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Impact of Colonization on Language Policy in Cameroon

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Impact of Colonization on Language Policy in Cameroon

作者： Ngueguo Sandra pamela 湖南大学

学位级别：硕士

喀麦隆的语言政策受到了殖民化的巨大影响。这种影响至今依然存在。喀麦隆的官方语言,英语和法语,是殖民化的遗留产物。喀麦隆作为一个多语言国家,有250多种地方语言和2种通用语。即喀麦隆洋泾浜英语和英法混合语言(Camfranglais)。除... 详细信息

喀麦隆的语言政策受到了殖民化的巨大影响。这种影响至今依然存在。喀麦隆的官方语言,英语和法语,是殖民化的遗留产物。喀麦隆作为一个多语言国家,有250多种地方语言和2种通用语。即喀麦隆洋泾浜英语和英法混合语言(Camfranglais)。除官方双语外,其他语言都被归入第二计划,使得文化传承受到影响,许多语言正走向消亡。本研究采用定量研究方法,采用在线问卷调查的方式,调查了喀麦隆英语区和法语区的受访者112人,就殖民化对语言政策的影响和对当地和官方语言未来的发展看法,问卷共设26个问题。本研究通过谷歌平台进行问卷调查,以便喀麦隆受访者参与。结果显示,殖民化对喀麦隆语言政策的影响既有正面的,也有负面的。我们发现,在官方的外国双语氛围中,年轻人在学校或家里通过这些语言接触到更多的外国文化,更倾向于外国文化,致使当地的多语制形同虚设。我们还发现,由外国语言和当地语言结合而成的混合语言在喀麦隆获得了很大发展,特别是在年轻人中间,尽管这些语言还没有被正式获得官方语言政策的确定和支持。受殖民主义的影响,喀麦隆的语言氛围存在冲突,官方双语很大程度上主导了当地的多语制,忽视了当地语言,导致文化逐渐消亡。殖民化对喀麦隆语言政策最严重的影响是该国当前所谓的英语危机或安巴索尼亚战争。本研究表明,由于殖民主义对喀麦隆语言政策的长期影响,实施可持续的语言政策迫在眉睫。本研究对于保护喀麦隆当地语言、避免语言消亡从而促进国家文化和民族的团结统一具有重要的意义。

关键词：殖民化喀麦隆语言政策地方语言官方语言

Linkages between Agricultural Diversification, Dietary Diversity, and Nutrition Outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review

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Agricultural Sciences 2022年第7期13卷 879-896页

作者： Sidney Lulanga pamela A. Marinda Christopher Khayeka-Wandabwa School of Humanities and Social Sciences University of Zambia Lusaka Zambia Department of Food Science and Nutrition School of Agricultural Sciences University of Zambia Lusaka Zambia School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (SPST) Health Science Platform Tianjin University Tianjin China

An enabling policy environment and good governance are fundamental drivers for agriculture and food systems, framing how they work and for whom in the global efforts to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 2 and food justice for all. The review examined the policy environment in sub-Saharan Africa in relation to linkages between agricultural diversification, dietary diversity, and nutrition. The systematic review of literature entailed searching Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, African Journals Online and PsychINFO databases from Jan 1, 2010, to Feb 30, 2021, for eligible studies and technical reports. Publications reporting on agricultural diversification, dietary diversity, and nutrition outcomes in relation to policy environment were included. Qualitative synthesis of the abstracted evidence was conducted. SSA countries recognise the crucial role of agricultural diversification as a pathway to achieving food security with increasing emphasis on smallholder farmers. There is a rich base of policies that are complemented by lived experiences and best practices which can strengthen linkages between agricultural diversification, agribusiness and dietary diversity. For instance, the application of precision farming, agro-ecological zones targeted agricultural intensification and gender sensitive land administration, access and tenure in countries experiencing declining farm size could potentially ensure the youth, men and women have equitable and innovative opportunities of access to elements of improved agricultural systems. Smallholder farmers with the majority in rural settings, maintain de facto agricultural diversity. It is essential for any policy design or intervention to take into account the specific country’s context;pay particular attention to socioeconomic capabilities of the rural population along with fiscal capacity and trade-offs. Empirical evidence on the nexus between agricultural diversification and nutrition is mixed and limited.

关键词： Agricultural Diversification Dietary Diversity Sub-Saharan Africa Policy Nutrition

Primary Immunodeficiencies:“New” Disease in an Old Country

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Cellular & Molecular Immunology 2009年第6期6卷 397-406页

作者： pamela P.W.Lee Yu-Lung Lau Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine The University of Hong KongHKSARChina Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine Room 1171/F New Clinical BuildingQueen Mary HospitalPokfulamHong KongChina

Primary immunodeficiency disorders(PIDs)are rare inborn errors of the immune *** with PIDs are unique models that exemplify the functional and phenotypic consequences of various immune defects underlying infections,autoimmunity,lymphoproliferation,allergy and *** 150 PID syndromes were characterized in the past 60 years,with an ever growing list of new entities being *** of their rarity,multi-center collaboration for pooled data analysis and molecular studies is important to gain meaningful insights into the phenotypic and genetic diversities of *** this article,we summarize our research findings on PIDs in Chinese population in the past 20 *** collaboration among various immunology centers,cross-referrals and systematic data analysis constitute the foundation for research on *** directions include establishment of a national PID registry,raising awareness of PIDs and securing sufficient resources for patient care and scientific research.

