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Groundwater Resource Mapping through the Integration of Geology, Remote Sensing, Geographical Information Systems and Borehole Data in Arid-Subarid Lands at Turkana South Sub-County, Kenya

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2019年第12期7卷 53-72页

作者： Daniel Nyaberi Justus Barongo patrick kariuki George Ogendi Evans Basweti Kisii University Kisii Kenya

The integrated approach of various techniques which historically have been used independently is key to successful exploration, development, exploitation and management of the groundwater resources. The integration of Remote Sensing (RS), Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Borehole data has been used in the study area to assess their applicability in groundwater investigation. The area of study lies in the arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs) where principally remote sensing data has been used in extraction of various thematic maps (lithology, lineament, drainage density, and Digital Elevation Model Maps) for groundwater assessment. The GIS platform was used in integrating the RS data and data of productive boreholes. The lineaments generated through remote sensing agree well with structural geology of the area, where high density lineament points overlays the points of intense faulting. Lineaments found in the area correlate well with fault zones, fractures, and lithological contrasts as supported by geological map and structural map. Weathering, faulting and fracturing of the rocks mean a possible increase or a reduction in specific capacities as observed in productive boreholes in sedimentary rocks or igneous/basaltic rocks of the area. Similarly, it is noted that the degree of faulting affects the degree of radius of influence of a borehole in a particular area. These analyses show that groundwater potential within the Sub-County varies spatially with high dependency on geological structures in the basement region and more on geology within the volcanic and younger sediments.

关键词： Arid-Subarid Groundwater GIS Remote Sensing Borehole Data Integration

Structural Controls Analysis and Its Correlation with Geothermal Occurrence at Barrier Volcanic Complex (BVC), Turkana, Kenya

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International Journal of Geosciences 2024年第3期15卷 231-245页

作者： Philip Lomorukai Emekwi Nicholas O. Mariita patrick Chege kariuki Geothermal Training and Research Institute (GeTRI) Dedan Kimathi University of Technology Nyeri Kenya

Geothermal is a clean energy source that is freely available in the subsurface. The exploitation of this vital resource needs intensive exploration in order to identify and quantify its occurrence. The three parameters considered when assessing the viability of a geothermal system include;heat source, fractures and fluids. Geological structures are important in transportation of fluids to and from the heat source aiding in recharge of the geothermal system and enhancing productivity. Remote sensing method was applied in mapping the structures at Barrier Volcanic Complex (BVC) by using hill shading technique which utilized four illumination angles of the sun (azimuth) i.e. 45°, 90°, 150°, and 315°, constant elevation of 45° and exaggeration of 10. The data used was Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) Satellite Imagery. ArcGIS Software was used for lineaments delineation and density mapping, PCI Geomatica was used to generate major faults, while Georose and Rockworks 17 were used to generate the rose diagrams. Geological structural analysis was done by delineating lineaments, determining the density distribution of lineaments and finally determining the structural trends of lineaments. The generated major faults in the area and the location of the occurrence of surface manifestations were compared with the generated lineaments. A total of 260 lineaments were generated whereby at 45° there was a total of 60 lineaments, at 90° 95 lineaments, at 150° 61 lineaments, and at 315° 44 lineaments. The results of structural analysis in the area as shown by the rose diagrams indicate an NNE-SSW and N-S trending of structures. In conclusion, the study area is highly fractured as indicated by the presence of numerous lineaments. These lineaments provide good recharge to the geothermal system and enhance the geothermal reservoir in the area.

