative for heating broiler houses in terms of flock performance, bird welfare and food safety.

关键词： litter quality welfare stress poultry production campylobacter environmental conditions

Melioidosis in India and Bangladesh: A review of case reports

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2018年第5期11卷 320-329页

作者： Meghan Tipre paul Vijay Kingsley Tamika smith Mark Leader Nalini Sathiakumar Department of Epidemiology School of Public HealthUniversity of Alabama Pantai Hospital Ipoh

Objective: To conduct an epidemiological and clinical review of published case reports of melioidosis from India and Bangladesh. Methods: Data from published case reports were abstracted and summarized. We further compared the clinical epidemiology of the melioidosis cases in India with case series from highly endemic areas in Northern Australia and Southeast Asia to elucidate any differences in presentations and risk factors between the ***: We identified a total of 99 cases published between 1953 and June 2016, originating from India(n=85) or Bangladesh(n=14). Cases were predominantly male and ranged in age from 1 month to 90 years. Diabetes mellitus was the most common risk factor reported(58%). About 28% of the cases had history of exposure via high-risk occupations or exposure to contaminated water. The overall case fatality rate(CFR) was 26%. Factors influencing mortality included the occurrence of septic shock(CFR, 80%), environmental exposure(CFR,39%), primary presentation of pneumonia(CFR, 38%), misdiagnosed and/or mistreated cases(CFR, 33%) or the presence of a risk factor(CFR, 29%). Because of the small number of cases in Bangladesh, pattern of clinical epidemiology is limited to India. Soft tissue abscess(37%)was the most common clinical presentation reported from India followed by pneumonia(24%)and osteomyelitis/septic arthritis(18%). Neurological melioidosis(n=10, 12%) presented as pyemic lesions of the brain or meninges. A few cases of prostatic abscess(n=4) in men and parotid abscess(n=4) were also noted. The above patterns were consistent with case series from Southeast Asia and Northern Australia for the most part, in terms of risk factors associated with infection and factors influencing mortality. Differences included clinical presentation of pneumonia which was notably lower than that reported in Southeast Asia and Northern Australia; a higher proportion of neurological and parotid abscess presentation; and a lower CFR compared to th

关键词： Melioidosis India Bangladesh Burkholderia pseudomallei Environmental

Impact of a national basic skills in colonoscopy course on trainee performance: An interrupted time series analysis

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2020年第23期26卷 3283-3292页

作者： Keith Siau James Hodson John T Anderson Roland Valori Geoff smith paul Hagan Marietta Iacucci paul Dunckley Joint Advisory Group on Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Royal College of PhysiciansLondon NW14LEUnited Kingdom NIHR Biomedical Research Centre University of BirminghamBirmingham B152TTUnited Kingdom Institute of Translational Medicine University Hospitals BirminghamBirmingham B152TTUnited Kingdom Department of Gastroenterology Gloucestershire Hospitals NHSFTCheltenham GL537ANUnited Kingdom Department of Gastroenterology Imperial College NHS Foundation TrustLondon NW14LEUnited Kingdom Endoscopy Department Derby Royal HospitalDerby GL13NNUnited Kingdom

BACKGROUND The Joint Advisory Group on Gastrointestinal Endoscopy basic skills in colonoscopy(BSC) course was introduced in 2009 to improve colonoscopy training within the United Kingdom, but its impact on trainee performance is *** To assess whether attendance of the BSC could improve colonoscopy *** Trainees awarded colonoscopy certification between 2011-2016 were stratified into 3 groups according to pre-course procedure count( 140).Study outcomes, comprising the unassisted caecal intubation rate(CIR) and the performance indicator of colonic intubation(PICI), were studied over the 50 procedures pre and post-course. Interrupted time series analyses were performed to detect step-change changes attributable to the *** A total of 369 trainees with pre-course procedure counts of 140(n = 130) were included. Over the 50 pre-course procedures,significant linear improvements in CIR were found, with average increases of 4.2,3.6 and 1.7 percentage points(pp) per 10 procedures performed in the 140 groups respectively(all P 140(86% to 87%;P = 0.354) groups. For PICI, significant step-change improvements were seen in all three groups, with average increases of 5.6 pp(P < 0.001), 5.4 pp(P = 0.003) and 3.9 pp(P = 0.014) *** Attendance of the BSC was associated with a significant step-change improvement in PICI, regardless of prior procedural experience. However, CIR data suggest that the optimal timing of course attendance appears to be at earlier stages of training(< 70 procedures).

关键词： Colonoscopy Training Course Competency development Skills Endoscopy

Pulse-burst laser-based 10kHz Thomson scattering measurements

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Plasma Science and Technology 2019年第10期21卷 83-90页

作者： Zichen HE Cary smith Zhili ZHANG Theodore M BIEWER Naibo JIANG paul S HSU Sukesh ROY Mechanical Aerospace and Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of TennesseeKnoxville TN 37996 United States of America Fusion Energy Division Oak Ridge National LaboratoryOak Ridge TN 37931United States of America Spectral Energies LLC Dayton OH 45431United States of America

Thomson scattering (TS), as a popular and reliable diagnostic technique, has successfully measured electron temperatures and electron number densities of plasmas for many years. However, conventional TS techniques using Nd:YAG lasers operate only at tens of hertz. Here, we present the development of a high-repetition-rate TS instrument based on a high-speed, pulse-burst laser system to greatly increase the temporal resolution of measurements. Successful instrument prototype testing was carried out by collecting TS light from laboratory helium and argon plasmas at 10 kHz. Calibration of the instrument detection sensitivity using nitrogen/ oxygen rotational Raman scattering signal is also presented. Quantitative electron number densities and electron temperatures of the plasma were acquired at 10 kHz, for stable plasma discharges as, respectively,~0.9 eV and ~5.37×10^21 m^-3 for the argon plasma, and ~1 eV and ~6.5×10^21 m^-3 for the helium plasma.

关键词： Thomson scattering high-speed pulse-burst laser

Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2009年第44期15卷 5511-5516页

作者： Sudeep Tanwar Shahid A Khan Vijay paul Bob Grover Catherine Gwilt Belinda smith Ashley Brown Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology Imperial College LondonSt Mary's Hospital CampusPraed StreetLondon W2 1NYUnited Kingdom

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the commonest primary malignancy of the liver. It usually occurs in the setting of chronic liver disease and has a poor prognosis if untreated. Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is a suitable therapeutic option for early,unresectable HCC particularly in the setting of chronic liver disease. Following on from disappointing initial results,the seminal study by Mazzaferro et al in 1996 established OLT as a viable treatment for HCC. In this study,the "Milan criteria" were applied achieving a 4-year survival rate similar to OLT for benign disease. Since then various groups have attempted to expand these criteria whilst maintaining long term survival rates. The technique of living donor liver transplantation has evolved over the past decade,particularly in Asia,and published outcome data is comparable to that of OLT. This article will review the evidence,indications,and the future direction of liver transplantation for liver cancer.

关键词： Hepatocellular carcinoma Selection criteria Liver transplantation Living donors