关键词： primary immunodeficiency disorders immunodeficiencies development research China

Built Heritage and Development: Heritage Impact Assessment of Change in Asia

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Built Heritage 2017年第2期1卷 16-28页

作者： Ayesha pamela Rogers Cultural Studies Department National College of ArtsLahorePakistan

Built heritage faces increasing pressures and threats from development and change in the contemporary world,a situation that frequently results in compromise or loss of historic fabric and its associated *** paper examines how Heritage Impact Assessment(HIA)methodology specifically addresses and mitigates threats to built heritage within an overall sustainable development *** methodology will be explained and examples will be given from across Asia of HIA applications to the urban and rural built environment to illustrate how this can be *** case studies reflect a variety of ways in which development and heritage come into conflict and have been selected to show how versatile and adaptable HIA can be as a tool for finding balance and *** is an approach rooted in a balanced and sustainable relationship between‘the needs of the present and future generations and the legacy from the past’(UNESCO 2011).The paper also illuminates some of the basic assumptions on which HIA functions and some of the contradictions that often arise when the methodology is applied to real world problems.

关键词： built heritage Heritage Impact Assessment culture sustainability development

Kitchen waste valorization through a mildtemperature pretreatment to enhance biogas production and fermentability:Kinetics study in mesophilic and thermophilic regimen

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2020年第3期32卷 167-179页

作者： Agata Gallipoli Camilla MBraguglia Andrea Gianico Daniele Montecchio pamela Pagliaccia Water Research Institute IRSA-CNR Area Della Ricerca RM100015 MonterotondoRomaItaly

Biowaste valorization through anaerobic digestion is an attractive option to achieve both climate protection goals and renewable energy *** this paper,a complete set of batch trials was carried out on kitchen waste to investigate the effects of mild thermal pretreatment,temperature regimen and substrate/inoculum *** pretreatment was effective in the solubilisation of macromolecular fractions,particularly *** ability of the theoretical methodologies in estimating hydrogen and methane yields of complex substrates was evaluated by comparing the experimental results with the theoretical *** the single batch configuration,a significant initial hydrogen production was observed,prior to methane *** pretreatment effect was the gain in hydrogen production;the extent was highly variable according to the other parameters *** hydrogen yields,up to 113 mL H2/g VSfed,were related to the prompt transformation of soluble *** regimen resulted,as expected,in faster digestions(up to 78 mL CH4/gVS/day) and sorted out pH *** relatively low methane yields(342-398 mL CH4/g VSfed) were the result of the consistent lignocellulosic content and low lipid *** pretreatment proved to be a promising option for the enhancement of hydrogen production in food waste dark fermentation.

关键词： Kitchen waste Hydrogen Methane Thermal pretreatment Kinetics Thermophilic regimen

Strong Suppression of Systemic Acquired Resistance in Arabidopsis by NRR is Dependent on its Ability to Interact with NPRland its Putative Repression Domain

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Molecular Plant 2008年第3期1卷 552-559页

作者： Mawsheng Chern Patrick E. Canlas pamela C. Ronald Department of Plant Pathology University of California Davis CA 95616 USA

Systemic Acquired Resistance （SAR） in plants confers lasting broad-spectrum resistance to pathogens and requires the phytohormone salicylic acid （SA）. Arabidopsis NPR1/NIM1 is a key regulator of the SAR response. Studies attempting to reveal the function of NPR1 and how it mediates SA signaling have led to isolation of two classes of proteins that interact with NPRI＂ the first class includes rice NRR, Arabidopsis NIMIN1, NIMIN2, and NIMIN3, and tobacco NIMIN2-1ike proteins; the second class belongs to TGA transcription factors. We have previously shown that overexpression of N RR in rice suppresses both basal and Xa21-mediated resistance. In order to test whether NRR affects SA-induced, NPRl-mediated SAR, we have transformed Arabidopsis with the rice NRR gene and tested its effects on the defense response. Expression of NRR in Arabidopsis results in suppression of PR gene induction by SAR inducer and resistance to pathogens. These phenotypes are even more severe than those of the nprl-1 mutant. The ability of NRR to suppress PR gene induction and disease resistance is correlated with its ability to bind to NPR1 because two point mutations in NRR, which reduce NPR1 binding, fail to suppress NPR1. In contrast, wild-type and a mutant NRR, which still binds to NPR1 strongly, retain the ability to suppress the SAR response. Replacing the C-terminal 79 amino acids of NRR with the VP16 activation domain turns the fusion protein into a transcriptional co-activator. These results indicate that NRR binds to NPR1 in vivo in a protein complex to inhibit transcriptional activation of PR genes and that NRR contains a transcription repression domain for active repression.