关键词： Geothermal Resource Lineaments Lineaments Density Structural Controls

Mapping of Groundwater through the Integration of Remote Sensing and Vertical Electrical Sounding in ASALs: A Case Study of Turkana South Sub-County, Kenya

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2019年第11期7卷 229-243页

作者： Daniel Mogaka Nyaberi Evans Basweti Justus Obiko Barongo George Mokua Ogendi patrick Chege kariuki Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science Kisii University Kisii Kenya Department of Geology University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya Department of Geological Sciences South Eastern Kenya University Kitui Kenya

Turkana South Sub-County falls in the arid and semi-arid lands of Kenya, which are characterized temperatures of 20°C to 41°C with an average of 30.5°C and precipitation in the range of 52 mm to 480 mm per year. The area has limited availability of water resources. The area has a land surface of 18,000 km2 and lies between Longitudes 35°10'00" and 36°45'00" East and between Latitudes 1°0'00" and 3°0'00" North. The study area faces immense difficulties in trying to meet its water requirements for her rapidly increasing populace, livestock needs and other developmental programmes. Surface water in the area is becoming unobtainable, thus the choice of groundwater exploitation. Indeed with the snowballing demand necessitated by energy, agricultural and livestock production needs in this area, there is an appeal into investigation for groundwater in this greatly remote and extensive area. Thus, the success in the exploration, development and management of groundwater in such a large area calls for such methods that can easily be used to zero down to exploitable targets. Given the expansiveness of the study area, remote sensing (RS) has been used to map lineaments which in turn have been used to deduce faulting affecting the geology of the area. The mapping by RS helped in identifying weathered zones, the fracture systems and fault zones sign of deeper weathered zones which are interpreted to be potential areas since mainly water is stored within fractures and the weathered zones in subterranean and in hard rocks. In the field topographic expressions of faults and fractures which include;joints, fractures, scarps, river channels and slope breaks were mapped and it was observed that there was a comparison of the features to the coincidence raster and aspect interpreted lineaments. The earmarked points were later investigated using vertical electrical sounding (VES) to establish their feasibility for groundwater availability and extraction. The i

关键词： Groundwater Assessment Remote Sensing Lineaments VES

An Inventory of the Above Ground Biomass in the Mau Forest Ecosystem,Kenya

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Open Journal of Ecology 2014年第10期4卷 619-627页

作者： Mwangi James Kinyanjui Petri Latva-Kayra Prasad Sah Bhuwneshwar patrick kariuki Alfred Gichu Kepha Wamichwe Department of Resource Surveys and Remote Sensing NairobiKenya Arbonaut Oy Ltd. HelsinkiFinland PASCO Corporation TokyoJapan Kenya Forest Service NairobiKenya Natural Resource Information&Technology Ltd. NairobiKenya

Biomass assessment of the Mau Forest Ecosystem (MFE) was done as part of Kenya’s greenhouse gas inventory. Trans Mara and Mount Londiani forest blocks representing extremes of vegetation types in the MFE were selected for ground data. Based on canopy closure, four forest strata were identified as very dense, moderately dense, open and bamboo. In each stratum, 5 clusters each with 4 plots measuring 30 m × 30 m were located. Big trees (D1.3 ≥ 10 cm) were measured per species for diameter at breast height (D1.3) in the whole plot while height was measured for every 5th tree. Poles (10 cm > D1.3 ≤ 5) were measured for D1.3 in a 10 × 10 m concentric sub plot. Saplings (5 cm > D1.3;ht ≥ 1.5 m) and seedlings (ht < 1.5 m) were enumerated per species within 5 × 5 m and 2 × 2 m concentric sub plots, respectively. Data were recorded in a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) and quality checked with Open Foris Collect software. Allometric equations that have been used for similar vegetation in Kenya were used to relate D1.3 and height with biomass. The tree data were uploaded to ArboWebForest (AWF) cloud-service and using the AWF-SIMO calculation tool, average values of diameter, height, and biomass were calculated for each plot. The data were generalised to cover all areas for each block using the Sparse Bayesian linear regression process on the vegetation characteristics with 10 m resolution ALOS-AVNIR-2 images of the MFE. ANOVA was used to compare biomass generated from several allometric equations. Results show that the average biomass of the MFE was 236 Mg·ha1. Degradation that converts dense forests into open and moderately dense forests contributed to a biomass loss of 228 Mg·ha1 and 194 Mg·ha1 respectively. Four allometric equations gave no significant difference (P < 0.05) in biomass for the 80 plots implying that costly processes of developing new equations may not improve accuracy. The study offers a learning lesson in Kenya’s forest inventory processes and the biomass v

关键词： Forest Biomass Inventory

Human endogenous retrovirus type-W and multiple sclerosis–related smoldering neuroinflammation

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第3期20卷 813-814页

作者： Joel Gruchot Laura Reiche Andrew Chan Robert Hoepner patrick Küry Department of Neurology Medical Faculty and University Hospital DüsseldorfHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany Department of Neurology InselspitalBern University Hospital and University of BernBernSwitzerland

Introduction to human endogenous retrovirus type-W(HERV-W): Genomic inheritance from the past includes retroviral sequences that have been stably incorporated into our genomes and account for up to 8% of human DNA.

关键词： endogenous inflammation Human

Reinforcement learning and A^(*)search for the unit commitment problem patrick de Mars^(∗),Aidan O’Sullivan

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Energy and AI 2022年第3期9卷 172-181页

作者： patrick de Mars Aidan O’Sullivan UCL Energy Institute United Kingdom

Previous research has combined model-free reinforcement learning with model-based tree search methodsto solve the unit commitment problem with stochastic demand and renewables generation. This approachwas limited to shallow search depths and suffered from significant variability in run time across probleminstances with varying complexity. To mitigate these issues, we extend this methodology to more advancedsearch algorithms based on A^(*) search. First, we develop a problem-specific heuristic based on priority list unitcommitment methods and apply this in Guided A^(*) search, reducing run time by up to 94% with negligibleimpact on operating costs. In addition, we address the run time variability issue by employing a novel anytimealgorithm, Guided IDA^(*), replacing the fixed search depth parameter with a time budget constraint. We showthat Guided IDA^(*) mitigates the run time variability of previous guided tree search algorithms and enablesfurther operating cost reductions of up to 1%.

关键词： Unit commitment Reinforcement learning Tree search Power systems

Silk-based nerve guidance conduits with macroscopic holes modulate the vascularization of regenerating rat sciatic nerve

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第6期20卷 1789-1800页

作者： Carina Hromada patrick Heimel Markus Kerbl LászlóGál Sylvia Nürnberger Barbara Schaedl James Ferguson Nicole Swiadek Xavier Monforte Johannes C.Heinzel Antal Nógrádi Andreas H.Teuschl-Woller David Hercher Department Life Science Engineering University of Applied Sciences Technikum WienViennaAustria Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration ViennaAustria Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVAViennaAustria University Clinic of Dentistry Medical University of ViennaViennaAustria Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic SurgeryLandesklinikum Wiener Neustadt2700 Wiener NeustadtAustria Department of Anatomy Histology and EmbryologyAlbert Szent-Györgyi Medical SchoolUniversity of SzegedSzegedHungary Medical University of Vienna Department of Orthopedics and Trauma SurgeryDevision of Trauma SurgeryViennaAustria Department of Hand- PlasticReconstructive and Burn SurgeryBG Unfallklinik TuebingenUniversity of TuebingenTuebingenGermany

Peripheral nerve injuries induce a severe motor and sensory deficit. Since the availability of autologous nerve transplants for nerve repair is very limited, alternative treatment strategies are sought, including the use of tubular nerve guidance conduits(tNGCs). However, the use of tNGCs results in poor functional recovery and central necrosis of the regenerating tissue, which limits their application to short nerve lesion defects(typically shorter than 3 cm). Given the importance of vascularization in nerve regeneration, we hypothesized that enabling the growth of blood vessels from the surrounding tissue into the regenerating nerve within the tNGC would help eliminate necrotic processes and lead to improved regeneration. In this study, we reported the application of macroscopic holes into the tubular walls of silk-based tNGCs and compared the various features of these improved silk^(+) tNGCs with the tubes without holes(silk^(–) tNGCs) and autologous nerve transplants in an 8-mm sciatic nerve defect in rats. Using a combination of micro-computed tomography and histological analyses, we were able to prove that the use of silk^(+) tNGCs induced the growth of blood vessels from the adjacent tissue to the intraluminal neovascular formation. A significantly higher number of blood vessels in the silk^(+) group was found compared with autologous nerve transplants and silk^(–), accompanied by improved axon regeneration at the distal coaptation point compared with the silk^(–) tNGCs at 7 weeks postoperatively. In the 15-mm(critical size) sciatic nerve defect model, we again observed a distinct ingrowth of blood vessels through the tubular walls of silk^(+) tNGCs, but without improved functional recovery at 12 weeks postoperatively. Our data proves that macroporous tNGCs increase the vascular supply of regenerating nerves and facilitate improved axonal regeneration in a short-defect model but not in a critical-size defect model. This study suggests that further optimizatio