关键词： NRR NPR1 SA SAR disease resistance.

CLIMATE-CHANGE-INDUCED TEMPORAL VARIATION IN PRECIPITATION INCREASES NITROGEN LOSSES FROM INTENSIVE CROPPING SYSTEMS: ANALYSIS WITH A TOY MODEL

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Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering 2022年第3期9卷 457-464页

作者： Peter MVITOUSEK Xinping CHEN Zhenling CUI Xuejun LIU pamela AMATSON Ivan ORTIZ-MONASTERIO GPhilip ROBERTSON Fusuo ZHANG Department of Biology Stanford UniversityStanfordCA 94305USA College of Resources and Environment and Academy of Agricultural SciencesSouthwest UniversityChongqing 400716China College of Resources&Environmental Sciences China Agricultural UniversityBeijing 100193China Department of Earth System Science Stanford UniversityStanfordCA 94305USA International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center(CIMMYT) El BatanTexcoco 56237Mexico W.K.Kellogg Biological Station and Department of PlantSoil and Microbial SciencesMichigan State UniversityHickory CornersMI 49060USA.

A simple‘toy’model of productivity and nitrogen and phosphorus cycling was used to evaluate how the increasing temporal variation in precipitation that is predicted(and observed)to occur as a consequence of greenhouse-gasinduced climate change will affect crop yields and losses of reactive N that can cause environmental damage and affect human *** model predicted that as temporal variability in precipitation increased it progressively reduced yields and increased losses of reactive N by disrupting the synchrony between N supply and plant N ***,increases in the temporal variation of precipitation increased the frequency of floods and *** of this model indicate that climate-change-driven increases in temporal variation in precipitation in rainfed agricultural ecosystems will make it difficult to sustain cropping systems that are both high-yielding and have small environmental and human-health footprints.

关键词： crop yield fertilizer timing nitrogen loss precipitation variability toy model

Mobilizing and integrating big data in studies of spatial and phylogenetic patterns of biodiversity

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Plant Diversity 2016年第6期38卷 264-270页

作者： Douglas E.Soltis pamela S.Soltis Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida Genetics Institute University of Florida Department of Biology University of Florida

The current global challenges that threaten biodiversity are immense and rapidly *** biodiversity challenges demand approaches that meld bioinformatics,large-scale phylogeny reconstruction,use of digitized specimen data,and complex post-tree analyses(*** modeling,niche diversification,and other ecological analyses).Recent developments in phylogenetics coupled with emerging cyberinfrastructure and new data sources provide unparalleled opportunities for mobilizing and integrating massive amounts of biological data,driving the discovery of complex patterns and new hypotheses for further *** developments are not trivial in that biodiversity data on the global scale now being collected and analyzed are inherently *** ongoing integration and maturation of biodiversity tools discussed here is transforming biodiversity science,enabling what we broadly term"next-generation"investigations in systematics,ecology,and evolution(i.e.,"biodiversity science").New training that integrates domain knowledge in biodiversity and data science skills is also needed to accelerate research in these *** biodiversity science is crucial to the future of global *** cannot simply react to continued threats to biodiversity,but via the use of an integrative,multifaceted,big data approach,researchers can now make biodiversity projections to provide crucial data not only for scientists,but also for the public,land managers,policy makers,urban planners,and agriculture.

关键词： Biodiversity Big data Niche modeling Bioinformatics Phylogeny

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International Journal of Oral Science 2013年第1期5卷 1-6页

作者： Li-Wei Zheng Logan Linthicum pamela K DenBesten Yan Zhang Department of Orofacial Sciences University of California Department of Biology Humboldt State University

This study aimed to compare epithelial cells derived from human embryonic stem cells(hESCs) to human ameloblast-lineage cells (ALCs),as a way to determine their potential use as a cell source for ameloblast *** by various concentrations of bone morphogenetic protein 4(BMP4),retinoic acid(RA) and lithium chloride(LiCI) for 7 days,hESCs adopted cobble-stone epithelial phenotype(hESC-derived epithelial cells(ES-ECs)) and expressed cytokeratin *** with ALCs and oral epithelial cells(OE), ES-ECs expressed amelogenesis-associated genes similar to ***-ECs were compared with human fetal skin epithelium,human fetal oral buccal mucosal epithelial cells and human ALCs for their expression pattern of cytokeratins as *** had relatively high expression levels of cytokeratin 76,which was also found to be upregulated in *** on the present study,with the similarity of gene expression with ALCs,ES-ECs are a promising potential cell source for regeneration,which are not available in erupted human teeth for regeneration of enamel.

关键词： ameloblast cytokeratin dental epithelial cells human embryonic stem cells odontogenesis