关键词： axon regeneration blood vessel functional recovery macroporous nerve lesion peripheral nerve repair sciatic nerve silk-based nerve guidance conduit vascularization

Streamlined CFD simulation framework to generate wind-pressure coefficients on building facades for airflow network simulations

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Building Simulation 2021年第4期14卷 1189-1200页

作者： Timur Dogan patrick Kastner Cornell University Department of ArchitectureEnvironmental Systems LaboratoryEast Sibley HallIthacaNY14850USA

Building energy modeling software generally comes with capable airflow network solvers for natural ventilation evaluation in multi-zone building energy models. These approaches rely on arrays of pressure coefficients representing different wind directions derived from simple box-shaped buildings without contextual obstructions. For urban or obstructed sites, or more complex building shapes, however, further evaluation is needed to avoid geometric oversimplification. In this study, we present an automated and easy-to-use simulation workflow for OpenFOAM-based exterior airflow simulations to generate arrays of pressure coefficients for arbitrary building shapes and contextual situations. The workflow is compared to other methods commonly used to obtain pressure coefficients for natural ventilation analysis. Finally, we assess for which climate zones and building types modelers should rely on more accurate CFD-based pressure coefficients and where it may be justifiable to rely on easier and readily available analytical approaches to determine pressure coefficients. Results suggest that existing workflows lead to significant error in predicted comfort hours for climates in the Global South and modelers should consider CFD-based facade pressure coeficients.

关键词： natural ventilation airflow networks EnergyPlus pressure coefficients computational fluid dynamics

The dawn and rise of antimony use in the southern Caucasus

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Science China Earth Sciences 2022年第11期65卷 2037-2056页

作者： Sarah DILLIS patrick DEGRYSE Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Katholieke Universiteit LeuvenCelestjnenlaan 200 EHeverlee 3001Belgium Faculty of Archaeology Leiden UniversityEinsteinweg 2Leiden 2333 CCThe Netherlands

Antimony(Sb)was utilised over several millennia as the prime material to opacify or decolour glass and glazes,as well as an accompanying element in copper(Cu)*** antimony objects are rare,and mostly confined to Chalcolithic Central Italy and to the first millennia BCE in the southern *** innovation of antimony use in metallurgy seems to be confined to the southern Caucasus,and the invention of it might be even more specifically situated in the Great *** knowledge of mining set the pathway for the initial stage of antimonial copper alloys in the first half of the third millennium BCE and for metallic antimony ornaments in the second half of the third millennium ***,the first major expansion of antimony in the metallurgy of the Racha-Lechkumi district in the southern Caucasus(present-day Georgia)started around 1700 BCE,while its spreading in glassmaking occurred in the Late Bronze Age(LBA).Explanations that place antimony adoption within its broader social context are favoured over those that consider material or geological properties in isolation.A recurring theme is the importance of comparative analysis,both geographically and between the different pyrotechnologies,including the precious metals and glass industries,to explore how social,political,climatic and economic conditions affected adoption and innovation *** these factors are considered to explain why the extraction of antimony blossomed in the Late Bronze Age in the southern Caucasus and to reconstruct a framework of exploitation,distribution/trade and use of antimony in the Caucasus and its neighbouring regions in the south and east.

关键词： Antimony Caucasus Metallurgy Glass Gold